Subway (restaurant)

Subway (also known as Doctor's Associates Inc.[4]) is an American fast food restaurant franchise that primarily sells submarine sandwiches (subs), salads and beverages. It was founded by the 17 year old Fred DeLuca and financed by Peter Buck in 1965 as "Pete's Super Submarines"[5] in Bridgeport, Connecticut. The restaurant renamed to Subway two years later, and a franchise operation began in 1974 with a second restaurant in Wallingford, Connecticut.[6] It has since expanded to become a global franchise.

Subway
FormerlyPete's Super Submarines
(1965–1968)
TypePrivate
IndustryRestaurants
GenreFast food
FoundedAugust 28, 1965 (1965-08-28), Bridgeport, Connecticut, U.S.
Founders
Headquarters
Milford, Connecticut
,
U.S.
Number of locations
 41,600
Key people
John Chidsey, CEO[1]
Products
Revenue $10.4 billion (2019)[2]
OwnerDeLuca family
Number of employees
30,000[3]
Websitesubway.com

Subway serves a array of topping choices allowing the customer to choose which toppings they want on their sandwich. The past Subway slogan, "Eat Fresh", was intended to indicate the fresh ingredients used in their sandwiches.

It is one of the fastest-growing franchises in the world[7] and, as of October 2019, had 41,512 locations in more than 100 countries. More than half its locations (23,928 or 57.6%) are in the United States.[8][9][10] It also is the largest single-brand restaurant chain, and the largest restaurant operator, in the world.[11][12][13][14] Its international headquarters are in Milford, Connecticut.

History
Subway logo used from 1968 to 2002
Subway logo used from 2002 to 2016 (still used on signage in many locations)

In 1965, Fred DeLuca borrowed $1,000 from friend Peter Buck to start "Pete's Super Submarines" in Bridgeport, Connecticut, and in the following year, they formed Doctor's Associates Inc. to oversee operations of the restaurants as the franchise expanded.[15][16] The holding company derives its name from DeLuca's goal to earn enough from the business to pay tuition for medical school, as well as Buck's having a doctorate in physics.[17] Doctor's Associates is not affiliated with, nor endorsed by, any medical organization.[18] In 1968, the sandwich shop was renamed "Subway".[15]

In 1974 a franchise operation began with a restaurant in Wallingford, Connecticut.[6]

Subway restaurant in Pittsfield Township, Michigan (2011)

The first Subway on the West Coast was opened in Fresno, California, in 1978.[15]The first Subway outside of North America opened in Bahrain in December 1984.[19] The first Subway in the United Kingdom was opened in Brighton in 1996.[20] In 2004, Subway began opening stores in Walmart supercenters and surpassed the number of McDonald's locations inside U.S. Walmart stores in 2007.[21]

Since 2007, Subway has consistently ranked in the Entrepreneur Franchise 500. In 2015, it ranked #3 on the "Top Global Franchises" list and #1 as the "Fastest Growing Franchise".[22][23] At the end of 2010, Subway became the largest fast food chain worldwide, with 33,749 restaurants – 1,012 more than McDonald's.[24]

Subway restaurant in Stanhope, New Jersey (2018)

In January 2015, Suzanne Greco became president and CEO after her brother Fred DeLuca, the company's first CEO, died of leukemia in September 2015 after being ill for two years.[25][26]

In 2016, Subway closed hundreds of restaurants in the U.S., experiencing a net loss in locations for the first time. However, with 26,744 locations, it remained the most ubiquitous restaurant chain in the U.S. (with McDonald's in the #2 spot).[27]

Interior of a Subway franchise in Huntington, Virginia designed in the new style

Also in 2016, Subway announced a new logo for the franchise, to be implemented in 2017.[28] On July 17, 2017, Subway unveiled redesigned restaurants, dubbed "Fresh Forward." Features include self-order kiosks; USB charging ports at tables; and new menu items, including additional condiments, and bread made without gluten. The company is piloting the changes at 12 locations across the United States, Canada, and the United Kingdom, with many features expected to be implemented into stores worldwide by the end of 2017.[29]

In 2017, the chain closed more than 800 of its U.S. locations. In April 2018, the chain announced it would close about 500 more that year. According to Abha Bhattarai of The Washington Post, this is a result of three consecutive years of falling profits, and foot traffic in Subway stores reduced by 25 percent since 2012. Franchisees also complained that the company's deep promotions further ate away at profits. Industry analysts like Bob Phibbs, chief executive of the New York-based consulting firm Retail Doctor, say changing tastes on the part of consumers, who more frequently prefer locally sourced produce and hormone-free meat served by regional start-ups like Sweetgreen, especially in metropolitan areas, are the cause of the drop in Subway's sales, as well as the loss of market share to competitors. These include fast-casual eateries and sandwich shops like Panera Bread, Au Bon Pain and Firehouse Subs, as well as food trucks, and grocery stores that offer freshly made meals at competitive prices. In January 2018, Subway invested $25 million in a re-branding campaign targeted at young consumers in order to revitalize its image and boost sales.[16]

Corporate structure

As of 2017, the Subway Group of companies was organized as follows:

  • Subway IP Inc. is the owner of the intellectual property for the restaurant system.
  • Franchise World Headquarters, LLC leads franchising operations. FWH Technologies, LLC owns and licenses Subway's point of sale software.
  • Franchisors include Doctor's Associates Inc. in the U.S.; Subway International B.V.; Subway Franchise Systems of Canada, Ltd.; etc.
  • Advertising affiliates include Subway Franchisee Advertising Fund Trust, Ltd.; Subway Franchisee Advertising Fund Trust, B.V.; Subway Franchisee Canadian Advertising Trust; etc.[30][31]
  • IPC Europe (Independent Purchasing Company Europe Limited), manager of the Subway franchisees and the Subcard loyalty scheme in European countries.[32][33]

Subway's international headquarters are in Milford, Connecticut, US, with five regional centers supporting the company's international operations. The regional offices for European franchises are located in Amsterdam (Netherlands); the Australian and New Zealand locations are supported from Brisbane (Australia); the Asian locations are supported from offices in Beirut (Lebanon) and Singapore; and the Latin American support center is in Miami (US).[34]

Locations
Countries with Subway restaurants

As of July 2020, Subway had approximately 41,600 locations in 111 countries worldwide, all independently owned.[16][35] These locations are largely concentrated in North America, with 24,129 in the United States,[8] 3,155 in Canada, and 929 in Mexico;[8] this is almost as many U.S. locations as McDonald's and Starbucks combined.[16] Outside North America, the countries with the most locations are Australia (approximately 1,400), Brazil (approximately 2,200), and the United Kingdom (approximately 2,300).[8]

Products
A Subway Club 6" sandwich

Subway's core product is the submarine sandwich (or "sub"). In addition to these, the chain also sells wraps, salad, paninis, and baked goods (including cookies, doughnuts, and muffins).

