2020 Pacific hurricane season
The 2020 Pacific hurricane season was the least active Pacific hurricane season since 2010. The season was near average in terms of tropical storms, featuring a total of 17, but had a well below average number of hurricanes and major hurricanes with merely 4 hurricanes and 3 major hurricanes forming. The season was also the first since 1996 to feature an unnamed storm, Tropical Storm Seven-E, which was operationally classified as a tropical depression. Despite this, it featured the earliest start to a season east of 140°W on record, with Tropical Depression One-E forming on April 25, surpassing the previous early record of Tropical Storm Adrian in 2017 by two weeks. The season officially began on May 15 in the East Pacific Ocean, and on June 1 in the Central Pacific and they both ended on November 30. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the Pacific basin. However, the formation of tropical cyclones is possible at any time of the year, as shown by the record-early formation of Tropical Depression One-E.
2020 Pacific hurricane season | |
---|---|
Season summary map | |
Seasonal boundaries | |
First system formed | April 25, 2020 (record earliest in the East Pacific) |
Last system dissipated | November 19, 2020 |
Strongest storm | |
Name | Marie |
• Maximum winds | 130 mph (215 km/h) (1-minute sustained) |
• Lowest pressure | 947 mbar (hPa; 27.97 inHg) |
Seasonal statistics | |
Total depressions | 21 |
Total storms | 17 |
Hurricanes | 4 |
Major hurricanes (Cat. 3+) | 3 |
Total fatalities | 47 total |
Total damage | ≥ $250 million (2020 USD) |
Related articles | |
The most significant storms of the season were Tropical Storm Amanda and Hurricane Genevieve. Amanda developed near Central America in late May and struck Guatemala, causing widespread damage in neighboring El Salvador and killing 40 people amid the COVID-19 pandemic in the latter country. Genevieve passed very closely to the tip of the Baja California Peninsula in August, bringing hurricane-force winds and heavy rainfall, killing six and causing an estimated $50 million in damage. Otherwise, impact from other storms was minimal. In late July, Hurricane Douglas made an extremely close pass to Hawaii, with its weak southern eyewall crossing Oahu, causing minor effects. The remnant moisture of Tropical Storm Fausto brought dry thunderstorms and lightning to Northern California, sparking hundreds of fires, and the remnants of Genevieve caused heavy rainfall in Arizona and Southern California. Tropical Storm Hernan moved very near the coast of Mexico and made landfall in Baja California Sur as a tropical depression, causing an unknown amount of damage and an additional fatality, and Tropical Storm Julio caused flooding in Southwestern Mexico. The final storm of the season, Tropical Storm Polo, dissipated on November 19, about 11 days before the official end. Collectively, the tropical cyclones of this season caused about US$250 million in damage and 47 deaths despite the inactivity.
Seasonal forecasts
Record | Named storms |
Hurricanes | Major hurricanes |
Ref | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Average (1981–2010): | 15.4 | 7.6 | 3.2 | [1] | |
Record high activity: | 1992: 27 | 2015: 16 | 2015: 11 | [2] | |
Record low activity: | 2010: 8 | 2010: 3 | 2003: 0 | [2] | |
Date | Source | Named storms |
Hurricanes | Major hurricanes |
Ref |
May 20, 2020 | SMN | 15–18 | 8–10 | 4–5 | [3] |
May 21, 2020 | NOAA | 11–18 | 5–10 | 1–5 | [4] |
Area | Named storms | Hurricanes | Major hurricanes | Ref | |
Actual activity: | EPAC | 17 | 4 | 3 | |
Actual activity: | CPAC | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
Actual activity: | 17 | 4 | 3 |
On May 20, 2020, the Servicio Meteorológico Nacional (SMN) issued its forecast for the season, predicting a total of 15–18 named storms, 8–10 hurricanes, and 4–5 major hurricanes to develop.[3] The next day, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) issued their outlook, calling for a below-normal to near-normal season with 11–18 named storms, 5–10 hurricanes, 1–5 major hurricanes, and an Accumulated Cyclone Energy index of 60% to 135% of the median. Factors they expected to reduce activity were near- or below-average sea surface temperatures across the eastern Pacific and the El Niño–Southern Oscillation remaining in the neutral phase, with the possibility of a La Niña developing.[4]
Seasonal summary
Although the hurricane season in the eastern Pacific does not officially begin until May 15, and on June 1 in the central Pacific,[5] activity this year began several weeks prior with the formation of Tropical Depression One-E on April 25. This marked the earliest formation of a tropical cyclone in the basin, surpassing 2017's Tropical Storm Adrian.[6] Among relatively unfavorable conditions, the depression was short lived,[7] and activity would not resume in the basin until nearly a month later with the formation of Tropical Depression Two-E near the coast of Guatemala on May 30. This would later become Tropical Storm Amanda, the first named storm of the season and one of the worst natural disasters in El Salvador in around two decades.[8][9] Not for nearly another month after Amanda, Tropical Depression Three-E would briefly become Tropical Storm Boris on June 25 well out to sea before weakening in the Central Pacific basin.[10][11] A short-lived tropical depression would form near Baja California Sur just 2 days after Boris's dissipation and quickly weaken.[12] Moving into July, Tropical Storm Cristina formed on July 6 and slowly intensified to a peak intensity of 70 mph (110 km/h), barely missing hurricane status.[13][14] Activity continued as yet another tropical depression, Six-E, formed on July 13 but quickly dissipated among the unfavorable conditions unfolding in the basin.[15] Two more tropical systems formed in mid July, Tropical Depression Seven-E and Tropical Storm Douglas. Seven-E was short lived and although it did gain tropical storm intensity, it was operationally left unnamed. Douglas strengthened into the first hurricane of the season at 15:00 UTC on July 22, marking the fourth–latest date any season had gone without a hurricane. Douglas would later strengthen into a Category 4 hurricane and brush Hawaii with rain and gusty winds.[16]
