Yang Xi (Three Kingdoms)

Yang Xi (died 261), courtesy name Wenran, was an official of the state of Shu Han during the Three Kingdoms period of China. He is best known for writing the Ji Han Fuchen Zan (季漢輔臣贊; pub. 241), a collection of praises of notable persons who served in the Shu Han state. Chen Shou, the third-century historian who wrote the Records of the Three Kingdoms (Sanguozhi), extensively quoted and annotated Yang Xi's collection.[1]

Yang Xi
楊戲
Colonel of Trainee Archers (射聲校尉)
In office
? (?) – c. 258 (c. 258)
MonarchLiu Shan
Administrator of Zitong (梓潼太守)
In office
? (?) – ? (?)
MonarchLiu Shan
Army Supervisor Who Protects the Army
(護軍監軍)
In office
? (?) – ? (?)
MonarchLiu Shan
Administrator of Jianning (建寧太守)
In office
234 (234) – 243 (243)
MonarchLiu Shan
Personal details
BornUnknown
Pengshan District, Meishan, Sichuan
Died261
OccupationOfficial
Courtesy nameWenran (文然)
In this Chinese name, the family name is Yang.

Life

Yang Xi was from Wuyang County (武陽縣), Qianwei Commandery (犍為郡), which is present-day Pengshan District, Meishan, Sichuan.[2]

At a young age, Yang Xi was already quite well known in Shu. His fame put him on par with others such as Cheng Qi from Baxi Commandery, Yang Tai (楊汰) from Ba Commandery, and Zhang Biao (張表) from Shu Commandery.[3] Yang Xi also often praised Cheng Qi as the most brilliant among the four of them. Zhuge Liang, the Imperial Chancellor of Shu, recognised and appreciated their talents.[4]

When Yang Xi was in his 20s, he started his career as a scribe in the administrative office of Yi Province (covering present-day Sichuan and Chongqing) before rising to the position of a junior judicial officer. While in office, he reviewed and cleared difficult cases and earned praise from his colleagues for his appropriate handling of cases. He was later promoted to serve as Chief Clerk (主簿) in the Imperial Chancellor's office under Zhuge Liang.[5]

Following Zhuge Liang's death in 234,[6] Yang Xi became an official in the selection bureau of the imperial secretariat. Later, he became an assistant officer in the headquarters office (治中從事) under Jiang Wan, who was then the Inspector of Yi Province.[7] After Jiang Wan rose to the position of General-in-Chief (大將軍), he reassigned Yang Xi to be an official in the east bureau of his office. Yang Xi later consecutively served as an army adviser (參軍) to the General of the Household of the South (南中郎將), an assistant to the Area Commander of Laixiang (庲降都督), and Administrator (太守) of Jianning Commandery (建寧郡; covering parts of present-day Yunnan and Guizhou).[8]

Some time later, due to poor health, Yang Xi quit his post at Jianning Commandery and returned to the Shu capital Chengdu, where he served as Army Supervisor Who Protects the Army (護軍監軍) until he recovered. He was then appointed as the Administrator of Zitong Commandery (梓潼郡; around present-day Zitong County, Sichuan), and later recalled back to Chengdu again to serve as Colonel of Trainee Archers (射聲校尉). While he was in office, Yang Xi gained a reputation for maintaining an honest, prudent, simple and minimalist approach towards performing his duties.[9]

In 257, Yang Xi accompanied the Shu general Jiang Wei on a military campaign against Shu's rival state, Wei, and participated in the battle against Wei forces at Mangshui (芒水; southeast of present-day Zhouzhi County, Shaanxi).[10] Yang Xi had all along been sceptical and suspicious of Jiang Wei. When he got drunk, he often cracked jokes and poked fun at Jiang Wei.[11]

Although Jiang Wei appeared to tolerate Yang Xi for ridiculing him, he actually bore a grudge against Yang Xi and wanted to get back at him. After the Shu army returned from the campaign, someone reported Yang Xi to the Shu imperial court for his disrespectful behaviour. As a result, Yang Xi was removed from office and reduced to the status of a commoner.[12] Yang Xi died a few years later in 261.[13]

