2011 Scottish Parliament election

Under the Scotland Act 1998, an ordinary general election to the Scottish Parliament was held on the first Thursday in May four years after the 2007 election.[4]

Because of the problems of voter confusion and a high number of spoilt ballots in 2007 due to holding Scottish parliamentary and local elections simultaneously and under different voting systems, the next Scottish local elections were held in 2012 instead of 2011. This policy decision was contradicted, however, by the staging of the Alternative Vote referendum on 5 May 2011 as well.[5] Labour MP Ian Davidson expressed opposition to the referendum being staged on the same date as other elections.[5] Scottish Secretary Michael Moore stated that having the referendum on another date would cost an additional £17 million.[5]

British, Irish, Commonwealth and European Union citizens living in Scotland who were aged 18 or over on election day were entitled to vote. The deadline to register to vote in the election was midnight on Friday 15 April 2011, though anyone who qualified as an anonymous elector had until midnight on Tuesday 26 April 2011 to register.[6]

It was held on the same day as elections for Northern Ireland's 26 local councils, the Northern Irish Assembly and Welsh Assembly elections, a number of local elections in England and the United Kingdom Alternative Vote referendum.

The notional results of the 2007 election, based on the new boundaries

The table below shows the notional figures for seats won by each party at the last election. The Conservatives have been the biggest gainers as a result of the boundary changes, winning an extra three seats, while Labour has lost the most seats, losing two overall.

The total number of Members of the Scottish Parliament (MSPs) elected to the Parliament is 129.

The First Periodical Review of the Scottish Parliament's constituencies and regions by the Boundary Commission for Scotland was announced on 3 July 2007. The Commission published its provisional proposals for the regional boundaries in 2009.

The Scottish Parliament uses an Additional Members System, designed to produce approximate proportional representation for each region. There are 8 regions each sub-divided into smaller constituencies. There are a total of 73 constituencies. Each constituency elects one (MSP) by the plurality (first past the post) system of election. Each region elects seven additional member MSPs using an additional member system. A modified D'Hondt method, using the constituency results, is used to calculate which additional member MSPs the regions elect.[7][8]

The Scottish Parliament constituencies have not been coterminous with Scottish Westminster constituencies since the 2005 general election, when the 72 former Westminster constituencies were replaced with a new set of 59, generally larger, constituencies (see Scottish Parliament (Constituencies) Act 2004).

For details of the Revised proposals for constituencies at the Next Scottish Parliament election - Scottish Parliament constituencies and regions from 2011

The Boundary Commission have also recommended changes to the electoral regions used to elect "list" members of the Scottish Parliament. The recommendations[9] can be summarised below;

• Glasgow was reduced from 10 constituency seats to 9. Glasgow Govan was largely replaced by Glasgow Southside. The seats of Glasgow Maryhill, Glasgow Springburn and Glasgow Baillieston were abolished and their territory was divided between the newly created Glasgow Maryhill and Springburn and Glasgow Provan, as well as the existing Glasgow Shettleston seat which was moved eastwards.
• Highlands and Islands retained 8 constituency seats. Caithness, Sutherland and Easter Ross was replaced with the larger Caithness, Sutherland and Ross seat. Ross, Skye and Inverness West and Inverness East, Nairn and Lochaber were abolished with most of their area being divided between Skye, Lochaber and Badenoch and Inverness and Nairn.
• West of Scotland was renamed West Scotland. It was increased from 9 constituency seats to 10, as Cunninghame South was transferred from the South Scotland region. The seats of Paisley North, Paisley South and West Renfrewshire were abolished and their area was divided between the new seats of Paisley, Renfrewshire North and West and Renfrewshire South
• Central Scotland was reduced from 10 constituency seats to 9, as the territory of Kilmarnock and Loudoun was transferred to South Scotland. Some territory to the south was also transferred to South Scotland, reducing the land area of East Kilbride. Hamilton North and Bellshill was largely replaced by Uddingston and Bellshill. Hamilton South was largely replaced by Hamilton, Larkhall and Stonehouse.
• Lothians was renamed Lothian and retained 10 constituency seats. The seat of Midlothian was split, with its southern areas transferred to South Scotland. Its northern parts merged with Musselburgh to form Midlothian North and Musselburgh. Edinburgh East and Musselburgh, thus with Musselburgh removed, was replaced by Edinburgh Eastern. The seats of Edinburgh North and Leith, Edinburgh South and Edinburgh West were respectively renamed Edinburgh Northern and Leith, Edinburgh Southern and Edinburgh Western while redrawn. In West Lothian, Livingston was replaced by Almond Valley, which traded territory with the retained Linlithgow seat.
• Mid Scotland and Fife retained 9 constituencies. North Tayside was mostly replaced by Perthshire North, with some of the former's territory being transferred to North East Scotland. Ochil was split, with its eastern parts merging with the former seat of Perth to form Perthshire South and Kinross-shire. Clackmannanshire and Dunblane was created, consisting mostly of the more populous western part of Ochil. In Fife, Dunfermline West, Dunfermline East and Fife Central were respectively largely replaced by Dunfermline, Cowdenbeath and Mid Fife and Glenrothes.
• North East Scotland was increased from 9 to 10 constituency seats. The seat of Angus was split between two new seats: Angus South, which included territory transferred from Mid Scotland and Fife, and Angus North and Mearns. Both West Aberdeenshire and Kincardine and Gordon were split. The former was divided between the new seat of Aberdeenshire West, Angus North and Mearns and an enlarged Aberdeen South, which under new boundaries was named Aberdeen South and North Kincardine. A redrawn Aberdeen North was renamed Aberdeen Donside. Gordon was split between Aberdeenshire West and another new seat: Aberdeenshire East. Some territory was also traded with Banff and Buchan, which was largely replaced by Banffshire and Buchan Coast. The two Dundee seats were redrawn and renamed from Dundee West and Dundee East to Dundee City West and Dundee City East.
• South of Scotland was renamed South Scotland. It retained 9 constituencies, losing Cunninghame South to West Scotland but gaining Kilmarnock and Loudoun (which was abolished and replaced by Kilmarnock and Irvine Valley). Some territory was transferred from Galloway and Upper Nithsdale to Dumfries; the redrawn seats were then renamed Galloway and West Dumfries and Dumfriesshire. Tweeddale, Ettrick and Lauderdale lost territory to Roxburgh and Berwickshire but gained some from the Lothian area to the north. These seats were redrawn and renamed Midlothian South, Tweeddale and Lauderdale and Ettrick, Roxburgh and Berwickshire.