Rank | Seasons | ACE value | |
---|---|---|---|
1 | 1977 | 22 | |
2 | 2007 | 52 | |
2010 | 52 | ||
3 | 1996 | 53 | |
4 | 2003 | 56 | |
5 | 1979 | 57 | |
6 | 2004 | 71 | |
7 | 1981 | 72 | |
8 | 2020 | 73 | |
9 | 2013 | 76 | |
10 | 1980 | 77 | |
A burst of activity occurred in early August, with a tropical wave south of Mexico evolving into Tropical Storm Elida on August 9, later to become the second hurricane of the season. Elida was generally short lived, but with the formation of Tropical Depression Ten-E, Tropical Storm Fausto, and Hurricane Genevieve activity continued. Genevieve later became the second major hurricane of the season before briefly effecting Baja California Sur as a minimal hurricane. Two additional tropical cyclones, Tropical Storms Hernan and Iselle, formed in late August. Both were generally weak and didn't make landfall, although the former brought heavy flooding and mudslides to western Mexico. Later, on September 5, the remnants of former Atlantic tropical cyclone Nana reformed into a new cyclone in the Pacific named Julio. After Julio, Karina and Lowell formed. Near the end of September, Hurricane Marie formed and rapidly intensified up to Category 4 strength before weakening out to sea, becoming the strongest storm of the season. The only October storm of the season, Norbert, lasted for 10 days. After almost a month of inactivity, Odalys formed on November 3rd, and dissipated three days later without affecting land. Tropical Storm Polo formed close to the end of the season, but it was also short-lived and weak.
The Accumulated Cyclone Energy (ACE) index for the 2020 Pacific hurricane season was 61.08 units in the Eastern Pacific and 12.7 units in the Central Pacific. The total ACE in the basin was 73.78 units.[nb 1] Broadly speaking, ACE is a measure of the power of a tropical or subtropical storm multiplied by the length of time it existed. It is only calculated for full advisories on specific tropical and subtropical systems reaching or exceeding wind speeds of 39 mph (63 km/h).
Systems
Tropical Depression One-E
Tropical depression (SSHWS) | |
Duration | April 25 – April 26 |
---|---|
Peak intensity | 35 mph (55 km/h) (1-min) 1006 mbar (hPa) |
A disturbance developed within the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) on April 17. The disturbance moved westward within the ITCZ over the next several days, and after developing a well-defined center and organized convection, it was designated as Tropical Depression One-E at 06:00 UTC on April 25, about 700 nautical miles southwest of the southern tip of the Baja California Peninsula. Moving northwestward, the depression retained organized deep convection until shortly after 00:00 UTC the next day. Dry air and westerly wind shear caused the depression to weaken and degenerate to a remnant low by 12:00 UTC. The remnant low turned west and opened up into a trough at 18:00 UTC on April 27.[17]
One-E was the earliest forming tropical cyclone in the northeastern Pacific proper (east of 140°W) since the dawn of the satellite era in 1966, surpassing Tropical Storm Adrian of 2017 by two weeks. However, Adrian retains the record for the earliest named storm in the basin.[17]
Tropical Storm Amanda
Tropical storm (SSHWS) | |
Duration | May 30 – May 31 |
---|---|
Peak intensity | 40 mph (65 km/h) (1-min) 1003 mbar (hPa) |
A broad area of low pressure developed near an area of convection over the far eastern portion of the basin on May 27. Meanwhile, a tropical wave that had left the coast of Africa around May 18 crossed Panama into the Eastern Pacific on May 29. The wave caused the low-pressure area to become more organized and develop a well-defined circulation, and it became Tropical Depression Two-E at 18:00 UTC on May 30. Moving northeastward around the periphery of a large cyclonic gyre over northern Central America, the depression continued to organize and compact in size, strengthening into Tropical Storm Amanda at 06:00 UTC the next day. About four hours later, Amanda made landfall at peak intensity near Las Lisas, Guatemala. Amanda rapidly degenerated as it moved inland, with its center dissipating around 18:00 UTC. The remnants of the system moved northward into the Bay of Campeche and re-developed into the Atlantic Tropical Depression Three at 21:00 UTC on June 1, which would later become Tropical Storm Cristobal.[18]
In El Salvador, torrential rainfall caused significant damage along coastal cities in the country as rivers overflowed and swept away buildings.[19] Amanda killed 14 people in El Salvador,[20] of which at least six died due to flash flooding, and one died from a collapsed home.[21] More than 900 homes were damaged across the country and 1,200 families were evacuated to 51 shelters across La Libertad, San Salvador, Sonsonate, and San Vicente. In the capital, San Salvador, 50 houses were destroyed and 23 vehicles fell into a sinkhole.[22][23] El Salvador President Nayib Bukele declared a 15-day national state of emergency due to the storm.[21] Movement restrictions in place for the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic were temporarily lifted to allow people to purchase medicines, while hardware stores were allowed to open with limited capacity so people could purchase equipment for repairs.[22]
Tropical Storm Boris
Tropical storm (SSHWS) | |
Duration | June 24 – June 27 |
---|---|
Peak intensity | 40 mph (65 km/h) (1-min) 1005 mbar (hPa) |
