1780s

Millennium:	2nd millennium
Centuries:	17th century; 18th century; 19th century;
Decades:	1760s; 1770s; 1780s; 1790s; 1800s;
Years:	1780; 1781; 1782; 1783; 1784; 1785; 1786; 1787; 1788; 1789;
Categories:	Births; Deaths; By country; By topic; Establishments; Disestablishments;

The 1780s (pronounced "seventeen-eighties") was a decade of the Gregorian calendar that began on January 1, 1780, and ended on December 31, 1789. A period widely considered as transitional between the Age of Enlightenment and the Industrial Revolution, the 1780s saw the inception of modern philosophy, where the abolishment of monarchies became popular along with the implementation of democracy. With the rise on astronomical, technological, and political discoveries and innovations such as Uranus, cast iron on structures, republicanism and hot air balloons, the 1780s kick-started a rapid global industrialization movement, leaving behind the world's predominantly agrarian customs in the past.

From top left, clockwise: - The fall of the Bastille propelled the start of the French Revolutionary War, a war that will eventually influence global politics by the birth of democracy in governments, and conceive the idea of republicanism worldwide; The first hydrogen balloons flew successfully this decade by Jacques Charles and Nicolas-Louis Robert; George Washington becomes president of the United States of America. His ascension into office marked him as America's first president; The United States Constitution is signed in Philadelphia, formally ending the American Revolutionary War against the United Kingdom; Uranus is discovered in 1781 by William Herschel, further expanding the global scientific consensuses and understanding on the Solar System, recognizing it as the seventh planet from the Sun; The Iron Bridge opens, making it the world's very first bridge made out of cast iron, ushering in the preliminary wave of the Industrial Revolution; The Montgolfier brothers manned the world's first hot air balloon, which stayed afloat 2 kilometres above ground in its 1783 voyage; Icelandic volcano Laki erupted in 1783, unleashing an 8-month-long environmental destruction and widespread famine across Europe. Up to 33% of Iceland's population and tens of thousands more in Mainland Europe succumbed to the chain of disasters, leading the eruption to be dubbed as "one of the worst" in contemporary history.

Events

1780

January–March

January 16 – American Revolutionary War – Battle of Cape St. Vincent: British Admiral Sir George Rodney defeats a Spanish fleet.
February 19 – The legislature of New York votes to allow its delegates to cede a portion of its western territory to the Continental Congress for the common benefit of the war.[1]
March 1 – The legislature of Pennsylvania votes, 34 to 21, to approve the Act for the Gradual Emancipation of Slaves.[2]
March 11
- The First League of Armed Neutrality is formed by Russia with Denmark and Sweden to try to prevent the British Royal Navy from searching neutral vessels for contraband (February 28 O.S.).
- General Lafayette embarks on French frigate Hermione at Rochefort, arriving in Boston on April 28, carrying the news that he has secured French men and ships to reinforce the American side in the American Revolutionary War.
March 17 – American Revolutionary War: The British San Juan Expedition sails from Jamaica under the command of Captains John Polson and Horatio Nelson to attack the Captaincy General of Guatemala (modern-day Nicaragua) in New Spain.
March 26 – The British Gazette and Sunday Monitor, the first Sunday newspaper in Britain, begins publication.

April–June

April 16 – The University of Münster in Münster, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany is founded.
April 29 – American Revolutionary War: The Spanish commander of the Fortress of the Immaculate Conception on the San Juan River in modern-day Nicaragua surrenders it to the British San Juan Expedition.
May 4 – The first Epsom Derby horse race is run on Epsom Downs, Surrey, England.[3] The victor is Diomed.[4]
May 12 – American Revolutionary War: Charleston, South Carolina is taken by British forces.
May 13 – The Cumberland Compact is signed by American settlers, in the Cumberland Valley of Tennessee.
May 19 – New England's Dark Day: An unaccountable darkness spreads over New England, regarded by some observers as a fulfillment of Bible prophecy.[5][6]
May 29 – American Revolutionary War – Waxhaw Massacre: Loyalist forces under Colonel Banastre Tarleton kill surrendering American soldiers.
June 2 – An Anti-Catholic mob led by Lord George Gordon marches on the Parliament of Great Britain, leading to the outbreak of the Gordon Riots in London.[4]
June 7 – The Gordon Riots in London are ended by the intervention of troops. About 285 people are shot dead, with another 200 wounded and around 450 arrested.
June 23 – American Revolutionary War – Battle of Springfield: The Continental Army defeats the British in New Jersey.

