220 West 57th Street

220 West 57th Street (formerly known as the Society House of the American Society of Civil Engineers or the ASCE Society House) is a building on 57th Street in Midtown Manhattan in New York City. It was designed by Cyrus L. W. Eidlitz in the French Renaissance Revival style, with an annex built to designs by Eidlitz and Andrew C. McKenzie. The building served as the headquarters of the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) from 1897 to 1917.

220 West 57th Street
Alternative namesASCE Society House
General information
TypeCommercial
Architectural styleFrench Renaissance Revival
Address218–222 West 57th Street
Town or cityManhattan, New York
CountryUnited States
Coordinates40°45′57″N 73°58′52″W
GroundbreakingJuly 1896 (original)
June 1905 (annex)
OpenedNovember 24, 1897 (original)
January 1906 (annex)
Renovated1918, 1939, 2000–2002
OwnerThor Equities and General Growth Properties
Technical details
Structural systemSteel girders and timber
Floor count4
Floor area21,837 square feet (2,028.7 m2)
Design and construction
ArchitectCyrus L. W. Eidlitz (original)
Cyrus L. W. Eidlitz and Andrew C. McKenzie (annex)
DeveloperAmerican Society of Civil Engineers
Main contractorCharles T. Wills, William L. Crow
New York City Landmark
DesignatedDecember 16, 2008
Reference no.2297

220 West 57th Street is four stories tall, with a basement, though the top two stories only cover a portion of the site. The facade is made largely of white glazed brick with ornamentation made of elaborately carved Indiana Limestone. The second story contains an elliptical ogee arch with a tripartite window, while the top of the building has a cornice with modillions. The interior originally contained a lounge, reading room, auditorium, offices, and stacks for the ASCE's library. When the ASCE moved out, the interior was converted to commercial space, and escalators and elevators were installed.

The building was proposed in early 1895 to replace the ASCE's previous overcrowded headquarters, and Eidlitz was selected as the architect as a result of an architectural design competition. The building opened on November 24, 1897, and an annex was built between 1905 and 1906 to accommodate the ASCE's increased attendance. After moving out, the ASCE continued to own 220 West 57th Street until 1966, leasing the space to automotive showrooms and various office tenants. The building also housed a Schrafft's restaurant between 1928 and the 1970s, and Lee's Art Shop between 1975 and 2016. The New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission designated the building as a city landmark in 2008.

Site

220 West 57th Street is on the southern side of 57th Street, between Broadway and Seventh Avenue two blocks south of Central Park, in the Midtown Manhattan neighborhood of New York City.[1] The site covers approximately 8,400 square feet (780 m2).[2][3] It is 75 feet (23 m) wide, with a depth ranging from 107 feet (33 m) on the eastern side to 118 feet (36 m) on the western side.[4][3] The building carries the alternate addresses 218–222 West 57th Street.[5][lower-alpha 1]

220 West 57th Street abuts 224 West 57th Street to the west, and a public plaza and 888 Seventh Avenue to the east. Other nearby buildings include the Central Park Tower to the northwest, the American Fine Arts Society (also known as the Art Students League of New York building) to the north, the Osborne Apartments to the northeast, the Rodin Studios to the east, and 1740 Broadway to the south.[1]

220 West 57th Street is part of an artistic hub that developed around the two blocks of West 57th Street from Sixth Avenue west to Broadway during the late 19th and early 20th centuries, following the opening of Carnegie Hall at Seventh Avenue in 1891.[7][8] The area contained several headquarters of organizations such as the American Fine Arts Society, the Lotos Club, and the ASCE Society House.[7] Furthermore, in the 20th century, the area was part of Manhattan's "Automobile Row", a stretch of Broadway extending mainly between Times Square at 42nd Street and Sherman Square at 72nd Street.[9][10] In the late 1900s and early 1910s, several large automobile showrooms, stores, and garages were built nearby, including the U.S. Rubber Company Building at 1790 Broadway, the B.F. Goodrich showroom at 1780 Broadway, and the A. T. Demarest and Peerless Motor Company showrooms at 224 West 57th Street.[11]