On June 20, the NHC began monitoring a small area of thunderstorms associated with a low pressure area within the Intertropical Convergence Zone.[24] The system gradually organized and intensified over the next few days, with a large increase in deep convection and the formation of a surface low; thus, Tropical Depression Three-E formed at 6:00 UTC on June 24.[25] The depression gradually tracked west-northwestward for the rest of the day with little change in strength due to an onset of dry air being drawn into the circulation.[26][27] A burst of deep convection allowed it to strengthen to Tropical Storm Boris around 18:00 UTC on June 25.[28][29] Persistent unfavorable conditions continued to slowly degrade the storm's new central convection over time,[30] and Boris weakened back down to a tropical depression at 09:00 UTC on June 26, just 12 hours after becoming a tropical storm.[31] By 21:00 UTC June 26, a weak Boris crossed 140°W and entered the Central Pacific basin. Tropical Depression Boris continued to crawl west through an increasingly hostile environment into June 27,[32] and the system was downgraded to a remnant low by early on June 28.[33] The remnants of Boris slowly drifted southwest for several days afterwards with occasional bursts of convection occurring near the circulation.[34]
Boris was the first June tropical cyclone in the Central Pacific basin since Tropical Storm Barbara in 2001 and only the second ever recorded, dating back to 1966.[35]
Tropical Depression Four-E
Tropical depression (SSHWS) | |
Duration | June 30 – June 30 |
---|---|
Peak intensity | 35 mph (55 km/h) (1-min) 1004 mbar (hPa) |
On June 20, the NHC began watching an area of disturbed weather that was expected to form near the coast of Mexico in the next 5 days.[36] By June 22, the disturbance formed coactively with a tropical wave and was expected to consolidate into a tropical depression by the weekend.[37] However, conditions fell short and the system's thunderstorm activity remained disorganized.[38] The disturbance became more broad and conditions only became marginally conducive for any further development, and it eventually was absorbed by another large area of disturbed weather on June 27.[39] This new tropical disturbance quickly consolidated into a more compact and well defined center of thunderstorms by June 29.[40] As convection persisted, the system met sufficient criteria to be declared Tropical Depression Four-E later on June 30 at 03:00 UTC.[41] Nevertheless, the storm's organization was short-lived as it drifted on top of colder waters and as a result convection began to wane.[42] The depression struggled to re-develop any more central convection and became a remnant low later that same day.[43]
Tropical Storm Cristina
Tropical storm (SSHWS) | |
Duration | July 6 – July 12 |
---|---|
Peak intensity | 70 mph (110 km/h) (1-min) 993 mbar (hPa) |
A tropical wave emerged off the west coast of Africa on June 20 and progressed west across the Atlantic and Caribbean. Oppressive dry air from the Saharan Air Layer prevented any development during this period. Crossing Central America on July 3, the wave interacted with a monsoon trough and deep convection blossomed and gradually organized. This system developed a defined surface low on July 6 and was classified as a tropical depression about 435 mi (705 km) south of Acapulco, Mexico. Steered along a northwest trajectory by a mid-level ridge, the depression traversed a region of warm water, moist mid-level air, and moderate wind shear; these factors enabled slow intensification. After becoming Tropical Storm Cristina on July 7, the NHC anticipated significant intensification as wind shear was forecast to decrease. However, the shear remained in place and Cristina did not organize as fast as expected. Accordingly, the agency saw higher-than-average intensity forecast errors.[44]
Cristina reached its peak intensity late on July 10 with winds of 70 mph (110 km/h) and a pressure of 993 mbar (hPa; 29.33 inHg) as it passed west of Socorro Island. Uncertainty exists in the storm's peak as subjective Dvorak assessments yielded a peak of 89 mph (143 km/h) while scatterometer data and objective Dvorak assessments yielded a peak of 54 mph (87 km/h). Thereafter, the cyclone turned west along the south side of the subtropical ridge. Cristina gradually spun down as sea surface temperatures decreased and the surrounding environment became more stable. The storm degraded into a remnant low on July 12 and degenerated into a trough on July 15 about halfway between Hawaii and the Baja California Peninsula.[44]
Tropical Depression Six-E
Tropical depression (SSHWS) | |
Duration | July 13 – July 14 |
---|---|
Peak intensity | 35 mph (55 km/h) (1-min) 1007 mbar (hPa) |
At 00:00 UTC on July 9, the NHC began monitoring a tropical wave over Central America for potential development into a tropical cyclone.[45] After emerging off the Pacific coast of Honduras, the wave tracked quickly west-northwestward south of Mexico, where upper-level winds were not very conducive for formation.[46] Nevertheless, the wave grew more well-defined and thunderstorms became more concentrated near the closed surface circulation and low-pressure center, leading to its designation as Tropical Depression Six-E at 21:00 UTC on July 13.[47] Initially expected to strengthen to a tropical storm, the convection associated with the system rapidly waned in the following hours, and the system remained weak and fragile as it moved westward.[48][49] At 21:00 UTC the next day, just 24 hours after formation, the depression degenerated to a remnant low as its surface circulation opened up into a surface trough. The remnants dissipated shortly afterward.[50]
Unnamed Tropical Storm
Tropical storm (SSHWS) | |
Duration | July 20 – July 21 |
---|---|
Peak intensity | 40 mph (65 km/h) (1-min) 1006 mbar (hPa) |