Appraisal

Apart from his simple and minimalist approach towards work, Yang Xi was also known for being curt and terse when he spoke to others. He neither tried to be tactful with his words nor exchanged pleasantries and gifts with his colleagues. When he wrote letters and documents, he rarely wrote beyond one piece of paper. However, he maintained close ties with his friends, and was known for treating people with sincerity and kindness.[14]

Yang Xi was a close childhood friend of Han Yan (韓儼) and Li Tao (黎韬), who were from Baxi Commandery. After they grew up, only Yang Xi made it to a career in the government. Han Yan could not serve because of his poor health while Li Tao, who initially made it too, was later dismissed from office for misconduct. Despite what happened to them, Yang Xi still treated them like his close friends and even provided them financial aid and helped them in their daily lives.[15]

Around the time, many people said that the Shu official Qiao Zhou lacked talent and did not respect him much. Only Yang Xi regarded Qiao Zhou highly. He even once said: "Like us, the later generations can never be as good as this great man." Because of this, Yang Xi earned praise from others who also recognised Qiao Zhou for his talent.[16]

Ji Han Fuchen Zan

In 241, Yang Xi wrote the Ji Han Fuchen Zan (季漢輔臣贊; pub. 241), a collection of praises of notable persons who served in Shu. Chen Shou, the third-century historian who wrote the Records of the Three Kingdoms (Sanguozhi), extensively quoted and annotated Yang Xi's collection.[17][1]

As the Ji Han Fuchen Zan was written in 241, it did not contain information about notable persons from Shu who died after that year. When he was writing Yang Xi's biography in the Sanguozhi, Chen Shou added information on the notable persons who died after 241 at the end of the Ji Han Fuchen Zan so as to allow readers to have a rough understanding of these persons' lives.[18]

A list of persons whom Yang Xi praised in his Ji Han Fuchen Zan (in order of mention):