July–September

July 11 – French soldiers arrive in Newport, Rhode Island to reinforce the colonists, in the American Revolutionary War.[7]
July 17 – The first bank created in the United States, the Bank of Pennsylvania, is chartered.[2]
August 16 – American Revolutionary War – Battle of Camden: British troops inflict heavy losses on a Patriot army at Camden, South Carolina.
August 9 – American Revolutionary War: Spanish admiral Luis de Córdova y Córdova captures a British convoy totalling 55 vessels amongst Indiamen, frigates and other cargo ships off Cape St. Vincent.[8][9]
August 24 – Louis XVI of France abolishes the use of torture in extracting confessions.
September 21 – Benedict Arnold gives detailed plans of West Point to Major John André. Three days later, André is captured, with papers revealing that Arnold was planning to surrender West Point to the British.
September 25 – Benedict Arnold flees to British-held New York.
September 29 The Danish ship-of-the-line Printz Friderich ran aground on the Kobbergrund shoal and was a total loss

October–December

October 2 – American Revolutionary War: In Tappan, New York, British spy John André is hanged by American forces.
October 7 – American Revolutionary War: Battle of Kings Mountain: Patriot militia forces annihilate Loyalists under British Major Patrick Ferguson, at Kings Mountain, South Carolina.
October 10–16 – The Great Hurricane flattens the islands of Barbados, Martinique and Sint Eustatius; 22,000 are killed.
November 4 – Rebellion of Túpac Amaru II: In the Spanish Viceroyalty of Peru, Túpac Amaru II leads an uprising of Aymara and Quechua peoples and mestizo peasants as a protest against the Bourbon Reforms.
November 28 – A lightning strike in Saint Petersburg begins a fire that burns 11,000 homes.[10]
November 29 – Maria Theresa of Austria dies in Vienna after 40 years of rule, and her Habsburg dominions pass to her ambitious son, Joseph II, who has already been Holy Roman Emperor since 1765.
November 30 – American Revolutionary War: The British San Juan Expedition is forced to withdraw.
December 16 – Emperor Kōkaku accedes to the throne of Japan.
December 20 – The Fourth Anglo-Dutch War begins.[11]

Date unknown

Jose Gabriel Kunturkanki, businessman and landowner, proclaims himself Inca Túpac Amaru II.
The Duke of Richmond calls, in the House of Lords of Great Britain, for manhood suffrage and annual parliaments, which are rejected.
Jeremy Bentham's Introduction to Principles of Morals and Legislation, presenting his formulation of utilitarian ethics, is printed (but not published) in London.
Nikephoros Theotokis starts introducing Edinoverie, an attempt to integrate the Old Believers into Russia's established church.
The Woodford Reserve bourbon whiskey distillery begins operation in Kentucky.
In Ireland, Lady Berry, who is sentenced to death for the murder of her son, is released when she agrees to become an executioner (she retires in 1810).
The Jameson Irish Whiskey distillery is founded in Dublin, Ireland.
The original Craven Cottage is built by William Craven, 6th Baron Craven, in London, on what will become the centre circle of Fulham F.C.'s pitch.
The amateur dramatic group Det Dramatiske Selskab is founded in Christiania, Norway.
Western countries pay 16,000,000 ounces of silver for Chinese goods.
The Kingdom of Great Britain reaches c.9 million population.