At 12:00 UTC on July 15, the NHC began to track a tropical wave moving across the southern portion of the basin. The wave spawned an area of low pressure further west at 12:00 UTC on July 19 and gradually organized, forming into Tropical Depression Seven-E at 00:00 UTC on July 20. Forming over a rather hostile environment, a dry environment, and cool sea surface temperatures (SSTs) operationally appeared to prevent the depression from strengthening. However, post-storm analysis revealed that an improvement in central convection had occurred and a relatively strong band had formed on the northeast side of the system. That coupled with an ASCAT pass which revealed sustained winds of 39 mph (62 km/h) on the south side indicated the depression had intensified to tropical storm strength at 12:00 UTC on July 20. However, the system became devoid of all deep convection due to cold sea surface temperatures despite maintaining its strength and by 06:00 UTC on July 21, Seven-E was downgraded to a post-tropical cyclone without being named due to continued unfavorable conditions. The low then spun down and dissipated by 00:00 UTC on July 22.[51]
Hurricane Douglas
Category 4 hurricane (SSHWS) | |
Duration | July 20 – July 28 |
---|---|
Peak intensity | 130 mph (215 km/h) (1-min) 954 mbar (hPa) |
A tropical wave emerged off the west coast of Africa over the Atlantic Ocean on July 8 and traveled west. Crossing South and Central America from July 12–15, the system later entered the Eastern Pacific basin. Over the next five days, convection gradually organized around a consolidating surface low and a tropical depression developed on July 20 about 805 mi (1,295 km) southwest of the southern tip of Baja California Sur. Traveling along the south side of a mid-level ridge, the system steadily organized within a favorable environment and became a tropical storm later that day. Intensification was briefly halted by intrusions of dry air, but once this abated Douglas underwent rapid intensification. The system became a hurricane late on July 22 and reached its peak strength as a Category 4 hurricane early on July 24; maximum sustained winds were estimated at 130 mph (215 km/h) and its central pressure fell to 954 mbar (hPa; 28.17 inHg). Shortly thereafter, the hurricane crossed into the Central Pacific basin on a course toward Hawaii. Lower sea surface temperatures led to gradual decay of the hurricane as it approached the state. On July 27, the center of Douglas passed just 60 mi (95 km) north of the main Hawaiian Islands;[52] despite its proximity, effects were negligible.[53] Increasing wind shear caused Douglas to rapidly unfold on July 28, resulting in its degradation to a tropical storm and ultimately its dissipation later that day well to the southeast of Midway Atoll.[52]
Hurricane Elida
Category 2 hurricane (SSHWS) | |
Duration | August 8 – August 12 |
---|---|
Peak intensity | 105 mph (165 km/h) (1-min) 971 mbar (hPa) |
On August 4, the NHC highlighted the potential for a tropical wave to coalesce into an area of low pressure southwest of Mexico within the next five days. Two days later, the wave moved across Central America into the Pacific basin, and the disturbance gradually became more organized over the next few days. At 03:00 UTC on August 9, the NHC declared that the system had become Tropical Depression Nine-E, as the system had developed persistent convection and a closed circulation.[54] At 09:00 UTC, the depression was upgraded to Tropical Storm Elida.[55] Thereafter, Elida began rapid intensification, though the presence of a slight amount of dry air prevented the storm from continuing to intensify for a short time. At 21:00 UTC on August 10, Elida was upgraded into a hurricane a few miles north of Socorro Island.[56] The next day, Elida continued to gain strength and ultimately peaked at Category 2 intensity on the Saffir-Simpson Scale.[57] Shortly afterwards, Elida started rapidly weakening due to dry air, wind shear, and cold waters, and was downgraded to a tropical storm at 15:00 UTC on August 12. At 03:00 UTC on August 13, Elida was downgraded to a post-tropical cyclone by the NHC.
Tropical Depression Ten-E
Tropical depression (SSHWS) | |
Duration | August 13 – August 16 |
---|---|
Peak intensity | 35 mph (55 km/h) (1-min) 1004 mbar (hPa) |
On August 10, an area of disturbed tropical weather formed about 1,500 miles west-southwest of Baja California, slowly moving westward, and forming a low pressure area the next day.[58] This system gradually organized in favorable conditions, and at 09:00 UTC on August 13, the system developed into a tropical depression, being designated Ten-E.[59] The system remained relatively unchanged for the next three days as it was affected by moderately strong shear that inhibited intensification but allowed the system to remain tropical. The depression finally became post-tropical at 21:00 UTC on August 16.[60] On August 21, Ten-E again entered a favorable environment for development as its remnants continued southwest, and was briefly monitored by the Central Pacific Hurricane Center for possible redevelopment.[61] Despite this, the storm failed to regenerate and it was last mentioned on August 23.[62]
Tropical Storm Fausto
Tropical storm (SSHWS) | |
Duration | August 16 – August 17 |
---|---|
Peak intensity | 40 mph (65 km/h) (1-min) 1004 mbar (hPa) |
An elongated region of low pressure over the central portion of the basin spawned 2 areas of disturbed weather between the Revillagigedo Islands on August 14.[63] The southwestern portion of this trough slowly moved northwards and became more organized while the northeastern section struggled to become more defined over the day.[63] Despite remaining in favorable conditions, the northeastern disturbance failed to develop and was subsequently absorbed into the southwestern disturbance.[64] This system quickly became sufficiently organized enough to be declared a tropical depression by 03:00 UTC on August 16.[65] Initially not forecast to become a tropical storm, the depression quickly developed a central region of thunderstorms and satellite estimates further indicated the storm had become Tropical Storm Fausto just 12 hours later.[66] However, Fausto quickly succumbed to cooling sea surface temperatures and thunderstorm activity near the center began to decrease.[67] Fausto then weakened to a tropical depression at 03:00 UTC August 17 as it continued northwest into the cool isotherm.[68] Fausto degenerated into a remnant low later that day.[69]
