1977–78 Colchester United F.C. season

The 1977–78 season was Colchester United's 36th season in their history and first season back in third tier of English football, the Third Division following promotion the previous season. Alongside competing in the Third Division, the club also participated in the FA Cup and the League Cup.

Colchester United
1977–78 season
ChairmanJack Rippingale[1]
ManagerBobby Roberts
StadiumLayer Road
Third Division8th
FA Cup2nd round
(eliminated by
Watford)
League Cup3rd round
(eliminated by
Leeds United)
Top goalscorerLeague:
Bobby Gough (13)

All:
Bobby Gough (17)
Highest home attendance6,447
v Gillingham, 13 January 1978[2]
Lowest home attendance2,554
v Rotherham United, 3 May 1978[3]
Average home league attendance4,566[4]
Biggest win4–0
v Blackburn Rovers, 7 September 1977
v Portsmouth, 7 March 1978
Biggest defeat0–4
v Leeds United, 26 October 1977
v Preston North End, 28 February 1978

Colchester made steady progress under Bobby Roberts ending the campaign in a strong eighth in the league table. They were eliminated in the League Cup by Leeds United in the third round, while they could not capitalise on last seasons FA Cup success, exiting the competition in the second round to Watford.

Season overview

A strong start to the season saw Colchester reach the top of the Third Division table following four wins in the first five games. A slump in form ended their promotion hopes following one win in ten games after January and the sale of Colin Garwood to Portsmouth for £25,000. They ended the season in eighth position, eight points behind promoted Preston North End.

In the cups, a League Cup run saw the U's thrash former manager Jim Smith's Second Division Blackburn Rovers 4–0 in a second round replay before facing old cup adversaries Leeds United in the third round. Colchester were humbled 4–0 at Elland Road. In the FA Cup, Bournemouth were seen off after two replays, but Colchester succumbed to Watford in the second round.[5]

Players

As of match played 3 May 1978.[6]
Name Position Nationality Place of birth Date of birth Apps Goals Signed from Date signed Fee
Goalkeepers
Ian CranstoneGKRochford00 Tottenham HotspurSummer 1977Free transfer
Bobby HamiltonGK00UnknownSummer 1977
Mike WalkerGKColwyn Bay (1945-11-28)28 November 1945 (aged 31)2020 WatfordJuly 1973£4,000
Defenders
Micky CookFBEnfield (1951-04-09)9 April 1951 (aged 26)34413 Orient1 March 1969Free transfer
Steve DowmanCBIlford (1958-04-15)15 April 1958 (aged 19)4212Apprentice24 August 1976[lower-alpha 1]Free transfer
Mick PackerFBWillesden (1950-04-20)20 April 1950 (aged 27)16711 WatfordJuly 1973Free transfer
Steve WignallCBLiverpool (1954-09-17)17 September 1954 (aged 22)00 Doncaster RoversSeptember 1977£5,000
Johnny WilliamsFBTottenham (1947-03-26)26 March 1947 (aged 30)910 WatfordJune 1976Undisclosed
Steve WrightCBClacton-on-Sea (1959-06-16)16 June 1959 (aged 17)00 Woods Athletic1 October 1977Free transfer
Midfielders
Ray BunkellMFEdmonton (1949-09-18)18 September 1949 (aged 27)1098 Swindon TownDecember 1973Part exchange
Russell CottonMFWellington (1960-04-04)4 April 1960 (aged 17)00Apprentice26 October 1977Free transfer
Paul DyerMFLeicester (1953-01-24)24 January 1953 (aged 24)832 Notts CountySummer 1975Undisclosed
Tony EvansMFColchester (1960-03-14)14 March 1960 (aged 17)00Apprentice4 March 1978[lower-alpha 1]Free transfer
Steve FoleyMFClacton-on-Sea (1953-06-21)21 June 1953 (aged 23)14929ApprenticeJuly 1969Free transfer
Steve LeslieMFHornsey (1952-09-04)4 September 1952 (aged 24)23737Apprentice20 April 1971[lower-alpha 1]Free transfer
Eddie RowlesMFGosport (1951-03-10)10 March 1951 (aged 26)00 Darlington26 December 1977[lower-alpha 1]£15,000
Forwards
Ian AllinsonWGHitchin (1957-10-01)1 October 1957 (aged 19)507ApprenticeSummer 1974Free transfer
Bobby GoughFWLadywood (1949-07-20)20 July 1949 (aged 27)7424 SouthportJanuary 1976£7,000
Gary HarveyFWColchester (1961-11-19)19 November 1961 (aged 15)00ApprenticeMarch 1978Free transfer
  1. Date of signing refers to the date of the player's first game for the club