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World leaders

1780 – 1781 – 1782 – 1783 – 1784 – 1785 – 1786 – 1787 – 1788 – 1789

References

Lossing, Benson John; Wilson, Woodrow, eds. (1910). Harper's Encyclopaedia of United States History from 458 A.D. to 1909. New York: Harper & Brothers. p. 166.
Ferguson, Russell J. (1938). Early Western Pennsylvania Politics. p. 34.
Williams, Hywel (2005). Cassell's Chronology of World History. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. pp. 333. ISBN 0-304-35730-8.
Penguin Pocket On This Day. Penguin Reference Library. 2006. ISBN 0-14-102715-0.
Facts for the Times: Containing Historical Extracts, Candid Admissions, and Important Testimony from Eminent Authors, Ancient and Modern on the Leading Topics of the Scriptures and Signs of the Times. Review and Herald Publishing. 1893. p. 66.
Juster, Susan (2010). Doomsayers: Anglo-American Prophecy in the Age of Revolution. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 223.
"Timeline of the American Revolutionary War". Independence Hall. Archived from the original on 2007-05-30. Retrieved 2007-06-01.
Hattendorf, John (2000). Naval policy and strategy in the Mediterranean: past, present, and future. Taylor & Francis. p. 37. ISBN 0-7146-8054-0.
Harbron, John (1988). Trafalgar and the Spanish Navy. Conway Maritime Press. p. 84. ISBN 0-85177-477-6.
Walford, Cornelius, ed. (1876). "Fires, Great". The Insurance Cyclopeadia: Being an Historical Treasury of Events and Circumstances Connected with the Origin and Progress of Insurance. C. and E. Layton. p. 59.
Edler, Friedrich (2001) [1911]. The Dutch Republic and The American Revolution. Honolulu: University Press of the Pacific. pp. 163–166. ISBN 0-89875-269-8.

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[Harper1780-1] Lossing, Benson John; Wilson, Woodrow, eds. (1910). Harper's Encyclopaedia of United States History from 458 A.D. to 1909. New York: Harper & Brothers. p. 166.

[Ferguson-2] Ferguson, Russell J. (1938). Early Western Pennsylvania Politics. p. 34.

[Cassell's_Chronology_333-3] Williams, Hywel (2005). Cassell's Chronology of World History. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. pp. 333. ISBN 0-304-35730-8.

[Pocket_On_This_Day-4] Penguin Pocket On This Day. Penguin Reference Library. 2006. ISBN 0-14-102715-0.

[5] Facts for the Times: Containing Historical Extracts, Candid Admissions, and Important Testimony from Eminent Authors, Ancient and Modern on the Leading Topics of the Scriptures and Signs of the Times. Review and Herald Publishing. 1893. p. 66.

[6] Juster, Susan (2010). Doomsayers: Anglo-American Prophecy in the Age of Revolution. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 223.

[7] "Timeline of the American Revolutionary War". Independence Hall. Archived from the original on 2007-05-30. Retrieved 2007-06-01.

[8] Hattendorf, John (2000). Naval policy and strategy in the Mediterranean: past, present, and future. Taylor & Francis. p. 37. ISBN 0-7146-8054-0.

[9] Harbron, John (1988). Trafalgar and the Spanish Navy. Conway Maritime Press. p. 84. ISBN 0-85177-477-6.

[10] Walford, Cornelius, ed. (1876). "Fires, Great". The Insurance Cyclopeadia: Being an Historical Treasury of Events and Circumstances Connected with the Origin and Progress of Insurance. C. and E. Layton. p. 59.

[11] Edler, Friedrich (2001) [1911]. The Dutch Republic and The American Revolution. Honolulu: University Press of the Pacific. pp. 163–166. ISBN 0-89875-269-8.

Millennium:	2nd millennium
Centuries:	17th century 18th century 19th century
Decades:	1760s 1770s 1780s 1790s 1800s
Years:	1780 1781 1782 1783 1784 1785 1786 1787 1788 1789
Categories:	Births Deaths By country By topic Establishments Disestablishments