A large plume of moisture brought northwards by Fausto generated massive thunderstorms across a large portion of Northern California, beginning on August 16.[70] These storms produced mostly dry lightning with little to no rain, with almost 11,000 lightning strikes occurring in the state between August 16 and 17. The lightning from these storms sparked 367[71] fires across the state, several of which became very large in a short period of time, threatening thousands of structures and forcing thousands of people to evacuate.[72] The massive SCU Lightning Complex, August Complex, CZU Lightning Complex, and North Complex fires were connected to the thunderstorms associated with Fausto.[73]
Hurricane Genevieve
Category 4 hurricane (SSHWS) | |
Duration | August 16 – August 21 |
---|---|
Peak intensity | 130 mph (215 km/h) (1-min) 950 mbar (hPa) |
On August 10, a disturbance formed west of Central America and began to be monitored by the NHC.[74] On August 13, this disturbance developed into a trough of low pressure southwest of Mexico.[75] The disturbance gradually organized, and on August 16, the system became a tropical depression, receiving the designation Twelve-E at 15:00 UTC.[76] The depression rapidly strengthened and became a tropical storm 6 hours later at 21:00 UTC, receiving the name Genevieve.[77] Genevieve continued to strengthen rapidly overnight and became a hurricane on August 17, reaching 1-minute winds of 75 mph (120 km/h).[78] Genevieve continued to intensify quickly, and on the next day, at 09:00 UTC, Genevieve explosively intensified into a Category 3 major hurricane.[79] Three hours later, Genevieve intensified further into a Category 4 hurricane, and formed a very well-defined and clear eye.[80][81] Afterward, Genevieve gradually began to weaken, dropping to Category 3 status by 03:00 UTC on August 19, possibly due to encountering colder water from the cold wake left behind by Hurricane Elida.[82] Genevieve continued a gradual weakening trend for the next several hours,[83] but later that day, data from an NHC Reconnaissance Flight indicated that Genevieve was rapidly weakening, with the storm dropping to Category 1 status by 21:00 UTC that day.[84] On August 20, Genevieve turned northwestward and passed very close to Cabo San Lucas, at the southern tip of the Baja California Peninsula, and the system weakened further into a tropical storm at 18:00 UTC.[85] By 21:00 UTC on August 21, Genevieve had degenerated into a post-tropical cyclone, after having no deep convection for 12 hours.[86]
Numerous tropical cyclone watches and warnings were issued for parts of Baja California beginning on August 17.[87][88] A total of 6 people died in storm-related incidents across Mexico.[89]
Tropical Storm Hernan
Tropical storm (SSHWS) | |
Duration | August 26 – August 28 |
---|---|
Peak intensity | 45 mph (75 km/h) (1-min) 1001 mbar (hPa) |
On August 17, the National Hurricane Center began tracking a disturbance off the west coast of Mexico.[90] Late on August 20, this disturbance formed a broad area of low pressure just southwest of extreme southwestern Mexico.[91] Over the course of the next five days, the system slowly organized, and at 09:00 UTC on August 26, it developed into Tropical Depression Thirteen-E.[92] 12 hours later at 21:00 UTC, the system strengthened into a tropical storm, receiving the name Hernan.[93] A poorly organized storm, the system struggled to intensify in the high-shear environment within a larger scale region of monsoonal rotation.[94] Despite unfavorable conditions, scatterometer data found Hernan had slightly intensified to 45 mph (75 km/h) by 03:00 UTC on August 27.[95] Hernan's peak intensity proved to be short lived as it turned west and moved into the Gulf of California, degenerating into a remnant low over Baja California Sur at 15:00 UTC, August 28.[96]
In Mexico, 97,000 customers lost electricity.[97] Hernan dropped precipitation amounts of 5-9 inches (127-228 mm) of rainfall from Michoacan to Nayarit,[98] causing flash flooding and mudslides in the Mexican states of Jalisco and Colima. It prompted many families to flee their homes.[99] At least 400 people were evacuated in Jalisco,[100] and 18 people stuck on their roof in the state had to be rescued.[101] In Cihuatlán, roughly 365 residents evacuated into shelters.[102] A sinkhole shut down a portion of Mexican Federal Highway 80 between Santa Cruz and San Patricio, a mudslide closed down another part of the freeway near Lazaro Cardenas. The Cuixmala River overflowed its banks, causing parts of Mexican Federal Highway 200 to shut down. The town of La Manzanilla was mostly inundated by floodwaters which caused a bridge near the town to collapse.[103] Several schools were damaged by Hernan in the state of Colima.[104] In Tamala, a parota tree fell on a road, blocking traffic.[105] In Manzanillo, some homes and streets were damaged and covered with mud.[106] In Nayarit, a mudslide occurred on a hill behind a populated neighborhood in Xalisco, however no damage has been reported from this incident.[107] Despite Hernan weakening into a tropical depression before landfall in Baja California Sur, local weather services in the area advised residents to take extreme precautions.[108]
Tropical Storm Iselle
Tropical storm (SSHWS) | |
Duration | August 26 – August 30 |
---|---|
Peak intensity | 60 mph (95 km/h) (1-min) 997 mbar (hPa) |