Design

The original building, constructed from 1896 to 1897, was designed by Cyrus L. W. Eidlitz in the French Renaissance Revival style, as the headquarters of the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE). The annex, built from 1905 to 1906, was designed by Eidlitz and Andrew C. McKenzie.[5][12] The original structure was constructed by Charles T. Wills,[13][14] and the annex was built by William L. Crow.[4][15] The design was meant to complement the American Fine Arts Society and Carnegie Hall.[12]

The front of the building is at the north, near the main entrance on 57th Street, while the rear of the building is at the south.[16] The building contains four stories and a basement, although the third and fourth stories are smaller and only occupy the front portion of the lot.[3]

Facade
Tripartite window detail

The main elevation, or side, of the building faces north toward 57th Street. The facade of the ground story is made of Indiana Limestone, while that of the upper floors is made mostly of white brick, with some limestone decoration.[17][18] As viewed from 57th Street, the three vertical bays on the left, or eastern side, are part of the original building. The two bays on the right, or western, side are part of the annex. The central bay of the original building, the second-easternmost in the current design, is wider than the other bays. The facades of the original building and annex have vertical quoins at their edges.[19]

In the original design, the central entrance on the first floor contained a stoop, with two-part windows on either side.[20] The annex also originally had a pair of windows at ground level. The first floor was clad in stone during a 1918 renovation, and the original windows were placed with large display windows.[19] At the second floor, in the central bay of the original building, is a canopied ogee arch with a tripartite window and ornamental reliefs in the tympanum. The other second-story windows have rectangular windows, which are topped by lintels shaped like ogee arches. At the third story, the original central bay contains a tripartite window, while the other windows have rectangular windows with small sills and decorative lintels. In the original design, a molded band course made of stone stretched horizontally between the third and fourth stories.[17][19] The rectangular fourth-story windows were enlarged in 1939 so that they extended downward into the band course. There is a modillioned stone cornice above the fourth floor.[19]

The eastern wall is visible from the plaza to the east, and is made of brick.[19] A sign advertising Lee's Art Shop, a former tenant,[21] is painted on the eastern wall.[19]

Interior

The building has 21,837 square feet (2,028.7 m2) of space.[2] It was built with a superstructure made of steel girders and timber.[13] When used by the ASCE, the basement had a heating and electrical plant that projected 30 feet (9.1 m) underneath the sidewalk, as well as storage and publication rooms and a janitors' apartment. The first floor had a reception room and coat room to the left of the main entrance; a secretary's office to the right; and a lounge in the rear, occupying the entire width of the building and accessed by the main hallway.[22][16] A main staircase led to the second floor,[16] which had a reading room at the front and an auditorium in the rear.[12][17][22][lower-alpha 2] There were executive and editorial offices on the third floor. The stacks for the ASCE's library, on the fourth floor, could hold more than 100,000 volumes.[22][16][17] Because the upper two floors were not likely to be heavily used, the original design did not include an elevator,[16] but there was a book lift between the second and fourth floors.[23] Electricity was provided by two 25-horsepower (19 kW) gas engines.[16][23] The lounge's and auditorium's areas were expanded by 50% in the 1905–1906 construction of the annex. In addition, a staircase was built between the lounge and auditorium.[4]

After the ASCE moved out, the building was used mostly as commercial and office space. A brass and iron staircase was added for the Schrafft's restaurant in the building in 1928, and the former auditorium was converted into storage space. In addition, a marble-clad elevator was added to the second floor.[12] The Schrafft's restaurant took up the first and second floors and could fit 500 guests.[24] When Lee's Art Shop renovated the building in 2002, escalators were added between the first, second, and third floors, and an elevator and staircase were built from the first to the fourth floors.[12][25] Many of the original interior designs had been preserved or recreated by Lee's Art Shop.[26]

History

The ASCE was founded in 1852 and held its first meetings at the Croton Aqueduct Department building in City Hall Park, Manhattan.[7][27] The meetings occurred regularly through 1855, when the society suspended its activities until 1867.[7][28] The reconvened ASCE met at the Chamber of Commerce of the State of New York until 1875, when the society moved to 4 East 23rd Street.[29][30] The ASCE moved again in 1877 to 104 East 20th Street[13][31] and in 1881 to 127 East 23rd Street.[13][32] By the 1890s, the ASCE's headquarters on 127 East 23rd Street were becoming overcrowded. A historian for the society wrote that many regular meetings were standing-room only, while its annual conventions had to be held in a church because the headquarters were insufficient.[33]