At the dissolution of Parliament on 22 March 2011, twenty MSPs were not seeking re-election.[10]

The parliament was dissolved on 22 March 2011 and the campaign began thereafter. The Conservatives saw 3 of their candidates drop out of the election during the period 25–28 March: Malcolm McAskill from the Glasgow regional ballot, Iain Whyte from the Glasgow Maryhill & Springburn constituency ballot and David Meikle from the Glasgow regional ballot.

The Liberal Democrat regional candidate for the Central Scotland region Hugh O'Donnell also withdrew on 27 March, citing discontent with the Conservative-Lib Dem coalition at Westminster.[11] Another Liberal Democrat, John Farquhar Munro, came out in support of Alex Salmond for First Minister, even though he also claimed not to support the SNP.[12] In the Clydesdale constituency, the Liberal Democrat candidate John Paton-Day failed to lodge his papers in time for the nomination deadline, leaving the constituency as the only one in Scotland with no Liberal Democrat candidate.[13] On 17 April, the Scottish Liberal Democrat leader Tavish Scott described himself as 'uncomfortable' with his Scottish party being 'related' to the Conservatives due to the coalition at Westminster.

A televised debate between the four main party leaders was shown on STV on 29 March, with SNP leader Alex Salmond and Conservative leader Annabel Goldie identified as the strongest performers.[14] The Scottish Sun newspaper came out in support of the SNP's campaign to win a second term, even though the newspaper does not back independence.

Whilst campaigning in Glasgow Central station, the Scottish Labour leader Iain Gray was ambushed by a group of anti-cuts protestors who chased him into a nearby fast-food outlet.[15] The same protesters had already targeted Conservative leader Annabel Goldie a month earlier. On 27 April, Iain Gray and SNP leader Alex Salmond were both present simultaneously in an Ardrossan branch of the Asda supermarket chain; both parties alleged that the other party's leader 'ran away' from the possibility of an encounter with the other.[16]

The main parties contesting the election all outlined the following main aims:[17]

In March 2011, two months before the election, Labour held a double-digit lead over the SNP in the opinion polls,[24] 44% to 29%.[25] The SNP's support subsequently rallied, with the two parties level in April polling. In the final poll on the eve of the election, the SNP were eleven points clear of Labour.[24][26]

The chart shows the relative state of the parties since polling began from 2009, until the date of the election. The constituency vote is shown as semi-transparent lines, while the regional vote is shown in full lines.

Average 30-day trend line of poll results for the 2016 Scottish Parliament election. Results from 30 January 2009 to 4 May 2011

The election produced a majority SNP government, making this the first time in the Scottish Parliament where a party had commanded a parliamentary majority. The SNP took 16 seats from Labour, many of whose key figures failed to be returned to parliament, although Labour leader Iain Gray retained East Lothian by 151 votes. The SNP took a further eight seats from the Liberal Democrats and one seat from the Conservatives. The SNP overall majority meant that there was sufficient support in the Scottish Parliament to hold a referendum on Scottish independence.[27]

Labour's defeat was attributed to several factors: the party focused too heavily on criticising the Conservative-led coalition at Westminster, and assumed that former Lib Dem voters would automatically switch their vote to Labour, when in fact they appeared to have haemorrhaged support to the SNP.[28] Jackie Baillie compared the result to Labour's performance in the 1983 UK general election.[27] Iain Gray conceded defeat to Alex Salmond and announced his intention to resign as leader of the Labour group of MSPs that autumn.[27]