Transfers

In

Date Position Nationality Name From Fee Ref.
Summer 1977 GK Ian Cranstone Tottenham Hotspur Free transfer [7]
Summer 1977 GK Bobby Hamilton Unknown Unknown [8]
September 1977 CB Steve Wignall Doncaster Rovers £5,000 [9]
1 October 1977 CB Steve Wright Woods Athletic Free transfer [10][lower-alpha 1]
26 October 1977 MF Russell Cotton Apprentice Free transfer [11][lower-alpha 1]
26 December 1977 MF Eddie Rowles Darlington £15,000 [12][lower-alpha 2]
March 1978 FW Gary Harvey Apprentice Free transfer [13]
4 March 1978 MF Tony Evans Apprentice Free transfer [14][lower-alpha 2]
  • Total spending: ~ £20,000
  1. Date of signing refers to the date of the player signing his first professional contract
  2. Date of signing refers to the date of the player's first game for the club

Out

Date Position Nationality Name To Fee Ref.
October 1977 CB Lindsay Smith Cambridge United £12,000 [15]
February 1978 FW John Froggatt Port Vale £10,000 [16]
4 March 1978 FW Colin Garwood Portsmouth £25,000 [17]
  • Total incoming: ~ £52,000

    Loans out

    Date Position Nationality Name To End date Ref.
    Summer 1977 CB Lindsay Smith Charlton Athletic October 1977 [15]
    October 1977 CB Lindsay Smith Millwall October 1977 [15]

      Match details

      Third Division

      Results round by round

      Round12345678910111213141516171819202122232425262728293031323334353637383940414243444546
      GroundAHHAHAAHHAAHHAHAHAAHHAAHAHAHAHAAHAAHHAHHAHAAHH
      ResultWWWLWDLDLWDDDLWLWLWWDDLDWDLDDDLLWLLWWDLWDDDWDD
      Position411111214333210184874778875887791310111110991211121111998
      Source: 11v11.com
      A = Away; H = Home; W = Win; D = Draw; L = Loss

      League table

      Pos Team Pld W D L GF GA GD Pts
      6 Walsall 46 18 17 11 61 50 +11 53
      7 Gillingham 46 15 20 11 67 60 +7 50
      8 Colchester United 46 15 18 13 55 44 +11 48
      9 Chesterfield 46 17 14 15 58 49 +9 48
      10 Swindon Town 46 16 16 14 67 60 +7 48
      Source: rsssf.com