Subway's best-selling sandwich,[36] the B.M.T. (short for "Biggest, Meatiest, Tastiest"), contains pepperoni, salami, and ham. The name originally stood for Brooklyn Manhattan Transit.[37]

Subway also sells breakfast sandwiches, English muffins, and flatbread. In 2006, "personal pizzas" debuted in some US markets. These are made to order (like the subs) and heated for 85 seconds. Breakfast and pizza items are only available in some stores. In November 2009, Subway signed a deal to serve exclusively Seattle's Best Coffee coffee as part of its breakfast menu in the US.[38]

A 2009 Zagat survey named Subway the best provider of "Healthy Options" (in the "Mega Chain" category). Subway was also first in "Top Service" and "Most Popular" rankings. It placed second in "Top Overall", behind Wendy's.[39]

In April 2017, Subway announced the addition of paninis to its menu. Chipotle Steak & Cheese, Triple Cheese, Chicken Cordon Bleu, and Italian B.M.T. Melt were the four variations announced.[40]

In September 2018, Subway debuted the Chipotle Cheesesteak sandwich for a limited time. Regional testing of a crispy chicken sandwich also began taking place in Arkansas.[41]

Regional variations

Subway's menu varies between countries, most significantly where there are religious requirements relating to the meats served.

In 2006, the first kosher Subway restaurant in the United States opened, in a suburb of Cleveland, Ohio in the Mandel JCC of Cleveland. Former Subway spokesman Jared Fogle attended the opening. A press release stated, "With slight modifications, such as no pork-based products, and the use of soy-based cheese product, the menu is virtually identical to that of any other Subway restaurant."[42] Other openings soon followed, briefly making Subway one of the largest U.S. kosher restaurant chains.[43] At their peak, twelve kosher Subway locations were open in the U.S, including Kansas City and 5 in New York. As of 2011, only five remained: in Cleveland, Miami, Los Angeles, and two stores in Maryland.[44] Franchisees who failed noted a lack of support from the parent location in advertising, higher costs of kosher food and supervision, the inability to remain open on Saturdays, and that customers who do not keep kosher prefer the original menu and prices.[44]

Subway opened its first restaurant in India in 2001 in New Delhi. In deference to Hindu beliefs, Subway restaurants in India do not serve beef products; on the other hand, the country's large number of vegetarians has induced Subway's Indian outlets to offer a much extended range of vegetarian options. As of January 2017 there were 591 Subway restaurants in 68 Indian cities.[8] On September 4, 2012, Subway opened its first all-vegetarian outlet on the campus of Lovely Professional University (LPU) in Jalandhar, Punjab.[45] On March 6, 2013, Subway opened its second all-vegetarian outlet also offering Jain food in Paldi, Ahmedabad.[46]

Nutritional content

In 2011, Subway introduced gluten-free bread and brownies to some locations in Texas.[47] It also cut the salt content of its sandwiches by 15 percent in 2011.[48]

In the United Kingdom and Ireland, Subway has reduced salt content across its entire range by 33% and has committed to further reductions, in line with government targets.[49] Subway's range of "Low Fat" subs is endorsed by the charity Heart Research UK.[50]

Marketing
Subway in Belo Horizonte, Brazil, in 2009
Subway's the "restaurant world" in the REDI shopping mall in Kalasatama, Helsinki, Finland

Subway is the second-biggest fast food advertiser in the United States, behind only McDonald's. It spent US$516,000,000 on measurable advertising in 2011.[51]

Subway used the advertising slogan "Eat Fresh", and focused on how its sandwiches were made from freshly baked bread and fresh ingredients, in front of customers to their exact specifications, by employees which Subway called "Subway Sandwich Artists".

In 2005, Subway scrapped its "Sub Club" stamp promotion, citing a growing number of counterfeit stamps due to online auction sites and the increasing availability of high-quality printers.[52][53]

In November 2007, Subway's US commercials featured the cartoon character Peter Griffin (from FOX's Family Guy) promoting its new Subway Feast sandwich.[54] Subway has also used "instant win" games, based on the game Scrabble.

Subway ran a product placement campaign in the US TV series Chuck since its first season. As ratings dwindled in the second season, a campaign to "save Chuck" was launched for fans, encouraging them to purchase a footlong sub from Subway on April 27, 2009, the date of the season finale. Tony Pace, Subway's marketing officer, called it the best product placement the restaurant chain has done "in several years."[55]

To celebrate National Sandwich Day on November 3, 2015, Subway offered a Buy One sandwich, Give One sandwich free promotion.[56]

Subway has sponsored a number of sports events, particularly NASCAR races, including the Subway 400 (2002–2004), Subway 500 (2003–2007), Subway Fresh 500 (2005–2013) and the Subway Firecracker 250 (2009–2016). Subway sponsored the Subway Super Series ice hockey tournament from 2009–2014.