Planning and construction

In May 1895, the ASCE sent a circular to all members concerning the need for a new Society House.[34] At the society's annual convention the following month, the ASCE's members responded overwhelmingly in favor of a new Society House, and the matter was forwarded to ASCE's Board of Direction.[13][35] By October 1895, the board had selected a site at 218-220 West 57th Street.[36][37][38] The site was near the established arts hub on 57th Street and was well-served by public transit, and the eastern border of the site faced what was then the Central Presbyterian Church.[13][39]

The ASCE acquired the site in January 1896 for $80,000.[34][40][41] Immediately afterward, the society convened a committee to oversee the design, contract procurement, and construction of its new Society House. The committee was led by George A. Just and contained seven other members, including William Rich Hutton.[13] The original plans, to cost $90,000, were prepared by ASCE vice president Joseph M. Wilson and called for reception and meeting rooms on the first floor, offices on the second, and the ASCE's library on the third floor.[13][42] The total cost of the project was $45,000 greater than the cost advertised on the circular, so the ASCE started soliciting for subscriptions to fund the building.[43] By March, the ASCE board instead decided to host an architectural design competition in which ASCE members and a few "specially invited" architects could participate.[44] Twelve plans were submitted, and the committee picked Eidlitz's design in May 1896.[13][45][lower-alpha 3]

Excavation at the Society House's site started on July 9, 1896,[47] and cost $4,500.[14] At the time, The New York Times reported that the building would be made of brick and granite, with terracotta detail.[48] Due to uncertainties over funding, the ASCE building committee delayed the awarding of construction contracts until a new president was elected in late 1896.[14][49] By November, the Mutual Life Insurance Company of New York agreed to fund the project,[13][14] giving the society a $135,000 mortgage.[50] The next month, the ASCE's new president Thomas Curtis Clarke announced that a construction contract had been awarded[51] to Charles T. Wills for $86,775.[13][14] The Society House was supposed to have been completed by September 1897, but construction was further held up by strikes among the plasterers and steam fitters working on the project.[22][52]

ASCE headquarters
Seen from east, with 224 West 57th Street behind the former ASCE Society House

The ASCE Society House officially opened on November 24, 1897, and ultimately cost $206,284 (equivalent to $5,611,624 in 2019[lower-alpha 4]).[22][53][54] At the building's opening, Benjamin M. Harrod, ASCE's president, stated that the building had been designed as a headquarters of a professional association rather than as a clubhouse.[22][55] The ASCE stated in a pamphlet that the Society House was the first building in the United States to be built "solely for the use of a professional engineering society".[39][22] The committee in charge of overseeing the society house's construction was disbanded in late 1898, their work having been completed.[56]

In 1903, Andrew Carnegie offered that he would donate $1 million for the construction of the new Engineering Societies' Building on 39th Street.[57][58] The ASCE and several other engineering societies were invited to participate in construction.[59] However, the ASCE's members voted against joining the Engineering Societies' Building in March 1904.[60] Instead, the board decided to purchase an additional lot to the west of the existing ASCE Society House, measuring about 25 by 115 feet (7.6 by 35.1 m).[61][62] Plans for the annex were filed in May,[63] and the next month, the ASCE purchased the additional lot from the Island Realty Company[64] for over $100,000.[65][66] That December, the ASCE created a committee to oversee construction of an annex.[22][67] A contract was awarded to William L. Crow in May 1905.[4][15][58] The work cost approximately $61,000 and was substantially completed at the time of the ASCE's annual meeting in January 1906.[3][58][lower-alpha 5]

After the owners of the Engineering Societies' Building paid off the debt on that structure in 1914, they again invited the ASCE to move there. If the ASCE agreed, it would be designated a "founding society" of the Engineering Societies' Building. The ASCE acquiesced and moved its headquarters to the Engineering Societies' Building by December 1917, after two additional stories were erected for the society there.[58] The ASCE continued to own 220 West 57th Street, leasing the building at great profit.[68]