      Matches

      20 August 1977 (1977-08-20) 1 Gillingham 1–3 Colchester United Gillingham
      Unknown goalscorer Report Foley  22'
      Packer  50'
      Gough  75'
      Stadium: Priestfield Stadium
      Attendance: 3,450
      Referee: K Salmon
      23 August 1977 (1977-08-23) 2 Colchester United 3–0 Bradford City Colchester
      Froggatt  26'
      Gough  38'
      Leslie  77'
      Report Stadium: Layer Road
      Attendance: 4,371
      Referee: Ron Challis
      27 August 1977 (1977-08-27) 3 Colchester United 2–0 Chester Colchester
      Gough  81', 85' Report Stadium: Layer Road
      Attendance: 4,169
      Referee: Alan Gunn
      2 September 1977 (1977-09-02) 4 Tranmere Rovers 1–0 Colchester United Birkenhead
      Moore  82' Report Stadium: Prenton Park
      Attendance: 3,263
      Referee: R Chadwick
      9 September 1977 (1977-09-09) 5 Colchester United 3–1 Plymouth Argyle Colchester
      Williams  48'
      Gough  73'
      Dowman  83'
      Report Hall  58' Stadium: Layer Road
      Attendance: 5,719
      Referee: Colin Downey
      13 September 1977 (1977-09-13) 6 Portsmouth 0–0 Colchester United Portsmouth
      Report Stadium: Fratton Park
      Attendance: 11,757
      Referee: Malcolm Sinclair
      17 September 1977 (1977-09-17) 7 Rotherham United 1–0 Colchester United Rotherham
      Womble  71' Report Stadium: Millmoor
      Attendance: 4,906
      Referee: N Glover
      24 September 1977 (1977-09-24) 8 Colchester United 0–0 Preston North End Colchester
      Report Stadium: Layer Road
      Attendance: 4,978
      Referee: Tom Bune
      27 September 1977 (1977-09-27) 9 Colchester United 2–3 Port Vale Colchester
      Gough  17'
      Garwood  90'
      Report Beech  10'
      Beamish  55', 85'
      Stadium: Layer Road
      Attendance: 4,820
      Referee: M Taylor
      1 October 1977 (1977-10-01) 10 Carlisle United 1–3 Colchester United Carlisle
      McVitie  86' Report Garwood  37', 85'
      Gough  83'
      Stadium: Brunton Park
      Attendance: 4,611
      Referee: K Redfearn
      5 October 1977 (1977-10-05) 11 Chesterfield 0–0 Colchester United Chesterfield
      Report Stadium: Saltergate
      Attendance: 4,575
      Referee: David Webb
      8 October 1977 (1977-10-08) 12 Colchester United 0–0 Colchester United Colchester
      Report Stadium: Layer Road
      Attendance: 4,586
      Referee: C White
      14 October 1977 (1977-10-14) 13 Colchester United 1–1 Oxford United Colchester
      Foley  29' Report Foley  51' Stadium: Layer Road
      Attendance: 4,893
      Referee: Alf Grey
      22 October 1977 (1977-10-22) 14 Cambridge United 2–0 Colchester United Cambridge
      Spriggs  43', 45' Report Leslie   Stadium: Abbey Stadium
      Attendance: 5,423
      Referee: J Sewell
      28 October 1977 (1977-10-28) 15 Colchester United 3–0 Peterborough United Colchester
      Allinson  38'
      Packer  40'
      Gough  65'
      Report Stadium: Layer Road
      Attendance: 4,827
      Referee: B Daniels
      5 November 1977 (1977-11-05) 16 Walsall 4–2 Colchester United Walsall
      Serella  17'
      Dennehy  55'
      Buckley  56', 80'
      Report Allinson  51'
      Garwood  87'
      Stadium: Fellows Park
      Attendance: 4,231
      Referee: Clive Thomas
      11 November 1977 (1977-11-11) 17 Colchester United 2–0 Swindon Town Colchester
      Garwood  35'
      Bunkell  60'
      Report Stadium: Layer Road
      Attendance: 4,688
      Referee: D Reeves
      19 November 1977 (1977-11-19) 18 Wrexham 2–1 Colchester United Wrexham
      Shinton  7'
      Whittle  9'
      Report Wignall  30' Stadium: Racecourse Ground
      Attendance: 9,198
      Referee: G Owen
      3 December 1977 (1977-12-03) 19 Sheffield Wednesday 1–2 Colchester United Sheffield
      Wylde  63' Report Cook  26'
      Garwood  53'
      Stadium: Hillsborough Stadium
      Attendance: 9,000
      Referee: Joe Worrall
      9 December 1977 (1977-12-09) 20 Colchester United 3–1 Exeter City Colchester
      Dowman  13'
      Gough  63'
      Garwood  66'
      Report Holman  61' Stadium: Layer Road
      Attendance: 4,267
      Referee: C Maskell
      26 December 1977 (1977-12-26) 21 Colchester United 1–1 Lincoln City Colchester
      Froggatt  18' Report Graham  69' Stadium: Layer Road
      Attendance: 5,840
      Referee: B Hill
      27 December 1977 (1977-12-27) 22 Bury 1–1 Colchester United Bury
      Tucker  53' Report Foley  79' Stadium: Gigg Lane
      Attendance: 5,409
      Referee: R Bridges
      31 December 1977 (1977-12-31) 23 Shrewsbury Town 1–0 Colchester United Shrewsbury