Jared Fogle
Jared Fogle in 2007

Jared Fogle was a national spokesman for the company in the US starting in January 2000, giving talks on healthy living and appearing in advertisements. Fogle first came to attention in his native Indiana by claiming that he lost over 200 pounds in part by eating at Subway. From 2008, he was featured less often as the company marketed with more emphasis on its "5 dollar footlong" campaign.[57] Subway attributed between one-third and one-half of its growth from 1998 to 2011 to Fogle, the equivalent of a tripling in size.[58] Subway ended its relationship with Fogle in 2015 after he was charged with possession of child pornography and illicit sexual conduct with a minor. After pleading guilty in August 2015, he was sentenced to more than 15 years in federal prison three months later.[59][60][61]

In December 2015, following the removal of Fogle from its marketing, Subway introduced a new marketing campaign, "Founded on Fresh". The campaign focuses on Subway's establishment and early history, and features Fred DeLuca, as played by his son, Jonathan. The new campaign downplays the use of jingles and celebrity endorsements (besides "targeted" sports marketing), in favor of focusing upon the qualities of its products, and specific products. Chief advertising officer Chris Carroll explained that the focus on fat, calories, and weight loss were "what fresh used to be", and that the new campaign would focus more on the sourcing of Subway's ingredients, such as its phase-out of antibiotic-treated meat. Carroll also explained that the new strategy was being developed prior to the controversy involving Fogle.[62]

$5 footlongs

In 2008, Subway began to offer all foot-long submarine sandwiches (excluding the premium and double-meat varieties) for five dollars, in the continental United States and Canada, as a "limited time only" promotion. "Five Dollar Footlongs" quickly became the company's most successful promotion ever.[63] Upon the initial promotion's completion, customer response prompted Subway to create a permanent "$5 Footlong Everyday Value Menu" that offered some footlong sandwiches for $5. Since 2011, there has been a monthly rotating $5 footlong.[57] In October 2011, a similar promotion was launched in the United Kingdom. Customers can buy one of nine subs and any drink for £3 (for a six-inch sub) or £5 (for a footlong).[64]

In 2012, San Francisco discontinued the five-dollar footlong promotion due to the higher cost of doing business in the city.[65] From June 2014 to the end of that year, some Subway locations began discontinuing the $5 dollar promotion.[66] On November 1, 2014, Subway discontinued the five-dollar footlong promotion, replacing it with the Simple $6 Menu which included a six-inch select with a drink and a choice of cookies or chips.[67][68]

In February 2016, all classic footlongs were declared to be set at a new cost of $6 each.[69]

In January 2018, the $5 promotion returned with a $4.99 footlong menu of five subs, at participating locations.[70][71][72]

In September 2018, Subway announced that they were going to discontinue the $5 footlong promotion. This would help them boost their franchise profits.[73]

Italian Hero

In early 2017, Subway introduced its Italian Hero, and advertised it with a campaign describing it as an authentic Italian[-American] sandwich. Two comedic spots feature stereotypical Italian-American characters on and around the stoop of a New York / New Jersey tenement building, one including a cameo by sportscaster Dick Vitale. Another ad features Food Network's Jeff Mauro, the "Sandwich King", who is Italian-American,[74] discussing the nature and role of the different Italian meats and other ingredients.[75][76][77][78][79][80]

Animal welfare

In December 2015, Subway released a commitment to move to a 100% cage-free egg supply chain in North America by 2025.[81]

In April 2017, Subway released a chicken welfare policy[82] that states that by 2024 or sooner, 100% of its U.S. chicken products will be produced in alignment with Global Animal Partnership (GAP) standards for higher welfare breeds, enhanced living environments (including lighting, litter, and enrichment), increased activity levels and optimized stocking density, and improved slaughter methods. To ensure compliance, Subway's chicken suppliers will be third-party audited with updates communicated annually.[83]

The policy announcement followed a nationwide campaign led by high school animal activist Lia Hyman in coordination with the animal protection NGO The Humane League.[84] On April 20, 2017, Hyman and a group of activists traveled to Subway's global headquarters in Connecticut to deliver more than 53,000 signatures from campaign supporters and held a demonstration outside the building after they were denied entry.[85]

Controversies

Hepatitis A contamination

In September 1999, at least 32 customers in Seattle contracted hepatitis A after eating food contaminated with the virus at two Subway outlets.[86] The virus, which is spread by eating or drinking food or water contaminated with infected feces, infects the liver causing nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, fatigue, and fever.[87] Subsequent investigations found that staff failed to adhere to thorough hand washing and the use of plastic gloves during food preparation.[88] A class-action lawsuit on behalf of 31 victims was resolved for $1.6 million.[89][90] The most seriously affected victim—a 6-year-old boy—suffered acute liver failure and required a liver transplant. He was awarded $10 million in an out-of-court settlement in 2001.[88] A previous outbreak of hepatitis A in 1996 had also involved a Subway outlet in Seattle, although no legal action had resulted.[86]

In April 2015, the Arkansas Department of Health issued a warning to the public that customers who had eaten at the Subway outlet in Morrilton, Arkansas, may have been exposed to infection after an employee tested positive for the virus.[91][92]

Sandwich size

On February 2, 2007, KNXV-TV (with the help of the Arizona Department of Weights and Measures) reported that three of Subway's "Giant Sub" sandwiches, nominally each 3-foot (91 cm) long, were actually 2 feet 8 inches (81 cm), 2 feet 8.25 inches (81.92 cm), and 2 feet 8.5 inches (82.6 cm) long. The maximum variance in length allowed in Arizona is 3% (1.08 inches (2.7 cm), for a three-foot sub). The report also showed the boxes designed to store these sandwiches were 2 feet 10.75 inches (88.27 cm) in length; shorter than the maximum allowable variance. In response to the report, Subway said it was reevaluating its advertising, training and packaging materials with regard to the specific or implied length of Giant Subs, and was advising its franchisees to only discuss with customers the approximate number of expected servings and not a specific length of measurement.[93]

In January 2013, an Australian teen, Matt Corby, complained on Facebook that Subway's "footlong" sandwich was only 11 inches (28 cm) long, rather than 1 foot (30 cm). Subway responded by saying, "With regards to the size of the bread and calling it a footlong, 'Subway Footlong' is a registered trademark as a descriptive name for the sub sold in Subway Restaurants and not intended to be a measurement of length."[94] Discovery during a subsequent class-action lawsuit revealed that most Subway sandwiches were the advertised length. A $530,000 settlement was thrown out of court in 2017 for being "utterly worthless" to consumers.[95][96]