Late on August 24, a small low pressure system developed several hundred miles southwest of the southern tip of the Baja California peninsula, near the disturbance that would later become Tropical Storm Hernan.[109] As environmental conditions for development became more favorable, the circulation of the system gradually became better defined, and the system developed into Tropical Depression Fourteen-E at 15:00 UTC on August 26 over the open Pacific Ocean.[110] The cyclone reached tropical storm strength 6 hours later at 21:00 UTC, receiving the name Iselle.[111] Similarly to Tropical Storm Hernan, Iselle was trapped within a larger scale region of rotation and struggled to organize from an offset of wind shear.[112] However, despite the moderate to strong wind shear, Iselle strengthened to 50 mph (85 km/h) over the next 12 hours while moving slowly northeastward.[113] Iselle continued to intensify and at 15:00 UTC on August 28, Iselle attained its peak intensity of maximum sustained winds of 60 mph (95 km/h) and a minimum central pressure of 997 mbar.[114] Iselle then made a very close pass to Clarion Island, where tropical-storm force winds were reported, before weakening thereafter.[115] Iselle became post-tropical later on August 30 as it headed north, near the Baja California Peninsula.[116]
Tropical Storm Julio
Tropical storm (SSHWS) | |
Duration | September 5 – September 7 |
---|---|
Peak intensity | 45 mph (75 km/h) (1-min) 1004 mbar (hPa) |
On September 4, the remnants of Hurricane Nana from the North Atlantic emerged over the Gulf of Tehuantepec and subsequently began to organize.[117] By September 5, a well defined and compact surface circulation developed with the remnant low, and eventually the system's thunderstorm activity became organized enough for the system to be dubbed Tropical Storm Julio later that day, as the storm was already producing gale-force winds.[118] A very small cyclone with tropical-storm force winds only extending 35 miles from the center,[119] Julio slowly intensified given its favorable environment.[120] Switching to a quick pace west-northwestward, the storm quickly weakened on September 6 despite forecasts of strengthening.[121] Julio later opened up into a trough of low pressure and became a post-tropical low on 09:00 UTC, September 7.[122]
Julio produced heavy rainfall over portions of southwestern Mexico and large surf of 1–3 meters affected some beaches in the area.[123]
Tropical Storm Karina
Tropical storm (SSHWS) | |
Duration | September 12 – September 17 |
---|---|
Peak intensity | 60 mph (95 km/h) (1-min) 996 mbar (hPa) |
On September 9, the NHC began monitoring an area of disturbed weather to the south of Mexico.[124] Early the next day, a broad area of low pressure formed within the system as it continued to produce disturbed weather.[125] By 03:00 UTC on September 13, the disturbance became organized enough to be designated as a tropical depression.[126] Just six hours later, the depression strengthened into Tropical Storm Karina while located 455 miles southwest of Baja California.[127] Karina slowly strengthened over the next couple of days, reaching its peak intensity around 09:00 UTC on September 15.[128] Karina then weakened below tropical storm status late on September 16, before degenerating into a post-tropical cyclone by 09:00 UTC the next day.[129][130]
Tropical Storm Lowell
Tropical storm (SSHWS) | |
Duration | September 20 – September 25 |
---|---|
Peak intensity | 50 mph (85 km/h) (1-min) 1001 mbar (hPa) |
On September 19, the NHC began monitoring an area of disturbed weather south of Mexico for potential tropical development.[131] At 18:00 UTC on September 20, the disturbance gained sufficient organization to be designated a tropical depression. 24 hours later, the depression strengthened into Tropical Storm Lowell. Slowly strengthening for 36 hours onward, Lowell reached its peak intensity at 06:00 UTC on September 23 with maximum sustained winds of 50 mph (85 km/h) and a barometric pressure of 1001 millibars. Lowell remained poorly organized as it passed close to Clarion Island later that day. Lowell gradually weakened once turning westward on September 24 as it moved into cooler waters and as vertical wind shear increased. At 18:00 UTC on September 25, Lowell degenerated into a post-tropical cyclone after lacking deep convection for several hours.[132]
Hurricane Marie
Category 4 hurricane (SSHWS) | |
Duration | September 29 – October 7 |
---|---|
Peak intensity | 130 mph (215 km/h) (1-min) 947 mbar (hPa) |
On September 24, the NHC first noted the possibity of tropical cyclogenesis offshore Mexico.[133] Three days later, an area of low pressure formed.[134] Over the next two days, the disturbance rapidly organized as it moved west-northwestward, and at 09:00 UTC on September 29, the system became sufficiently organized to be classified as Tropical Depression Eighteen-E.[135] Just 12 hours later, the depression became Tropical Storm Marie. On September 30, Marie underwent rapid intensification and became a hurricane by 21:00 UTC.[136] Further intensification occurred and 12 hours later, Marie became a Category 2 hurricane.[137] Continuing to intensify, Marie intensified to a Category 3 major hurricane at 03:00 UTC on October 2 before it reached its peak strength as a Category 4 hurricane six hours later with winds of 130 mph (215 km/h) and a pressure of 947 mb (hPa; 27.97 inHg) [138] Marie maintained its strength for a day or so before it began to rapidly weaken due to cooler waters and dry air infusion.[139] It dropped below major hurricane status at 09:00 UTC on October 4 and below hurricane status at 03:00 UTC on October 5.[140][141] It center became exposed, although the weakening trend slowed as convection continued to fire on its northeast side.[142] After a brief resurgence late on October 5, Marie convection's became too weak and too far from its center for it to remain a tropical cyclone and it was downgraded to a remnant low at 03:00 UTC on October 7.[143][144]