      Irvine  74' Report Stadium: Gay Meadow
      Attendance: 4,336
      Referee: N Ashley
      2 January 1978 (1978-01-02) 24 Colchester United 1–1 Walsall Colchester
      Gough  67' Report Buckley  38' Stadium: Layer Road
      Attendance: 6,039
      Referee: T Cox
      7 January 1978 (1978-01-07) 25 Bradford City 1–2 Colchester United Bradford
      Wright  20' Report Gough  3'
      Dowman  13'
      Stadium: Valley Parade
      Attendance: 3,266
      Referee: P Richardson
      13 January 1978 (1978-01-13) 26 Colchester United 1–1 Gillingham Colchester
      Gough  39' Report Walker  82' Stadium: Layer Road
      Attendance: 6,447
      Referee: A Turvey
      21 January 1978 (1978-01-21) 27 Chester 2–1 Colchester United Chester
      Crossley  45' (pen.)
      I. Edwards  58'
      Report Rowles  28' Stadium: Sealand Road
      Attendance: 2,855
      Referee: D Richardson
      27 January 1978 (1978-01-27) 28 Colchester United 0–0 Tranmere Rovers Colchester
      Report Stadium: Layer Road
      Attendance: 4,465
      Referee: A Robinson
      4 February 1978 (1978-02-04) 29 Plymouth Argyle 1–1 Colchester United Plymouth
      Taylor  5' Report Rowles  28' Stadium: Home Park
      Attendance: 4,639
      Referee: W Gow
      25 February 1978 (1978-02-25) 30 Colchester United 2–2 Carlisle United Colchester
      Garwood  3'
      Dowman  7'
      Report Rafferty  51'
      Lathan  89'
      Stadium: Layer Road
      Attendance: 3,867
      Referee: Rob Lewis
      28 February 1978 (1978-02-28) 31 Preston North End 4–0 Colchester United Preston
      Bruce  60' (pen.), 75', 78' (pen.), 85' (pen.) Report Stadium: Deepdale
      Attendance: 9,225
      Referee: Peter Willis
      4 March 1978 (1978-03-04) 32 Hereford United 1–0 Colchester United Hereford
      Barton  44' (pen.) Report Stadium: Edgar Street
      Attendance: 3,831
      Referee: A McDonald
      7 March 1978 (1978-03-07) 33 Colchester United 4–0 Portsmouth Colchester
      Foley  17'
      Rowles  28'
      Taylor  55' (o.g.)
      Allinson  67'
      Report Stadium: Layer Road
      Attendance: 3,570
      11 March 1978 (1978-03-11) 34 Oxford United 3–0 Colchester United Oxford
      Curran  47', 71'
      Jeffrey  86'
      Report Stadium: Manor Ground
      Attendance: 4,060
      Referee: K Baker
      14 March 1978 (1978-03-14) 35 Peterborough United 1–0 Colchester United Peterborough
      Camp  83' Report Stadium: London Road Stadium
      Attendance: 4,468
      Referee: R Perkin
      17 March 1978 (1978-03-17) 36 Colchester United 2–1 Cambridge United Colchester
      Allinson  24'
      Wignall  80'
      Report Streete  51'
      Finney  
      Stadium: Layer Road
      Attendance: 5,260
      Referee: D Lloyd
      25 March 1978 (1978-03-25) 37 Colchester United 1–0 Bury Colchester
      Allinson  77' Report Stadium: Layer Road
      Attendance: 3,661
      Referee: David Hutchinson
      27 March 1978 (1978-03-27) 38 Lincoln City 0–0 Colchester United Lincoln
      Report Stadium: Sincil Bank
      Attendance: 4,709
      Referee: P Reeves
      1 April 1978 (1978-04-01) 39 Colchester United 1–2 Shrewsbury Town Colchester
      Leslie  54' Report Loughnane  38'
      Biggins  52'
      Stadium: Layer Road
      Attendance: 2,910
      4 April 1978 (1978-04-04) 40 Colchester United 2–0 Chesterfield Colchester
      Gough  60'
      Leslie  64'
      Report Stadium: Layer Road
      Attendance: 3,303
      Referee: J Bent
      8 April 1978 (1978-04-08) 41 Swindon Town 0–0 Colchester United Swindon
      Report Stadium: County Ground
      Attendance: 4,596
      Referee: Clive White
      15 April 1978 (1978-04-15) 42 Colchester United 1–1 Wrexham Colchester
      Foley  12' Report Thomas  13' Stadium: Layer Road
      Attendance: 5,385
      Referee: T Spencer
      22 April 1978 (1978-04-22) 43 Exeter City 0–0 Colchester United Exeter
      Report Stadium: St James Park
      Attendance: 3,853
      Referee: L Burden
      24 April 1978 (1978-04-24) 44 Port Vale 0–3 Colchester United Burslem
      Report Allinson  37'
      Foley  54', 60'
      Stadium: Vale Park
      Attendance: 3,684
      Referee: T Morris
      29 April 1978 (1978-04-29) 45 Colchester United 1–1 Sheffield Wednesday Colchester
      Dowman  3' Report Rushbury  69' Stadium: Layer Road
      Attendance: 4,337
      Referee: John Homewood
      3 May 1978 (1978-05-03) 46 Colchester United 0–0 Rotherham United Colchester
      Report Stadium: Layer Road
      Attendance: 2,554
      Referee: H Robinson