Franchise relations

In 1995, Subway Sandwich Shops, Fred DeLuca, Peter Buck, and Doctor's Associates Inc. were held liable for breach of contract. An Illinois jury awarded more than $10 million in damages to Nicholas and Victoria Jannotta after finding lease and contract violations. The plaintiffs claimed the defendants had misrepresented the asset value of Subway Sandwich Shops (a leasing company used by Doctor's Associates for franchising purposes) while negotiating a 1985 lease agreement.[97]

The U.S. House of Representatives' small business committee studied the franchise industry from 1992 to 1998. Dean Sagar noted, "Subway is the biggest problem in franchising and emerges as one of the key examples of every abuse you can think of."[98] In 1989, the U.S. Small Business Administration refused small business loans to Subway franchise owners until Subway removed a contract clause which gave it the power to seize and purchase any franchise without cause. The Dallas Morning News reported Subway had seized American soldier Leon Batie Jr.'s Subway stores in 2006 while he was serving in Afghanistan.[99] He had been deployed to support Operation Enduring Freedom in March 2005, three years after buying his first restaurant.[99] Batie alleged Subway had violated the U.S. Servicemembers Civil Relief Act. He filed a federal lawsuit against Subway, which was dismissed. He then filed suit in state court, in Dallas County, Texas. Both parties settled on "mutually agreeable" and confidential terms in January 2010.[100]

United Kingdom VAT treatment

In October 2010, Subway franchisees in the United Kingdom lost a high court appeal, against paying standard VAT on all toasted subs, as required by HM Revenue and Customs. Thus, in the United Kingdom, a toasted sub attracts VAT, whereas a cold sub, eaten off the premises, does not. Competitors such as Quiznos and McDonald's do not pay VAT on similar food.[101][102][103]

In March 2012, Chancellor of the Exchequer, George Osborne announced plans to close the loophole that allows Subway competitors to offer hot food without paying VAT. This legislation was expected to come into force from October 2012 onward,[104] but the government withdrew plans to charge VAT on originally hot food being allowed to cool naturally on May 28, 2012.[105] In June 2012, Subway launched the "Toast the Tax" campaign to put pressure on the government to drop VAT on toasted sandwiches, as it has done for hot savouries.[106]

Footlong trademark disputes

On January 31, 2011, Subway lawyer Valerie Pochron, wrote to Casey's General Stores, a chain of Iowa-based convenience stores, demanding the small chain to cease using the term "footlong" in advertisements for its 12-inch sandwiches. Subway threatened to sue. Consequently, in February 2011, Casey's General Stores Inc. filed a petition in a U.S. District Court in Des Moines, seeking a legal declaration that the word "footlong" does not violate Subway's rights.[107] Casey's further sought a declaration that the word "footlong" is a generic description of a sandwich measuring one foot.[108][109] Before serving its complaint on Subway, Casey's voluntarily dismissed its action, ending the litigation.[110]

Subway's trademark application for "footlong" has yet to be approved by the federal government. Subway has attempted to register it with the United States Patent and Trademark Office twice. It filed on November 8, 2007,[111] and June 4, 2009.[112] Both filings have been abandoned on November 20, 2013 and August 21, 2014 respectively. Yum Brands (KFC, Pizza Hut, Taco Bell and non-Canadian A&W locations), Long John Silver's and other competitors opposed the applications.[107]

Ingredients

Subway made alterations to its bread after food blogger and activist Vani Hari gathered more than 50,000 signatures in a petition drive. Subway removed azodicarbonamide from its bread.[113] Before Vani Hari's petition, Subway had used azodicarbonamide as a bread conditioner, to whiten the dough and allow sandwich bread to bake more quickly. As of 2016, the ingredient was still used by other fast food restaurants.[114]

In August 2015, Vani Hari again petitioned Subway in conjunction with Natural Resources Defense Council, Friends of the Earth, the Center for Food Safety, U.S. Public Interest Research Group to commit to buying meat produced without the routine use of antibiotics and to provide a timeline for doing so.[115] In October 2015, Subway announced it would transition to chicken raised without antibiotics in 2016 and turkey within the following 2–3 years, and would also transition beef and pork raised without antibiotics by 2025.[116][117]

In 2020 the Supreme Court of Ireland ruled that Subway bread had too high a sugar content to be classed as bread for VAT reasons, with its recipe including sugar equal to 10% of the weight of the flour.[118]

In 2021, a lawsuit was filed against the company alleging that the ingredient Subway bills as "tuna" was a mixture of "various concoctions that do not constitute tuna, yet have been blended together by defendants to imitate the appearance of tuna". The company's senior director for global food safety and quality said in a statement that "Our restaurants receive pure tuna, mix it with mayonnaise and serve on a freshly made sandwich to our guests."[119]

Soy protein in chicken products

In an investigation by the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC)'s consumer affairs television series Marketplace aired in February 2017, chicken from five fast-food restaurants were lab-tested to determine constituents. While DNA testing found between 84.9% and 89.4% of the DNA from other restaurants' chicken products to be chicken DNA, with the remaining being unidentifiable plant DNA, on the two Subway chicken items tested, 53.6% and 42.8% of the DNA were found to be chicken, with the remainder being mostly soy. Although ingredients listings did show soy protein to be a constituent of both of the chicken products, Subway states that the proportion is less than or equal to 1% and that the finding of about 50% soy DNA is not representative of the actual amount of soy in the product. Subway has called CBC's report "absolutely false and misleading" and demanded that it be retracted, a demand the CBC had not acceded to as of July 2017. Meanwhile, however, Subway Canada stated that it was investigating with its supplier to ensure that the proportion of soy protein was as per expectations.[120][121][122][123][124]

According to Subway's website, ingredients in U.S. stores may differ from ingredients in Canadian stores. Both countries include soy protein in chicken strips, but only the U.S. version states that it is present in quantities of 2% or less. The Canadian version includes soy as an ingredient in its chicken patty, but the United States version does not.[125]

In April 2017, Subway sued the CBC, as well as the reporter and two producers, for $210 million, alleging the CBC acted "recklessly and maliciously", and that "these false statements... were published and republished, maliciously and without just cause or excuse, to a global audience, which has resulted in pecuniary loss to the plaintiffs." The CBC stood by its reports, stating that the DNA tests were done by independent and credible experts.[126] The CBC's Emma Bédard stated that Subway has not provided any alternative explanation for the DNA test results obtained by the CBC.[127]