Tropical Storm Norbert
Tropical storm (SSHWS) | |
Duration | October 5 – October 15 |
---|---|
Peak intensity | 50 mph (85 km/h) (1-min) 1001 mbar (hPa) |
Early on September 30, the NHC began noting the possibility of an area of low pressure forming southwest of Mexico.[145] The area of low pressure finally formed early on October 4 and quickly organized into a tropical depression by 21:00 UTC the next day.[146][147] At 09:00 UTC on October 6, the depression strengthened into Tropical Storm Norbert.[148] After spending 36 hours at tropical storm strength, Nobert weakened back into a tropical depression at 21:00 UTC on October 7. Norbert maintained its status as a tropical depression until it degenerated into a remnant low early on October 10.[149] After Norbert degenerated into a remnant low, the NHC began tracking the low for possible redevelopment, as upper level winds were expected to become more favorable.[150] The remnants began showing signs of organization over the next two days.[151] On October 13, the low began to quickly organize,[152] and at 21:00 UTC that day, the NHC declared that Norbert had regenerated into a tropical depression several hundred miles southwest of the Baja California peninsula.[153] Soon afterwards, it unexpectedly strengthened into a tropical storm again at 03:00 UTC on October 14.[154] However, this restrengthening was short-lived, as Norbert began weakening again and became a tropical depression 18 hours later.[155] It eventually became post-tropical yet again at 09:00 UTC on October 15 due to unfavorable conditions.[156]
Tropical Storm Odalys
Tropical storm (SSHWS) | |
Duration | November 3 – November 6 |
---|---|
Peak intensity | 50 mph (85 km/h) (1-min) 1000 mbar (hPa) |
On October 27, the National Hurricane Center (NHC) began noting the possibility of a trough of low pressure to form south of the Gulf of Tehuantepec. [157] On November 1, that trough of low pressure formed several hundred miles to the southwest of Mexico. [158] At 21:00 UTC on November 3, the trough of low pressure organized into Tropical Storm Odalys. [159] Odalys slowly strengthened reaching sustained winds of 45 mph (70 km/h) just 24 hours later. However, the storm maintained a disorganized appearance, with most of Odalys' convection displaced north of the center. [160] At 09:00 UTC on November 5, Odalys reached its peak intensity with winds of around 50 mph (80 km/h) and a pressure of 1000 mbar. [161] Odalys maintained this intensity for 12 hours before weakening. [162] Odalys degenerated into a post-tropical cyclone at 03:00 UTC on November 6. [163]
Tropical Storm Polo
Tropical storm (SSHWS) | |
Duration | November 17 – November 19 |
---|---|
Peak intensity | 45 mph (75 km/h) (1-min) 1004 mbar (hPa) |
On November 10, the NHC first noted the possibility of a tropical cyclone to form off the coast of Mexico.[164] Two days later, a low pressure area formed.[165] The system soon began to rapidly organize, with the NHC stating that it had a high chance of formation in the next five days on November 14. However, on the next day, the convection deteriorated and the system became increasingly ill-defined, and thus the NHC lowered the chances of formation to 30% on November 16.[166] On the next day, the disturbance rapidly reorganized due to locally favorable conditions in the region and at 21:00 UTC, it was declared a tropical depression.[167] The depression strengthened overnight into a tropical storm and was named Polo as it began its curve westwards.[168] Polo strengthened slightly over November 18,[169] but weakened after another 24 hours to a tropical depression yet again.[170] Due to failing to re-produce central convection, Polo became a remnant low and the last advisory on the storm was issued on November 19.[171]
Storm names
The following names will be used for named storms that form in the northeastern Pacific Ocean during 2020. Retired names, if any, will be announced by the World Meteorological Organization during the joint 42nd and 43rd Sessions of the RA IV Hurricane Committee in the spring of 2021 (in concurrence with any names from the 2019 season). The names not retired from this list will be used again in the 2026 season.[172] This is the same list used in the 2014 season, with the exception of the name Odalys, which replaced Odile. The name Odalys was used for the first time this year.
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For storms that form in the Central Pacific Hurricane Center's area of responsibility, encompassing the area between 140 degrees west and the International Date Line, all names are used in a series of four rotating lists.[173] The next four names that were slated for use in 2020 are shown below. However, none of them were used.
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Season effects
This is a table of all the storms and that have formed in the 2020 Pacific hurricane season. It includes their duration, names, landfall(s), denoted in parentheses, damages, and death totals. Deaths in parentheses are additional and indirect (an example of an indirect death would be a traffic accident), but were still related to that storm. Damage and deaths include totals while the storm was extratropical, a tropical wave, or a low, and all the damage figures are in 2020 USD.
Saffir–Simpson scale | ||||||
TD | TS | C1 | C2 | C3 | C4 | C5 |
Storm name |
Dates active | Storm category
at peak intensity |
Max 1-min wind mph (km/h) |
Min. press. (mbar) |
Areas affected | Damage (USD) |
Deaths | Refs | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
One-E | April 25 – 26 | Tropical depression | 35 (55) | 1006 | None | None | None | |||
Amanda | May 30 – 31 | Tropical storm | 40 (65) | 1003 | Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Belize, Costa Rica, Southern Mexico, Yucatan Peninsula | ≥$200 million | 40 | |||