      League Cup

      13 August 1977 (1977-08-13) 1st round 1st leg Aldershot 1–1 Colchester United Aldershot
      Crosby  25' Report Gough  15' Stadium: Recreation Ground
      Attendance: 2,574
      Referee: J Bent
      16 August 1977 (1977-08-16) 1st round 2nd leg Colchester United 4–1 Aldershot Colchester
      Howitt  35' (o.g.)
      Dowman  41'
      Froggatt  62', 69'
      Report Needham  11' Stadium: Layer Road
      Attendance: 3,360
      Note: Colchester won 5–2 on aggregate
      31 August 1977 (1977-08-31) 2nd round Blackburn Rovers 1–1 Colchester United Blackburn
      Metcalfe  8' Report Garwood  38' Stadium: Ewood Park
      Attendance: 6,193
      Referee: G Flint
      7 September 1977 (1977-09-07) 2nd round replay Colchester United 4–0 Blackburn Rovers Colchester
      Gough  22', 76'
      Allinson  50'
      Garwood  83'
      Report Stadium: Layer Road
      Attendance: 5,843
      Referee: John Homewood
      26 October 1977 (1977-10-26) 3rd round Leeds United 4–0 Colchester United Leeds
      Jordan  12'
      Graham  21'
      Lorimer  53'
      Hankin  83'
      Report Stadium: Elland Road
      Attendance: 17,713
      Referee: J Butcher

      FA Cup

      26 November 1977 (1977-11-26) 1st round Colchester United 1–1 Bournemouth Colchester
      Gough  83' Report Howarth  29' Stadium: Layer Road
      Attendance: 4,465
      Referee: Clive White
      29 November 1977 (1977-11-29) 1st round replay Bournemouth 0–0 Colchester United Bournemouth
      Report Stadium: Dean Court
      Attendance: 3,838
      5 December 1977 (1977-12-05) 1st round 2nd replay Colchester United 4–1 Bournemouth Watford
      Dowman  26'
      Garwood  32', 39', 89'
      Report Barton  8' Stadium: Vicarage Road
      Attendance: 2,230
      Referee: Ron Challis
      17 December 1977 (1977-12-17) 2nd round Watford 2–0 Colchester United Watford
      Jenkins  31'
      Mercer  59'
      Report Stadium: Vicarage Road
      Attendance: 11,907
      Referee: Tom Bune

      Squad statistics

      Appearances and goals

      [6][18]

      No. Pos Nat Player TotalThird DivisionFA CupLeague Cup
      AppsGoalsAppsGoalsAppsGoalsAppsGoals
      GK Mike Walker 5504604050
      DF Micky Cook 5314414050
      DF Steve Dowman 5274354151
      DF Mick Packer 5224423050
      DF Steve Wignall 38232+224000
      DF Johnny Williams 35126+113050
      DF Steve Wright 10100000
      MF Ray Bunkell 2812411030
      MF Russell Cotton 201+100000
      MF Paul Dyer 32021+900+1010
      MF Tony Evans 705+200000
      MF Steve Foley 35729+371020
      MF Steve Leslie 4934134040
      MF Eddie Rowles 93930000
      FW Ian Allinson 5474564051
      FW Bobby Gough 511742134153
      Players who appeared for Colchester who left during the season
      FW John Froggatt 3442524052
      FW Colin Garwood 391328+284352

      Goalscorers

      [18]