See also

Notes
  1. Deng Fang (鄧方), whose courtesy name was Kongshan (孔山), was from Nan Commandery (南郡; around present-day Jingzhou, Hubei). He initially served as an assistant officer under Liu Bei when the latter was the Governor of Jing Province. In 214,[19] after Liu Bei seized control of Yi Province, he appointed Deng Fang as the Commandant of Qianwei Commandery (犍為郡; around present-day Meishan, Sichuan). He was later reassigned to various positions including Administrator of Zhuti Commandery (朱提太守), General Who Pacifies Distant Lands (安遠將軍), and Area Commander of Laixiang (庲降都督). He was stationed at Nanchang County (南昌縣; present-day Zhenxiong County, Yunnan) throughout that period of time. He died in 222. As much of the information about his life was lost over the course of history, Chen Shou could not write a biography for him in the Sanguozhi.[20][21]
  2. Fei Guan (費觀), whose courtesy name was Binbo (賔伯), was from Meng County (鄳縣), Jiangxia Commandery (江夏郡), which is present-day Xinyang, Henan. He had familial ties to Liu Zhang, the Governor of Yi Province: Liu Zhang's mother was a distant aunt of his, and he also married Liu Zhang's daughter. In 213, he joined Li Yan, then a general under Liu Zhang, in resisting an invasion of Yi Province by Liu Bei. After their defeat, both Fei Guan and Li Yan surrendered and joined Liu Bei. After Liu Bei seized control of Yi Province from Liu Zhang in 214,[19] he commissioned Fei Guan as a Major-General (裨將軍) and later appointed him as the Administrator of Ba Commandery (巴郡; covering parts of present-day Chongqing). Fei Guan later became the Area Commander of Jiangzhou (江州都督) in present-day Chongqing. In 221, after Liu Bei declared himself emperor of Shu, he enfeoffed Fei Guan as a Marquis of a Chief Village (都亭侯) and appointed him as General Who Inspires Might (振威將軍). Fei Guan was known for being a sociable person who got along well with most people. His colleague Li Yan was a proud man who did not make friends easily, even with people around the same age as him. Fei Guan was over 20 years younger than Li Yan, yet Li Yan treated him like a close friend. Fei Guan died at the age of 36 in an unknown year. As much of the information about his life was lost over the course of history, Chen Shou could not write a biography for him in the Sanguozhi.[22][23]
  3. He Zong (何宗), whose courtesy name was Yanying (彥英), was from Pi County, Shu Commandery (蜀郡). In his early days, he and Du Qiong studied under the tutelage of the scholar Ren An, and later became more famous than Du Qiong. When Liu Zhang was the Governor of Yi Province, he appointed He Zong as the Administrator of Qianwei Commandery (犍為郡; around present-day Meishan, Sichuan). In 214,[19] after Liu Bei seized control of Yi Province from Liu Zhang, he appointed He Zong as an assistant officer and libationer (從事祭酒). In 221, He Zong was among the officials who urged Liu Bei to declare himself emperor to challenge the legitimacy of Cao Pi, who usurped the throne from Emperor Xian in 220 and ended the Eastern Han dynasty.[24] After Liu Bei became emperor and established the Shu state, he appointed He Zong as his Minister Herald (大鴻臚). He Zong died sometime during the Jianxing era (223–237) of Liu Shan's reign.[25] As much of the information about his life was lost over the course of history, Chen Shou could not write a biography for him in the Sanguozhi.[26] He Zong's son, He Shuang (何雙), had the courtesy name Han'ou (漢偶). He was known for his humour and wit, and has been compared to Chunyu Kun and Dongfang Shuo. He served as the Chief of Shuangbai County and died at a relatively young age.[27]
  4. Fu Kuang (輔匡), whose courtesy name was Yuanbi (元弼), was from Xiangyang, Jing Province. After Liu Bei seized control of Yi Province in 214,[19] he appointed Fu Kuang as the Administrator of Ba Commandery (巴郡; covering parts of present-day Chongqing). Fu Kuang also participated in the Battle of Xiaoting of 221–222 and served as a detachment commander in the Shu army.[28] During the Jianxing era (223–237) of Liu Shan's reign, Fu Kuang served as General Who Guards the South (鎮南將軍) and later rose to the position of General of the Right (右將軍). He was also enfeoffed as a Marquis of a Central District (中鄉侯).[29][30]
  5. Liu Yong (劉邕), whose courtesy name was Nanhe (南和), was from Yiyang Commandery (義陽郡; around present-day Zaoyang, Hubei) in Jing Province. After Liu Bei seized control of Yi Province in 214,[19] he appointed Liu Yong as the Administrator of Jiangyang Commandery (江陽郡; around present-day Neijiang, Sichuan). During the Jianxing era (223–237) of Liu Shan's reign, Liu Yong rose to the position of General of the Rear Who Supervises the Army (監軍後將軍) and received the peerage of a Secondary Marquis (關內侯).[31] After he died, Liu Shi (劉式), one of his sons, inherited his peerage. Liu Yong's youngest son, Liu Wu (劉武), was known for his literary talents and was as equally famous as Fan Jian. He served in the imperial secretariat of Shu later.[32]