In November 2019, Subway's lawsuit against the CBC was dismissed through anti-SLAPP legislation, as CBC's reporting was deemed to be a matter of public interest.[128][129]

Underpaying workers

In 2019, the Fair Work Ombudsman found that 17 Australian-based Subway franchises had underpaid workers.[130] The lengthy investigation by the Ombudsman specifically found that franchises failed to pay the employees minimum wages, casual loadings, holiday and overtime rates, and did not issue proper pay slips or keep proper employment records.[130] The investigation resulted in over $81,000 being recovered in unpaid wages for over 160 employees.[130] Subway responded by introducing a rolling audit of franchisee employment records and commented that franchise agreements could be terminated if franchisees failed to meet Australian workplace laws and Subway's internal standards of operation.[130]

See also

References
  1. Patton, Leslie (November 13, 2019). "Subway Names Former Burger King CEO to Take Reins". Archived from the original on July 7, 2020. Retrieved November 14, 2019.
  2. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on November 5, 2020. Retrieved November 5, 2020.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  3. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on August 10, 2020. Retrieved November 5, 2020.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  4. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on November 12, 2020. Retrieved October 22, 2020.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  5. "'It's just not what people want anymore': Subway to close hundreds of U.S. stores". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on April 29, 2018. Retrieved December 14, 2020.
  6. McCreary, Matthew. "How a 17-Year-Old With $1,000 Started Subway and Became a Billionaire". Entrepreneur. Archived from the original on September 24, 2020. Retrieved December 14, 2020.
  7. Herold, Tracy Stapp (February 6, 2015). "Top Fastest-Growing Franchises for 2015". Entrepreneur. Archived from the original on August 10, 2017. Retrieved December 5, 2017.
  8. "Explore Our World". Subway. Archived from the original on July 29, 2019. Retrieved October 17, 2019.
  9. Tice, Carol. "Subway - pg.2". Forbes. Archived from the original on August 10, 2017. Retrieved May 22, 2017.
  10. "Number of U.S. Subway restaurants 2016". Statista. Archived from the original on December 23, 2017. Retrieved December 5, 2017.
  11. "The History of SUBWAY". Subway. 2019. Archived from the original on January 13, 2020. Retrieved January 13, 2020. Today, the SUBWAY brand is the world's largest submarine sandwich chain with more than 44,000 locations around the world.
  12. "World's Largest Fast Food Chains". Food & Wine. May 8, 2017. Archived from the original on November 24, 2017. Retrieved December 5, 2017.
  13. Joe Bramhall. "McDonald's Corporation". Hoovers.com. Archived from the original on October 15, 2006. Retrieved August 23, 2007.
  14. "Yum! Financial Data - Restaurant Counts". yum.com. Archived from the original on February 2, 2017. Retrieved July 8, 2013.
  15. "SUBWAY® Timeline". Subway. 2019. Archived from the original on December 25, 2019. Retrieved January 13, 2020.
  16. Bhattarai, Abha (April 27, 2018). "'It's just not what people want anymore': Subway to close hundreds of U.S. stores". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on April 30, 2018. Retrieved April 29, 2018.
  17. 2008 Honorary Degree Recipients (Bowdoin, Office of Events and Summer Programs) (archived 2008)
  18. Miller, Cash. "From Small Business To Big Business: Doctor's Associates Inc. A.K.A. Subway". Small Business Delivered. Archived from the original on October 20, 2008.
  19. "Subway Restaurants International Homepage". Archive.is. Archived from the original on March 19, 2013. Retrieved September 1, 2013.CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  20. "FACTS AND HISTORY". subway.co.uk. Archived from the original on March 2, 2010. Retrieved May 15, 2015.
  21. Kung, Michelle (September 13, 2007). "Wal-Mart Dumps McDonald's For Subway As In-Store Restaurateur". Huffington Post. Archived from the original on August 31, 2016. Retrieved September 1, 2013.
  22. "2015 Top Global Franchises". Entrepreneur. Archived from the original on January 12, 2016. Retrieved June 9, 2018.
  23. "2015 Top Fastest Growing Franchises". Entrepreneur. Archived from the original on January 9, 2016. Retrieved June 9, 2018.
  24. Jargon, Julie (March 8, 2011). "Subway Runs Past McDonald's Chain". wsj.com. Archived from the original on December 27, 2014. Retrieved January 20, 2014.
  25. "Suzanne Greco - Restaurant Leadership Conference 2017". Restaurantleadership.com. April 9, 2017. Archived from the original on October 4, 2017. Retrieved July 4, 2017.
  26. Kosman, Josh (February 8, 2015). "Subway founder's sister takes over operations". New York Post. Archived from the original on August 31, 2017. Retrieved July 4, 2017.
  27. Patton, Leslie (April 20, 2017). "Subway Shuts Hundreds of U.S. Stores". Bloomberg News. Archived from the original on April 20, 2017. Retrieved April 20, 2017.
  28. Whitten, Sarah (August 5, 2016). "After 15 years, Subway has a brand-new logo". CNBC. Archived from the original on August 23, 2016. Retrieved August 25, 2016.
  29. "Subway Brings "Fresh Forward" With New Restaurant Design, Customer Experience". Multivu. July 17, 2017. Archived from the original on July 18, 2017. Retrieved July 17, 2017.
  30. Subway IP Inc. (January 3, 2017). "Privacy Notice | SUBWAY.com - United States (English)". www.subway.com. Archived from the original on February 17, 2020. Retrieved September 24, 2017.
  31. Subway IP Inc. (January 3, 2017). "Privacy Statement FWH | SUBWAY.com - United States (English)". www.subway.com. Archived from the original on October 22, 2019. Retrieved September 24, 2017.