Automobile Row

After the ASCE's relocation, the Federal Food Board immediately leased the space, moving to 220 West 57th Street in December 1917.[69] Another tenant, the National Agricultural Prize Commission, had offices in the building between 1917 and 1918.[58]

The Ajax Rubber Company, at the time one of the largest pneumatic tire makers in the United States, leased 220 West 57th Street in July 1918.[70] Subsequently, Arnold W. Brunner modified the ground floor into Ajax's tire showrooms, and the renovation was completed by January 1919.[71] The building thus came to be one of several automotive and tire showrooms on Automobile Row.[64][72] Elias A. Cohen leased the underlying from the ASCE in 1926, intending to replace the old Society House with a skyscraper, though the plans did not come to fruition.[73][74] A Stearns-Knight and Willys-Knight vehicle showroom was opened on the ground floor in July 1927.[75] Willys, manufacturer of Stearns-Knight and Willys-Knight vehicles, subleased the salesroom from Ajax the next month.[76][77] The Stearns-Knight salesroom only operated for one year.[78] Ajax subsidiary Racine Rubber Company, as well as the Stearns-Knight Sales Corporation, remained in the building through at least 1935.[79]

Schrafft's and offices

The F. G. Shattuck and Company leased the entire building in March 1928.[80] Twelve months later, the company opened its 500-seat Schrafft's restaurant on the first and second floors of the building.[81][82] The restaurant was near both Carnegie Hall and Manhattan's Theater District, operating more than sixteen hours a day. It included a second-story grill catering exclusively to men, as well as spaces that could be rented for events.[78] The New York State Federation of Women’s Clubs moved its headquarters to the building's fourth floor, was opened in May 1932.[83] After Prohibition in the United States was repealed in 1933,[84] Shattuck requested a liquor license for the 57th Street restaurant the next year.[85] The bar, known as the Columbus Room, opened in 1936.[84]

The third and fourth stories were converted to apartments by 1939,[86] and Bloch & Hesse renovated the restaurant's interior the next year.[84] The Federation of Women's Clubs headquarters, as well as the Schrafft's restaurant, hosted a variety of dinners and fundraising events during the 1930s through the 1950s. The building was also leased to other tenants, such as a travel agency that occupied the building from 1940 to 1970, as well as winemakers Fromm & Sichel from 1946 to 1956.[84]

The ASCE finally sold its old Society House in May 1966 for $850,000, to a syndicate headed by George M. Horn.[84][87] Two years later, the Arlen Realty and Development Corporation acquired 220 West 57th Street from Horn for about $1 million,[84][88] and also purchased several adjacent plots to the east.[89] The adjacent plots were used the development of a 628-foot (191 m) skyscraper on 888 Seventh Avenue, which was completed in 1971.[90] Arlen preserved 220 West 57th Street, and built a privately owned public plaza separating the old Society House from the new skyscraper, to receive a zoning credit that allowed the skyscraper's maximum height to be increased.[89] Meanwhile, Schrafft's was experiencing a financial downturn by 1972, when it sold off several buildings and moved its accounting offices to 220 West 57th Street.[91] Xenia Clubs International subleased 13,000 square feet (1,200 m2) in the building the next year for its executive offices.[92]

Lee's Art Shop and luxury retail
Lee's Art Shop advertisement on the eastern facade

Lee's Art Shop rented space at 220 West 57th Street in 1975. The family-owned store, founded by Gilbert and Ruth Steinberg in 1951, had previously been located across the street in the Osborne.[93] The move had been necessitated because Lee's needed ten times the space of its previous location, which required an open-plan layout for the store. The relocation included the renovation of the barrel-vaulted space and the installation of full-height display windows.[94][95][lower-alpha 6] Lee's initially occupied only the first floor, while the upper floors remained in use as offices.[25] The upper floors were leased to tenants such as the state's Department of Mental Hygiene and the Restaurant League of New York, as well as public-relations firms, construction contractors, and companies selling typewriter and geriatric equipment.[96] The Steinbergs bought 220 West 57th Street from Arlen Realty in 1994 or 1995.[84][93]