  6. Pei Songzhi noted in his annotations to the Sanguozhi that information about Wei Wenjing (衞文經) and Han Shiyuan (韓士元) was lost over the course of history.[33] In his Ji Han Fuchen Zan, Yang Xi appraised Wei Wenjing as "a role model of diligence" and Han Shiyuan as "one who is mindful of his words".[34]
  7. Zhang Cun (張存), whose courtesy name was Churen (處仁), was from Nanyang Commandery, Jing Province. He served as an assistant officer (從事) under Liu Bei when the latter was the nominal Governor of Jing Province. In the early 210s, he accompanied Liu Bei to Yi Province and was later appointed as the Administrator of Guanghan Commandery (廣漢郡; around present-day Guanghan, Sichuan).[35] Zhang Cun had all along disliked Liu Bei's adviser Pang Tong. When Liu Bei was making a eulogy to Pang Tong after the latter was killed in battle in 214,[19] Zhang Cun remarked: "Although it was a pity that (Pang) Tong died to prove his loyalty, he defied the principles of the greater good." An enraged Liu Bei asked: "How is (Pang) Tong's sacrifice not for the greater good?" He then removed Zhang Cun from office. Zhang Cun died of illness not long later.[36] As much of the information about Zhang Cun's life was lost over the course of history, the third-century historian Chen Shou could not write a biography for Zhang Cun in the Sanguozhi.[37] In his Ji Han Fuchen Zan, Yang Xi appraised Zhang Cun as "well known for being a strategist".[38]
  8. Yin Guan (殷觀), whose courtesy name was Kongxiu (孔休), served as an aide-de-camp (別駕從事) and later a registrar (主簿) in Jing Province[39] under Liu Bei when the latter was the nominal Governor of Jing Province. Sometime in 209, when Liu Bei's ally Sun Quan suggested that they combine forces to conquer Yi Province, Yin Guan advised Liu Bei to consolidate his position in Jing Province and deny Sun Quan access to Yi Province so that Yi Province would only be Liu Bei's for the taking.[40][41] In his Ji Han Fuchen Zan, Yang Xi appraised Yin Guan as "sometimes showing his talent, and sometimes hiding his talent".[42]
  9. Xi Zhen (習禎), whose courtesy name was Wenxiang (文祥), was from Xiangyang, Jing Province. In the early 210s, he accompanied Liu Bei to Yi Province and later consecutively served as the Prefect of Luo County (雒縣; west of present-day Zhongjiang County, Sichuan), Prefect of Pi County, and Administrator of Guanghan Commandery (廣漢郡; around present-day Guanghan, Sichuan). Known for his rhetorical skills, Xi Zhen was on par with Ma Liang in fame but less famous than Pang Tong.[43] In his Ji Han Fuchen Zan, Yang Xi appraised Xi Zhen as "sometimes showing his talent, and sometimes hiding his talent".[44] Xi Zhen's son, Xi Zhong (習忠), served in the imperial secretariat of Shu.[45] Xi Zhong's son, Xi Long (習隆), served as an infantry colonel and intelligence officer in Shu.[46] Xi Zhen's sister married Pang Lin (龐林), Pang Tong's younger brother. In 208, she was separated from Pang Lin when the warlord Cao Cao invaded Jing Province and occupied Xiangyang. She only managed to reunite with Pang Lin in 222 when he and Huang Quan defected to Wei after the Battle of Xiaoting. During those 14 years of separation, she remained faithful to her husband and raised their daughter on her own. The Wei emperor Cao Pi praised her for her virtues and awarded her gifts.[47][48]
  10. Ma Xun (馬勳), whose courtesy name was Shengheng (盛衡), was from Langzhong County (閬中縣), Baxi Commandery (巴西郡), which is present-day Langzhong, Sichuan. He started his career as a scribe under Liu Zhang, the Governor of Yi Province. After Liu Bei seized control of Yi Province in 214,[19] he recruited Ma Xun to serve under him and later appointed him as an aide-de-camp (別駕從事). Ma Xun died later in an unknown year.[49][50] Although Ma Xun was known for his talent throughout Yi Province, he was not as highly regarded among the people as compared to Yao Zhou.[51] Yang Xi appraised Ma Xun in his Ji Han Fuchen Zan as "sometimes keeping quiet, and sometimes speaking up".[52]
  11. Ma Qi (馬齊) whose courtesy name was Chengbo (承伯), was from Langzhong County (閬中縣), Baxi Commandery (巴西郡), which is present-day Langzhong, Sichuan. He started his career as an Officer of Merit (功曹) under the general Zhang Fei, who served as the Administrator of Baxi Commandery between 214 and 219. Zhang Fei later recommended him as a talent to his lord, Liu Bei, who appointed him as an imperial secretary. During the Jianxing era (223–237) of Liu Shan's reign, Ma Qi served as an assistant official under Zhuge Liang, the Imperial Chancellor of Shu, and was later promoted to be the Administrator of Guanghan Commandery (廣漢郡; around present-day Guanghan, Sichuan). He was subsequently reassigned to be an Army Adviser (參軍) under Zhuge Liang. After Zhuge Liang's death in 234,[6] he returned to the Shu capital Chengdu to serve in the imperial secretariat.[53][54] Although Ma Qi was known for his talent throughout Yi Province, he was not as highly regarded among the people as compared to Yao Zhou.[55] Yang Xi appraised Ma Qi in his Ji Han Fuchen Zan as "sometimes keeping quiet, and sometimes speaking up".[56]