  32. "IPC Europe". Archived from the original on June 18, 2020. Retrieved June 18, 2020.
  33. "Subcard® | Terms and conditions". Archived from the original on June 19, 2020. Retrieved June 18, 2020.
  34. "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on August 27, 2013. Retrieved June 14, 2013.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  35. "Subway Franchise Information". Entrepreneur. Archived from the original on June 22, 2020. Retrieved August 2, 2020.
  36. Dennis, Guy (April 25, 2004). "Subway sets out to torpedo McDonald's". The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on January 26, 2009. Retrieved May 24, 2010.
  37. "Official Subway Restaurants FAQs". Subway. Archived from the original on February 14, 2012. Retrieved August 25, 2009.
  38. "Subway Restaurants to Brew Seattle's Best Coffee Exclusively". News.starbucks.com. Archived from the original on November 14, 2010. Retrieved September 1, 2013.
  39. Ken Kuhl (June 9, 2009). "Zagat's Fast Food Survey". Fast Food News. Archived from the original on October 18, 2018. Retrieved October 18, 2018.
  40. "Fresh off the Press: Paninis Have Arrived at Subway®". www.newswire.ca. Archived from the original on April 27, 2017. Retrieved April 27, 2017.
  41. "Subway debuts limited-time cheesesteak, tests crispy chicken sandwich". Nation's Restaurant News. September 21, 2018. Archived from the original on September 25, 2018. Retrieved September 25, 2018.
  42. "First Kosher Subway Restaurant Opens in Cleveland". Pr.com. June 6, 2006. Archived from the original on August 8, 2010. Retrieved September 1, 2013.
  43. Fishkoff, Sue (August 5, 2009). "Eat fresh, eat kosher: Subway the largest U.S. kosher restaurant chain". Jewish Telegraphic Agency. Archived from the original on April 20, 2016. Retrieved February 26, 2016.
  44. Spiro, Amy (September 19, 2011). "The Subway That Stops In New York". The Jewish Week. Archived from the original on October 4, 2017. Retrieved February 26, 2016.
  45. Rohan Dua (August 17, 2012). "Subway to roll out world's 1st all-veg outlet in Punjab". Times Of India. Archived from the original on December 22, 2017. Retrieved December 19, 2017.
  46. Chitra Unnithan (March 6, 2013). "US food giants turn vegetarian in Gujarat". The Times of India. Archived from the original on December 22, 2017. Retrieved December 19, 2017.
  47. Roberson, Amanda. "Gluten-free items come to some Subway's in East Texas". KYTX CBS 19. Archived from the original on September 29, 2011. Retrieved June 29, 2011.
  48. "Subway slashes salt in sandwiches". WHEC News 10. April 19, 2011. Archived from the original on October 2, 2011.
  49. "Subway® Shapes Up With Health And Wellbeing Commitments". Subway. March 10, 2011. Archived from the original on October 6, 2011. Retrieved March 3, 2013.
  50. "The Subway Chain® Partners with Heart Research UK". Subway. June 11, 2009. Archived from the original on August 27, 2009. Retrieved March 3, 2013.
  51. Meet America's 25 biggest advertisers Archived March 7, 2015, at the Wayback Machine. AdAge. Retrieved July 8, 2013.
  52. "Fraud stamps out Subway sandwich promo". msnbc.com. June 3, 2005. Archived from the original on December 1, 2017. Retrieved November 29, 2017.
  53. "Subway Scraps Free-Sandwich Promotion". Fox News. June 2, 2005. Archived from the original on December 1, 2017. Retrieved November 29, 2017.
  54. Gail Schille (November 17, 2007). "Subway in 'Family Guy' promotion". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on January 31, 2016. Retrieved June 26, 2013. Fox's "Family Guy" has lined up its first national quick-service restaurant promotion with Subway Restaurants, which will air a TV spot featuring the show's Peter Griffin
  55. "Subway: Good Night, and Good 'Chuck'". TV Week. April 27, 2009. Archived from the original on April 30, 2009. Retrieved April 27, 2009.
  56. "Subway Offers Buy One Get One Free Sandwiches on Nov. 3". Time. Archived from the original on November 2, 2015. Retrieved November 3, 2015.
  57. Boyle, Matthew (November 10, 2009). "The Accidental Hero". Yahoo! Finance. Sunnyvale, California: Verizon Media. Archived from the original on June 29, 2011. Retrieved January 10, 2012.
  58. Murray, Rheana (June 9, 2013). "Subway commercial spokesman Jared Fogle marks 15 years of turkey subs and keeping the weight off". The New York Daily News. New York City: Tronc. Archived from the original on November 17, 2014. Retrieved November 18, 2014.
  59. Campbell, Andy; McLaughlin, Michael (August 18, 2015). "Subway Fires Jared Fogle Ahead Of Expected Child Porn Guilty Plea". The Huffington Post. New York City: Huffington Post Media Group. Archived from the original on October 11, 2017. Retrieved February 20, 2019.
  60. Harwell, Drew (August 19, 2015). "Ex-'Subway guy' Jared Fogle to plead guilty to child porn, underage sex". The Washington Post. Washington DC: Nash Holdings LLC. Archived from the original on October 4, 2017. Retrieved July 4, 2017.
  61. Isidore, Chris (November 19, 2015). "Jared Fogle sentenced to more than 15 years". CNNMoney. Atlanta, Georgia: Turner Broadcasting Systems. Archived from the original on November 24, 2015. Retrieved November 25, 2015.
  62. Schultz, E.J. (December 27, 2015). "Behind Subway's Post-Jared Strategy: No More Discount Ads, Fewer Celebs". Advertising Age. New York City: Crain Communications. Archived from the original on February 15, 2016. Retrieved February 8, 2016.(subscription required)
  63. "Did Subway Put Its Foot(long) In Its Mouth?". Brandchannel.com. Archived from the original on May 22, 2010. Retrieved June 5, 2013.
  64. "The £3 lunch". Subway. Archived from the original on October 15, 2011. Retrieved October 26, 2012.