      Place Nationality Position Name Third Division FA Cup League Cup Total
      1 FW Bobby Gough 13 1 3 17
      2 FW Colin Garwood 8 3 2 13
      3 WG Ian Allinson 6 0 1 7
      CB Steve Dowman 5 1 1 7
      MF Steve Foley 7 0 0 7
      6 FW John Froggatt 2 0 2 4
      7 MF Steve Leslie 3 0 0 3
      MF Eddie Rowles 3 0 0 3
      9 FB Mick Packer 2 0 0 2
      CB Steve Wignall 2 0 0 2
      11 MF Ray Bunkell 1 0 0 1
      FB Micky Cook 1 0 0 1
      FB Johnny Williams 1 0 0 1
      Own goals 1 0 1 2
      TOTALS 55 5 10 70

      Disciplinary record

      [19]

      Nationality Position Name Third Division FA Cup League Cup Total
      MF Steve Leslie 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1
      WG Ian Allinson 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
      FW Colin Garwood 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
      FW Bobby Gough 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
      TOTALS 4 1 0 0 0 0 4 1

      Clean sheets

      Number of games goalkeepers kept a clean sheet.[20]

      Place Nationality Player Third Division FA Cup League Cup Total
      1 Mike Walker 17 1 1 19
      TOTALS 17 1 1 19

      Player debuts

      Players making their first-team Colchester United debut in a fully competitive match.[21]

      Position Nationality Player Date Opponent Ground Notes
      CB Steve Wignall 13 September 1977 Portsmouth Fratton Park
      MF Eddie Rowles 27 December 1977 Bury Gigg Lane
      MF Tony Evans 4 March 1978 Hereford United Edgar Street
      CB Steve Wright 8 April 1978 Swindon Town County Ground
      MF Russell Cotton 24 April 1978 Port Vale Vale Park

        See also

        References

        General

        Books

        • Whitehead, Jeff; Drury, Kevin (2008). The Who's Who of Colchester United: The Layer Road Years. Derby: Breedon Books. ISBN 978-1-85983-629-3.

        Websites

        Specific

        1. Whitehead, Jeff; Drury, Kevin (2008). The Who's Who of Colchester United: The Layer Road Years. Derby: Breedon Books. p. 278. ISBN 978-1-85983-629-3.
        2. "Colchester Utd 1–1 Gillingham". Coludata.co.uk. Retrieved 21 February 2018.
        3. "Colchester Utd 0–0 Rotherham United". Coludata.co.uk. Retrieved 21 February 2018.
        4. "Average Attendance Figures Per Season". Coludaybyday.co.uk. Retrieved 21 February 2018.
        5. Hudson, Matt (11 July 2012). "The 1970s and 1980s". Colchester United FC. Retrieved 25 April 2018.
        6. "Appearances". Coludata.co.uk. Retrieved 18 February 2018.
        7. "ian cranstone – fact file". mehstg.com. Retrieved 21 February 2018.
        8. Whitehead, Jeff; Drury, Kevin (2008). The Who's Who of Colchester United: The Layer Road Years. Derby: Breedon Books. p. 239. ISBN 978-1-85983-629-3.
        9. "Steve Wignall". Coludata.co.uk. Retrieved 21 February 2018.
        10. "Steve Wright". Coludata.co.uk. Retrieved 21 February 2018.
        11. "Russell Cotton". Coludata.co.uk. Retrieved 21 February 2018.
        12. "Eddie Rowles". Coludata.co.uk. Retrieved 21 February 2018.
        13. "Gary Harvey". Coludata.co.uk. Retrieved 15 April 2018.
        14. "Tony Evans". Coludata.co.uk. Retrieved 21 February 2018.
        15. "Lindsay Smith". Coludata.co.uk. Retrieved 21 February 2018.
        16. "John Froggatt". Coludata.co.uk. Retrieved 21 February 2018.
        17. "Colin Garwood". Coludata.co.uk. Retrieved 21 February 2018.
        18. "Goals". Coludata.co.uk. Retrieved 10 April 2018.
        19. "Discipline". Coludata.co.uk. Retrieved 20 February 2018.
        20. "Clean sheets (1st team)". Coludata.co.uk. Retrieved 10 April 2018.
        21. "Alltime- List of Debuts". Coludaybyday.co.uk. Archived from the original on 26 June 2015. Retrieved 10 April 2018.
        This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.