By 2000, Lee's Art Shop was restoring the building's original features.[12] IBEX Construction conducted the renovation, which cost $8 million. After the project was completed in 2002, the store's area was expanded from 7,500 to 40,000 square feet (700 to 3,720 m2), and it occupied all four floors of 220 West 57th Street. The Steinbergs' furniture and lighting business, in a nearby building, also moved to 220 West 57th Street's upper floors.[25] Following Gilbert and Ruth Steinberg's deaths in 2008, ownership of the building passed to their children David Steinberg and Jill Isaacs, who continued to operate Lee's Art Shop.[93][97] The New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission designated 220 West 57th Street as an official city landmark on December 18, 2008.[5][98]

Besen & Associates, brokers, had first inquired about the Steinbergs' willingness to sell the store in 2005, to which the family declined. However, the Steinberg children were more willing to sell the store after they took over operations of the shop.[97] In May 2013, Joseph Safdieh signed a contract to buy 220 West 57th Street from Steinberg and Isaacs for $65 million. Two months later, Safdieh sued Steinberg and Isaacs for $10 million over a breach of a sale agreement, and alleged that the store was illegally using the upper stories because they were zoned for office use.[99] The lawsuit was subsequently dismissed,[100] and in 2014, Thor Equities and General Growth Properties (GGP) went into contract to the building for $85 million.[101] This prompted Safdieh to sue Thor and GGP for allegedly conspiring against him in the sale,[100] though the claims against Thor were subsequently dropped.[102]

Steinberg and Isaacs, in their contract with Thor and GGP, had requested two and a half years to wind down their operations,[97] and Lee's Art Shop ultimately closed in mid-2016.[21][103][104] That June, Thor and GGP finalized the building's purchase, along with 126,000 square feet (11,700 m2) of air rights around and above the property.[2] Thor and GGP planned to renovate the interior into luxury retail space for $20 million.[105][106] To maximize retail income at 220 West 57th Street, the new owners opted to wait until after 2019, when the Nordstrom store in the neighboring Central Park Tower was set to open.[106] During late 2017 and early 2018, the vacant building was used for an interactive exhibit themed to the TV series Downton Abbey.[107][108] The next year, 220 West 57th Street was rethemed to the film Trolls and the accompanying web television series Trolls: The Beat Goes On!, for one year.[109][110]

Critical reception

The Real Estate Record and Guide, in an 1897 piece criticizing various works of architecture on West 57th Street, lauded the building for complementing the American Fine Arts Society.[17][111] The Iron Age and the Times both praised the building's "richly carved" Indiana limestone facade.[23][53] The Iron Age described the building as a "notable addition to the ever increasing list of New York’s handsome buildings".[23]

See also

References

Notes
  1. An adjacent former 3-story building to the east, belonging to Consolidated Edison, also carried the address 212–218 West 57th Street.[6]
  2. The auditorium could fit 400 seats, but it was technically a multi-purpose space, so portable chairs had to be used.[12][17] Its capacity was expanded to 600 seats with the construction of the annex in 1905–1906.[4]
  3. The plans came from eight ASCE members and four invited architects. The ASCE's documents do not indicate the names of the other participants,[45] but the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission states that one plan was submitted by William B. Bigelow and Frank E. Wallis.[46]
  4. Thomas, Ryland; Williamson, Samuel H. (2020). "What Was the U.S. GDP Then?". MeasuringWorth. Retrieved September 22, 2020. United States Gross Domestic Product deflator figures follow the Measuring Worth series.
  5. The Landmarks Preservation Commission cites the cost as being $61,430,[58] while ASCE records cite the cost as being $61,338.30.[3]
  6. Architecture historian Robert A. M. Stern, in his book New York 1960, incorrectly attributes this as the American Fine Arts Society building, which is on the northern side of 57th Street. Stern also erroneously labels the American Fine Arts Society as being at 212 West 57th Street, which would place it on the southern side of 57th Street, the same side as the former ASCE Society House. An image of the former ASCE Society House (labeled as the American Fine Arts Society) is shown on Stern, Mellins & Fishman 1995, p. 1135.[95]