  65. Eskenazi, Joe (March 28, 2012). "Subway Kills Five-Dollar Footlongs in S.F. Due to "Higher Cost of Doing Business"". Archived from the original on May 25, 2018. Retrieved April 2, 2018.
  66. Harvey, Katherine P. (August 22, 2014). "Farewell, $5 Footlong". The San Diego Union Tribune. Archived from the original on April 3, 2018. Retrieved April 2, 2018.
  67. "Subway 2014 November Specials - New Simple $6 Menu". Brandeating.com. November 1, 2014. Archived from the original on April 3, 2018. Retrieved April 2, 2018.
  68. "Introducing the Simple $6 Menu! Choose from a variety of 6" subs with chips & a drink for $6!". Subway. November 5, 2014. Archived from the original on December 15, 2020. Retrieved April 2, 2018.
  69. "BREAKING NEWS: Starting February 4th ALL of your favorite classic footlongs are $6". Subway. February 2, 2016. Archived from the original on September 30, 2019. Retrieved April 2, 2018.
  70. Walansky, Aly (December 18, 2017). "Subway is bringing back its $5 footlong — but not everyone is happy". Today.com. Archived from the original on December 15, 2020. Retrieved April 2, 2018.
  71. "What's behind curtain #4.99?". Subway. January 29, 2018. Archived from the original on December 15, 2020. Retrieved April 2, 2018.
  72. "5 footlongs $4.99 each". Subway. Archived from the original on April 3, 2018. Retrieved April 2, 2018.
  73. Team, ABC12 News. "Subway discontinues $5 footlong to boost franchisee profits". Archived from the original on September 12, 2018. Retrieved September 13, 2018.
  74. "An Interview With Jeff Mauro, The Winner Of the Food Network's Next Food Star!". Recipe4Living.com. Archived from the original on October 4, 2017. Retrieved May 5, 2017. Since I am Italian-American, and living around my people for the majority of my life, it has been an integral part of my culinary upbringing.
  75. "Subway Italian Hero TV Commercial, 'Piled High'". iSpot.tv. 2017. Archived from the original on April 28, 2017. Retrieved April 26, 2017.
  76. "Subway Italian Hero Sandwich TV Commercial, 'The Sandwich King' Feat. Jeff Mauro". iSpot.tv. 2017. Archived from the original on April 28, 2017. Retrieved April 26, 2017.
  77. "Subway Italian Hero TV Spot, 'The Taste of Italy'". iSpot.tv. 2017. Archived from the original on April 28, 2017. Retrieved April 26, 2017.
  78. "Subway Italian Hero TV Commercial, 'The Legendary Italian Heroes' Ft. Dick Vitale". iSpot.tv. 2017. Archived from the original on April 27, 2017. Retrieved April 26, 2017.
  79. "Subway Italian Hero TV Spot, 'Authentic'". iSpot.tv. 2017. Archived from the original on April 27, 2017. Retrieved April 26, 2017.
  80. "Subway Italian Hero TV Spot, 'Frankie'". iSpot.tv. 2017. Archived from the original on April 28, 2017. Retrieved April 26, 2017.
  81. Steele, Anne (December 28, 2015). "Subway Begins Move Toward Cage-Free Eggs". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on January 21, 2018. Retrieved December 5, 2017.
  82. "Sustainable Sourcing | SUBWAY.com - United States (English)". SUBWAY.com. January 1, 1970. Archived from the original on June 29, 2017. Retrieved July 4, 2017.
  83. "Subway to implement new animal welfare standards | MEAT+POULTRY". Meatpoultry.com. Archived from the original on May 16, 2017. Retrieved July 4, 2017.
  84. Bailey, Micah (April 28, 2017). "Subway commits to Chicken Welfare Policy". Wtnh.com. Archived from the original on June 12, 2018. Retrieved July 4, 2017.
  85. Daniel Craig (April 28, 2017). "Cheltenham student prods Subway to new chicken welfare policy". PhillyVoice. Archived from the original on June 20, 2017. Retrieved July 4, 2017.
  86. "Hepatitis Outbreak Triggers Lawsuit". The Columbian. Vancouver. November 14, 1999. Archived from the original on September 24, 2015. Retrieved June 5, 2015 – via HighBeam Research.(subscription required)
  87. Matheny, SC; Kingery, JE (December 1, 2012). "Hepatitis A." Am Fam Physician. 86 (11): 1027–34, quiz 1010–2. PMID 23198670. Archived from the original on March 9, 2014. Retrieved June 5, 2015.
  88. "Seattle Subway Franchise Will Pay $10 Million to Settle Boy's Hepatitis Suit". The Seattle Times. Seattle. July 3, 2001. Archived from the original on September 24, 2015. Retrieved June 5, 2015 – via HighBeam Research.(subscription required)
  89. "Subway Franchise Faces Claims from Over Thirty-One Hepatitis A Victims". Marler Clark. November 10, 1999. Archived from the original on October 4, 2017. Retrieved June 5, 2015.
  90. "Subway Hepatitis A Outbreak". About Hepatitis. 2015. Archived from the original on March 5, 2016. Retrieved June 5, 2015.
  91. Kloap, Danielle (April 14, 2015). "Health Department: Hepatitis A exposure possible at Subway in Morrilton". Arkansas Democrat-Gazette. Little Rock. Archived from the original on May 22, 2015. Retrieved June 5, 2015.
  92. "Arkansas Officials Warn About Possible Exposure to Hepatitis A at Subway". Food Safety News. Seattle. April 14, 2015. Archived from the original on July 10, 2015. Retrieved June 5, 2015.
  93. Joe Ducey (June 26, 2007). "Sub-Standard". KNXV-TV (Phoenix, Arizona). Archived from the original on August 18, 2007. Retrieved April 8, 2008. Video
  94. Mangan, Dan (January 19, 2013). "Subway explains shortness of their 'Footlong' sandwiches: It's just the name of the sub". New York Post. Archived from the original on June 28, 2014. Retrieved January 19, 2013.
  95. "'Worthless' Subway 'Footlong' sandwich settlement is thrown out: U.S." Reuters. August 25, 2017. Archived from the original on February 12, 2018. Retrieved February 12, 2018.
  96. "Subway foot-long settlement 'utterly worthless' to customers, 7th Circuit says". ABA Journal. August 30, 2017. Archived from the original on February 12, 2018. Retrieved February 12, 2018.
  97. Robin Lee Allen (December 11, 1995). "Subway ordered to pay $10M in punitive damages to ex-landlord". Nation's Restaurant News. Archived from the original on January 6, 2012. Retrieved August 8, 2011.