References
  1. de Crespigny (2007), p. 961.
  2. (楊戲字文然，犍為武陽人也。) Sanguozhi vol. 45.
  3. (少與巴西程祁公弘、巴郡楊汰季儒、蜀郡張表伯達並知名。) Sanguozhi vol. 45.
  4. (戲每推祁以為冠首，丞相亮深識之。) Sanguozhi vol. 45.
  5. (戲年二十餘，從州書佐為督軍從事，職典刑獄，論法決疑，號為平當，府辟為屬主簿。) Sanguozhi vol. 45.
  6. Sima (1084), vol. 72.
  7. (亮卒，為尚書右選部郎，刺史蔣琬請為治中從事史。) Sanguozhi vol. 45.
  8. (琬以大將軍開府，又辟為東曹掾，遷南中郎參軍，副貳庲降都督，領建寧太守。) Sanguozhi vol. 45.
  9. (以疾徵還成都，拜護軍監軍，出領梓潼太守，入為射聲校尉，所在清約不煩。) Sanguozhi vol. 45.
  10. (延熈二十年，隨大將軍姜維出軍至芒水。) Sanguozhi vol. 45.
  11. (戲素心不服維，酒後言笑，每有慠弄之辭。) Sanguozhi vol. 45.
  12. (維外寬內忌，意不能堪，軍還，有司承旨奏戲，免為庶人。) Sanguozhi vol. 45.
  13. (後景耀四年卒。) Sanguozhi vol. 45.
  14. (戲性雖簡惰省略，未甞以甘言加人，過情接物。書符指事，希有盈紙。然篤於舊故，居誠存厚。) Sanguozhi vol. 45.
  15. (與巴西韓儼、黎韜童幼相親厚，後儼痼疾廢頓，韜無行見捐，戲經紀振卹，恩好如初。) Sanguozhi vol. 45.
  16. (又時人謂譙周無當世才，少歸敬者，唯戲重之，常稱曰：「吾等後世，終自不如此長兒也。」有識以此貴戲。) Sanguozhi vol. 45.
  17. (戲以延熈四年著季漢輔臣贊，其所頌述，今多載于蜀書，是以記之於左。) Sanguozhi vol. 45.
  18. (自此之後卒者，則不追謚，故或有應見稱紀而不在乎篇者也。其戲之所贊而今不作傳者，余皆注疏本末於其辭下，可以觕知其髣髴云爾。) Sanguozhi vol. 45.
  19. Sima (1084), vol. 67.
  20. ([鄧]孔山名方，南郡人也。以荊州從事隨先主入蜀。蜀旣定，為犍為屬國都尉，因易郡名，為朱提太守，遷為安遠將軍、庲降都督，住南昌縣。章武二年卒。失其行事，故不為傳。) Annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 45.
  21. de Crespigny (2007), p. 113.
  22. ([費]賔伯名觀，江夏鄳人也。劉璋母，觀之族姑，璋又以女妻觀。觀建安十八年參李嚴軍，拒先主於緜竹，與嚴俱降，先主旣定益州，拜為裨將軍，後為巴郡太守、江州都督，建興元年封都亭侯，加振威將軍。觀為人善於交接。都護李嚴性自矜高，護軍輔匡等年位與嚴相次，而嚴不與親褻；觀年少嚴二十餘歲，而與嚴通狎如時輩云。年三十七卒。失其行事，故不為傳。) Annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 45.
  23. de Crespigny (2007), p. 211.
  24. Sima (1084), vol. 69.
  25. de Crespigny (2007), p. 319.
  26. (何彥英名宗，蜀郡郫人也。事廣漢任安學，精究安術，與杜瓊同師而名問過之。劉璋時，為犍為太守。先主定益州，領牧，辟為從事祭酒。後援引圖、讖，勸先主即尊號。踐阼之後，遷為大鴻臚。建興中卒。失其行事，故不為傳。) Annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 45.
  27. (子雙，字漢偶。滑稽談笑，有淳于髠、東方朔之風。為雙柏長。早卒。) Annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 45.
  28. (備從巫峽、建平、連平、連圍至夷陵界，立數十屯，以金錦爵賞誘動諸夷，使將軍馮習為大督，張南為前部，輔匡、趙融、廖淳、傅肜等各為別督，先遣吳班將數千人於平地立營，欲以挑戰。) Sanguozhi vol. 58.
  29. (輔元弼名匡，襄陽人也。隨先主入蜀。益州旣定，為巴郡太守。建興中，徙鎮南，為右將軍，封中鄉侯。) Annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 45.
  30. de Crespigny (2007), p. 231.
  31. de Crespigny (2007), p. 580.
  32. (劉南和名邕，義陽人也。隨先主入蜀。益州旣定，為江陽太守。建興中，稍遷至監軍後將軍，賜爵關內侯，卒。子式嗣。少子武，有文，與樊建齊名，官亦至尚書。) Annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 45.
  33. ([衞]文經、[韓]士元，皆失其名實、行事、郡縣。) Annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 45.