Boris | June 24 – 27 | Tropical storm | 40 (65) | 1005 | None | None | None | |||
Four-E | June 30 | Tropical depression | 35 (55) | 1004 | None | None | None | |||
Cristina | July 6 – 12 | Tropical storm | 70 (110) | 993 | Socorro Island | None | None | |||
Six-E | July 13 – 14 | Tropical depression | 35 (55) | 1007 | None | None | None | |||
Unnamed | July 20 – 21 | Tropical storm | 40 (65) | 1006 | None | None | None | |||
Douglas | July 20 – 28 | Category 4 hurricane | 130 (215) | 954 | Hawaii | Minimal | None | |||
Elida | August 8 – 12 | Category 2 hurricane | 105 (165) | 971 | Southwestern Mexico, Socorro Island | None | None | |||
Ten-E | August 13 – 16 | Tropical depression | 35 (55) | 1004 | None | None | None | |||
Fausto | August 16 – 17 | Tropical storm | 40 (65) | 1004 | Northern California | None | None | |||
Genevieve | August 16 – 21 | Category 4 hurricane | 130 (215) | 950 | Southwestern Mexico, Socorro Island, Baja California Peninsula, Southern California | $50 million | 6 | |||
Hernan | August 26 – 28 | Tropical storm | 45 (75) | 1001 | Mexico, Baja California Peninsula | Unknown | 1 | |||
Iselle | August 26 – 30 | Tropical storm | 60 (95) | 997 | Clarion Island | None | None | |||
Julio | September 5 – 7 | Tropical storm | 45 (75) | 1004 | Southwestern Mexico | None | None | |||
Karina | September 13 – 17 | Tropical storm | 60 (95) | 996 | None | None | None | |||
Lowell | September 20 – 25 | Tropical storm | 50 (85) | 1001 | Clarion Island | None | None | |||
Marie | September 29 – October 7 | Category 4 hurricane | 130 (215) | 947 | None | None | None | |||
Norbert | October 5 – 15 | Tropical storm | 50 (85) | 1001 | None | None | None | |||
Odalys | November 3 – 6 | Tropical storm | 50 (85) | 1000 | None | None | None | |||
Polo | November 17 – 19 | Tropical storm | 45 (75) | 1004 | None | None | None | |||
Season aggregates | ||||||||||
21 systems | April 25 – November 19 | 130 (215) | 947 | ≥$250 million | 47 |
See also
- Tropical cyclones in 2020
- List of Pacific hurricanes
- Pacific hurricane season
- 2020 Atlantic hurricane season
- 2020 Pacific typhoon season
- 2020 North Indian Ocean cyclone season
- South-West Indian Ocean cyclone seasons: 2019–20, 2020–21
- Australian region cyclone seasons: 2019–20, 2020–21
- South Pacific cyclone seasons: 2019–20, 2020–21
Notes
- The totals represent the sum of the squares for every (sub)tropical storm's intensity of over 33 knots (38 mph, 61 km/h), divided by 10,000. Calculations are provided at Talk:2020 Pacific hurricane season/ACE calcs.
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- "Tropical Storm MARIE". www.nhc.noaa.gov. Retrieved 8 October 2020.
- "Tropical Storm MARIE". www.nhc.noaa.gov. Retrieved 8 October 2020.
- "Post-Tropical Cyclone MARIE". www.nhc.noaa.gov. Retrieved 8 October 2020.
- "Two-Day Graphical Outlook".
- "Two-Day Graphical Tropical Weather Outlook".
- "Tropical Depression Nineteen-E Advisory Number 1".
- "Tropical Storm Norbert Advisory Number 3".
- "Tropical Storm Norbert Advisory Number 9".
- "Five-Day Graphical Tropical Weather Outlook". www.nhc.noaa.gov. October 10, 2020. Retrieved 2020-10-13.
- "Five-Day Graphic Tropical Weather Outlook". www.nhc.noaa.gov. October 11, 2020. Retrieved 2020-10-13.
- "Five-Day Graphical Tropical Weather Outlook". www.nhc.noaa.gov. October 13, 2020. Retrieved 2020-10-13.
- "Tropical Depression NORBERT". www.nhc.noaa.gov. Retrieved 2020-10-14.
- "Tropical Storm Norbert Public Advisory". www.nhc.noaa.gov. Retrieved 2020-10-14.
- "Tropical Depression Norbert Advisory Number 24".
- "Post-Tropical Cyclone Norbert Public Advisory 26". www.nhc.noaa.gov. Retrieved 2020-10-15.
- Stacy R. Stewart (October 27, 2020). "Five-Day Tropical Weather Outlook". nhc.noaa.gov. Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved November 4, 2020.
- Brad Reinhart, Robbie Berg (November 1, 2020). "Five-Day Graphical Tropical Weather Outlook". nhc.noaa.gov. Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved November 4, 2020.
- Brad Reinhart, Jack Beven (November 3, 2020). "Tropical Storm Odalys Advisory Number 1". nhc.noaa.gov. Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved November 4, 2020.
- Philippe Papin, David Zelinsky (November 4, 2020). "Tropical Storm Odalys Discussion Number 5". nhc.noaa.gov. Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved November 4, 2020.
- Andrew Latto (November 5, 2020). "Tropical Storm Odalys Advisory Number 7". nhc.noaa.gov. Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved November 6, 2020.
- Philippe Papin, David Zelinsky (November 5, 2020). "Tropical Storm Odalys Advisory Number 9". nhc.noaa.gov. Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved November 6, 2020.
- Stacy R. Stewart (November 6, 2020). "Post-Tropical Cyclone Odalys Advisory Number 10". nhc.noaa.gov. Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved November 6, 2020.
- "NHC Graphical Outlook Archive". www.nhc.noaa.gov. Retrieved 2020-11-18.
- "NHC Graphical Outlook Archive". www.nhc.noaa.gov. Retrieved 2020-11-18.
- "NHC Graphical Outlook Archive". www.nhc.noaa.gov. Retrieved 2020-11-18.
- "Tropical Depression TWENTY-ONE-E". www.nhc.noaa.gov. Retrieved 2020-11-18.
- "Tropical Storm POLO". www.nhc.noaa.gov. Retrieved 2020-11-20.
- "Tropical Storm POLO". www.nhc.noaa.gov. Retrieved 2020-11-20.
- "Tropical Depression POLO". www.nhc.noaa.gov. Retrieved 2020-11-20.
- "Post-Tropical Cyclone POLO". www.nhc.noaa.gov. Retrieved 2020-11-20.
- "Tropical Cyclone Names". National Hurricane Center. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 2013-04-11. Archived from the original on May 8, 2013. Retrieved May 8, 2013.
- "Pacific Tropical Cyclone Names 2016-2021". Central Pacific Hurricane Center. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. May 12, 2016. Archived from the original (PHP) on December 30, 2016.
External links
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