The election saw a rout of the Liberal Democrats, with no victories in mainland constituencies[29] and 25 lost deposits (candidates gaining less than five per cent of the vote).[29] Leader Tavish Scott said their performance was due to the Liberal Democrats' involvement in the Westminster Government, which had been unpopular with many former LibDem supporters.[30] Scott resigned as leader two days after the election.[30]

For the Conservatives, the main disappointment was the loss of Edinburgh Pentlands, the seat of former party leader David McLetchie, to the SNP. McLetchie was elected on the Lothian regional list and the Conservatives only made a net loss of five seats, with leader Annabel Goldie claiming that their support had held firm.[27] Prime Minister David Cameron congratulated the SNP on the result, but vowed to campaign for the Union in any independence referendum.[27]

George Galloway, under a Unionist anti-cuts banner, failed to receive enough votes to be elected to the Glasgow regional list.[27] The Scottish Greens won two seats, including their co-convenor Patrick Harvie.[27] Margo MacDonald again won election as an independent on the Lothian regional list.[27]

The SNP's overall majority assured Salmond of another term as First Minister, and he was reelected unopposed on 18 May.[31]

← Scottish general election, 2011 (+/- seats based on notional 2007 result)[32] →
Party		Constituencies					Regional additional members					Total seats
		Votes	%	±	Seats	±	Votes	%	±	Seats	±	Total	±	%
	SNP	902,915	45.4	12.5	53	32	876,421	44.0	13.0	16	9	69	23	53.5
	Labour	630,461	31.7	0.5	15	20	523,469	26.3	2.9	22	13	37	7	28.7
	Conservative	276,652	13.9	2.7	3	3	245,967	12.4	1.5	12	2	15	5	11.6
	Liberal Democrats	157,714	7.9	8.2	2	9	103,472	5.2	6.1	3	3	5	12	3.9
	Scottish Green	—	—	0.1	0		86,939	4.4	0.3	2	1	2	1	1.6
	Margo MacDonald	—	—	—	—	—	18,732	0.9		1		1		0.8
	Scottish Senior Citizens	1,618	0.1		0		33,253	1.7	0.2	0		0		0.0
	UKIP	2,508	0.1	0.1	0		18,138	0.9	0.5	0		0		0.0
	Scottish Christian	1,193	0.1	0.2	0		16,466	0.8	0.5	0		0		0.0
	Socialist Labour	—	—	—	—	—	16,847	0.9	0.2	0		0		0.0
	BNP	—	—	—	—	—	15,580	0.8	0.4	0		0		0.0
	Scottish Socialist	—	—	—	—	—	8,272	0.4	0.2	0		0		0.0
	Respect	—	—	—	—	—	6,972	0.4	new	0	new	0	new	0.0
	Scottish Unionist	—	—	—	—	—	3,002	0.2	0.1	0		0		0.0
	Ban Bankers Bonuses	—	—	—	—	—	2,968	0.1	new	0	new	0	new	0.0
	Solidarity	—	—	—	—	—	2,837	0.1	1.4	0		0		0.0
	Liberal	436	0.0	new	0	new	2,393	0.1	new	0	new	0	new	0.0
	National Front	1,515	0.1	new	0	new	640	0.03	new	0	new	0	new	0.0
	Angus Independents Representatives	1,321	0.1	new	0	new	471	0.03	new	0	new	0	new	0.0
	Pirate	—	—	—	—	—	1,431	0.1	new	0	new	0	new	0.0
	CPA	—	—	—	—	—	1,191	0.1	0.7	0		0		0.0
	Scotland Homeland Party	—	—	—	—	—	616	0.0	new	0	new	0	new	0.0
	Land Party	276	0.0	new	0	new	—	—	—	—	—	0	new	0.0
	Communist	256	0.0	new	0	new	—	—	—	—	—	0	new	0.0
	Independent	12,411	0.6	0.6	0		4,759	0.2	0.1	1		0		0.0
Valid votes		1,989,276	99.7	3.8			1,990,836	99.7	2.0
Spoilt votes		6,363	0.3	3.8			5,987	0.3	2.0
Total		1,995,639	100		73	–	1,996,823	100		56	–	129	–	100
Electorate/Turnout		3,950,626	50.5	3.4			3,950,626	50.5	3.5

Below are listed all the constituencies which required a swing of less than 5% from the 2007 result to change hands. Because the election was fought under new boundaries, the figures are based on notional results from 2007.[33]

• Arbuthnott Commission
• 2011 National Assembly for Wales election
• 2011 Northern Ireland Assembly election
• Murphy and Boyack review of the Labour Party in Scotland
• 2011 Scottish Labour Party leadership election
• 2011 Scottish Conservative Party leadership election
• 2011 Scottish Liberal Democrats leadership election

• Election 2011, a Briefing by the Scottish Parliament Information Centre
• Scottish Election Study