  98. Richard Behar (March 16, 1998). "Why Subway Is 'The Biggest Problem In Franchising' That's the assessment of a congressional staffer who studied". Forbes Magazine. Archived from the original on September 6, 2011. Retrieved August 8, 2011.
  99. Karen Robinson-Jacobs (June 21, 2009). "Soldier suing after being stripped of Subway restaurant franchises". The Dallas Morning News. Archived from the original on June 23, 2009. Retrieved July 28, 2009.
  100. Robinson-Jacobs, Karen. "Subway, soldier settle Dallas franchise dispute". The Dallas Morning News. Archived from the original on June 12, 2018. Retrieved August 25, 2011.
  101. "Subway wrangle over VAT could be heading to high court". Huddersfield Daily Examiner. January 4, 2011. Archived from the original on May 18, 2015. Retrieved June 29, 2011.
  102. "Big butties, small mindedness". Taxation. October 20, 2010. Archived from the original on October 26, 2010. Retrieved February 17, 2011.
  103. "Subway VAT appeal: Subway loses". Howlader & Co. November 4, 2010. Archived from the original on August 18, 2011. Retrieved January 17, 2011.
  104. "Budget 2012: VAT move could 'hit cost of bacon rolls'". BBC News. March 21, 2012. Archived from the original on June 18, 2018. Retrieved July 21, 2018.
  105. "Government does U-turn over 'Cornish pasty tax'". BBC News. May 28, 2012. Archived from the original on June 23, 2018. Retrieved July 21, 2018.
  106. Shaw, Martin (June 24, 2012). "David Cameron of Birkby v David Cameron of Downing Street in toastie tax row". Huddersfield Examiner. Archived from the original on May 18, 2015. Retrieved June 5, 2013.
  107. "Casey's sues Subway over rights to 'footlong'". USA Today. July 16, 2010. Archived from the original on January 20, 2013. Retrieved February 17, 2011.
  108. Welte, Melanie S. (February 14, 2011). "Iowa store chain sues Subway over 'footlong'". NBC News. Archived from the original on September 23, 2020. Retrieved February 17, 2011.
  109. "Complaint, Casey's v. Subway, No. 4:11-cv-64 (S. D. Iowa)". February 11, 2011.
  110. "Motion for voluntary dismissal, Casey's v. Subway, No. 4:11-cv-64 (S. D. Iowa)". May 3, 2011.
  111. "U. S. Patent and Trademark Office, footlong application #1, s/n 77324328". Archived from the original on May 11, 2013. Retrieved February 10, 2013.
  112. "U. S. Patent and Trademark Office, footlong application #2, s/n 77752328". Archived from the original on May 11, 2013. Retrieved February 10, 2013.
  113. "Our Commitment to Our Customers: Serving Quality Products Subway Introduces Azo Free Bread in the US and Canada" (PDF). subway.com. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 26, 2014.
  114. "That Chemical Subway Ditched? McDonald's, Wendy's Use it Too - NBC News". NBC News. Archived from the original on January 24, 2017. Retrieved December 31, 2016.
  115. "Subway to transition to meat raised without antibiotics". The Big Story. Archived from the original on October 23, 2015. Retrieved April 20, 2016.
  116. "Subway Joins The Fast-Food, Antibiotic-Free Meat Club". NPR.org. Archived from the original on April 13, 2016. Retrieved April 20, 2016.
  117. "SUBWAY Restaurants Elevates Current Antibiotic-Free Policy U.S. Restaurants Will Only Serve Animal Proteins That Have Never Been Treated With Antibiotics" (PDF). Subway.com. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 23, 2016.
  118. "Sandwiches in Subway 'too sugary to meet legal definition of being bread'". independent. Archived from the original on October 1, 2020. Retrieved October 1, 2020.
  119. Carman, Tim (January 27, 2021). "Subway's tuna is not tuna, but a 'mixture of various concoctions,' a lawsuit alleges". Washington Post. Retrieved January 29, 2021.
  120. "The chicken challenge: Testing your fast food - Marketplace - CBC News". cbc.ca. February 24, 2017. Archived from the original on March 8, 2017. Retrieved March 8, 2017.
  121. "Fast food chicken: Testing Subway, McDonald's, A&W, Wendy's & Tim Hortons (CBC Marketplace)". YouTube. February 24, 2017. Archived from the original on March 8, 2017. Retrieved March 8, 2017.
  122. "What's in your chicken sandwich? DNA test shows Subway sandwiches could contain just 50% chicken - Business - CBC News". cbc.ca. February 24, 2017. Archived from the original on March 8, 2017. Retrieved March 8, 2017.
  123. "Company responses: Chicken - Marketplace - CBC News". cbc.ca. February 24, 2017. Archived from the original on March 5, 2017. Retrieved March 8, 2017.
  124. "Subway defends its chicken after CBC Marketplace report". cbc.ca. March 1, 2017. Archived from the original on March 7, 2017. Retrieved March 8, 2017.
  125. "Subway Denies That Its Chicken Is 50% Filler". Time. March 5, 2017. Archived from the original on May 8, 2017. Retrieved May 14, 2017.
  126. "Subway files defamation suit against CBC over chicken reports". CBC News. April 18, 2017. Archived from the original on May 25, 2017. Retrieved May 14, 2017.
  127. "Subway says it plans to sue CBC for $210 million over chicken findings". Toronto Star. March 16, 2017. Archived from the original on May 22, 2017. Retrieved May 14, 2017.
  128. Loriggio, Paul. "Ontario court dismisses Subway's lawsuit against CBC over chicken report". Canadian Business. The Canadian Press. Archived from the original on December 4, 2019. Retrieved December 4, 2019.
  129. "Judge dismisses Subway's $210M lawsuit against CBC over chicken sandwich exposé". CBC News. Archived from the original on November 26, 2019. Retrieved December 4, 2019.
  130. Ryan, Peter (October 1, 2019). "Subway forced to cough up workers' unpaid wages in crackdown on fast-food sector". ABC News. Archived from the original on December 24, 2019. Retrieved December 26, 2019.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.