  34. (... 文經勤類，士元言規， ...) Annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 45.
  35. ([張]處仁本名存，南陽人也。以荊州從事隨先主入蜀，南次至雒，以為廣漢太守。) Annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 45.
  36. de Crespigny (2007), p. 1040.
  37. (存素不服龐統，統中矢卒，先主發言嘉歎，存曰：「統雖盡忠可惜，然違大雅之義。」先主怒曰：「統殺身成仁，更為非也？」免存官。頃之，病卒。失其行事，故不為傳。) Annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 45.
  38. (... [張]處仁聞計， ...) Sanguozhi vol. 45.
  39. ([殷]孔休名觀，為荊州主簿別駕從事，見先主傳。失其郡縣。) Annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 45.
  40. ([孫]權遣使云欲共取蜀，或以為宜報聽許，吳終不能越荊有蜀，蜀地可為己有。荊州主簿殷觀進曰：「若為吳先驅，進未能克蜀，退為吳所乘，即事去矣。今但可然贊其伐蜀，而自說新據諸郡，未可與動，吳必不敢越我而獨取蜀。如此進退之計，可以收吳、蜀之利。」先主從之，權果輟計。遷觀為別駕從事。) Sanguozhi vol. 32.
  41. de Crespigny (2007), p. 977.
  42. (... [殷]孔休、[習]文祥，或才或臧， ...) Sanguozhi vol. 45.
  43. de Crespigny (2007), p. 880.
  44. (... [殷]孔休、[習]文祥，或才或臧， ...) Sanguozhi vol. 45.
  45. ([習]文祥名禎，襄陽人也。隨先主入蜀，歷雒、郫令、南廣漢太守。失其行事。子忠，官至尚書郎。) Annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 45.
  46. (襄陽記曰：習禎有風流，善談論，名亞龐統，而在馬良之右。子忠，亦有名。忠子隆，為步兵校尉，掌校秘書。) Xiangyang Ji annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 45.
  47. (襄陽記云：[龐]林婦，同郡習禎姉。禎事在楊戲輔臣贊。曹公之破荊州，林婦與林分隔，守養弱女十有餘年，後林隨黃權降魏，始復集聚。魏文帝聞而賢之，賜牀帳衣服，以顯其義節。) Xiangyang Ji annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 37.
  48. de Crespigny (2007), p. 879.
  49. ([馬]盛衡名勳， ... 皆巴西閬中人也。勳，劉璋時為州書佐，先主定蜀，辟為左將軍屬，後轉州別駕從事，卒。) Annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 45.
  50. de Crespigny (2007), p. 655.
  51. (勳、齊皆以才幹自顯見；歸信於州黨，不如姚伷。) Annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 45.
  52. (... [馬]盛衡、[馬]承伯，言藏言時； ...) Sanguozhi vol. 45.
  53. (... [馬]承伯名齊，皆巴西閬中人也。 ... 齊為太守張飛功曹。飛貢之先主，為尚書郎。建興中，從事丞相掾，遷廣漢太守，復為飛參軍。亮卒，為尚書。) Annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 45.
  54. de Crespigny (2007), p. 648.
  55. (勳、齊皆以才幹自顯見；歸信於州黨，不如姚伷。) Annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 45.
  56. (... [馬]盛衡、[馬]承伯，言藏言時； ...) Sanguozhi vol. 45.
  • Chen, Shou (3rd century). Records of the Three Kingdoms (Sanguozhi).
  • de Crespigny, Rafe (2007). A Biographical Dictionary of Later Han to the Three Kingdoms 23-220 AD. Leiden: Brill. ISBN 9789004156050.
  • Pei, Songzhi (5th century). Annotations to Records of the Three Kingdoms (Sanguozhi zhu).
  • Sima, Guang (1084). Zizhi Tongjian.
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