Citations
  1. "NYCityMap". NYC.gov. New York City Department of Information Technology and Telecommunications. Retrieved March 20, 2020.
  2. Pham, Diane (June 7, 2016). "Another Luxury Development May Rise on Billionaires' Row". 6sqft. Retrieved November 14, 2020.
  3. "Proceedings". American Society of Civil Engineers. 32: 227–228. 1906.
  4. "Proceedings". American Society of Civil Engineers. 31: 223–224. 1905.
  5. Landmarks Preservation Commission 2008, p. 1.
  6. Landmarks Preservation Commission 2008, p. 14.
  7. Landmarks Preservation Commission 2008, p. 2.
  8. Federal Writers' Project (1939). "New York City Guide". New York: Random House. p. 232. ISBN 978-1-60354-055-1. (Reprinted by Scholarly Press, 1976; often referred to as WPA Guide to New York City.)
  9. Dunlap, David W. (July 7, 2000). "Street of Automotive Dreams". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 4, 2020.
  10. "B. F. Goodrich Company Building" (PDF). New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission. November 10, 2009. p. 2. Retrieved November 2, 2020.
  11. "Realty Still in Demand in Automobile District; Purchase of $300,000 Building East Week -- Tendency of Large Concerns to Become Owners Instead of Tenants". The New York Times. February 21, 1909. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 3, 2020.
  12. Gray, Christopher (November 12, 2000). "Streetscapes/220 West 57th Street; Civil Engineers' 1897 Clubhouse, in French Gothic". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 16, 2020.
  13. Landmarks Preservation Commission 2008, p. 3.
  14. Proceedings 1897, p. 12.
  15. "Contracts Awarded". The Real Estate Record: Real Estate Record and Builders' Guide. 75 (1938): 990. May 6, 1905 – via columbia.edu.
  16. American Society of Civil Engineers 1903, "General Description" chapter.
  17. "The Engineers' House". The Real Estate Record: Real Estate Record and Builders' Guide. 60 (1552): 903–904. December 11, 1897 – via columbia.edu.
  18. Landmarks Preservation Commission 2008, pp. 4–5.
  19. Landmarks Preservation Commission 2008, p. 10.
  20. Landmarks Preservation Commission 2008, p. 5.
  21. Warerkar, Tanay (May 24, 2016). "Beloved Manhattan Art Supply Store Will Close Thanks to Influx of Supertalls". Curbed NY. Retrieved November 18, 2020.
  22. Landmarks Preservation Commission 2008, p. 4.
  23. "The New House of the American Society of Civil Engineers". The Iron Age. 60: 1. November 25, 1897.
  24. "Shattuck to Open Five New Stores: One of Largest in Schrafft Chain for West 57th Street—Negotiating for Other Leases". Wall Street Journal. March 7, 1929. p. 1. ISSN 0099-9660. ProQuest 130612345. Retrieved November 18, 2020 – via ProQuest.
  25. Garbarine, Rachelle (November 24, 2002). "Postings: 57th Street East of Broadway; Art Shop's Renovation Reveals Its Architecture". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 17, 2020.
  26. Gray, Christopher (November 7, 2013). "West 57th's Hodgepodge Block". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 18, 2020.
  27. Hunt 1897, p. 16.
  28. Hunt 1897, p. 33.
  29. Landmarks Preservation Commission 2008, pp. 2–3.
  30. Hunt 1897, pp. 53–54.
  31. Hunt 1897, p. 55.
  32. Hunt 1897, p. 56.
  33. Hunt 1897, p. 57.
  34. Proceedings 1896, p. 9.
  35. Proceedings 1895, p. 115.
  36. Proceedings 1895, p. 198.
  37. "American Society of Civil Engineers' Building". The Real Estate Record: Real Estate Record and Builders' Guide. 56 (1441): 559. October 26, 1895 – via columbia.edu.
  38. "In the Real Estate Field: Civil Engineers to Build a Clubhouse in West Fifty-seventh Street". The New York Times. October 19, 1895. p. 15. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 18, 2020 – via ProQuest.
  39. American Society of Civil Engineers 1903, "Historical" chapter.
  40. "Recorded Real Estate Transfers". The New York Times. January 8, 1896. p. 15. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 16, 2020.
  41. "Conveyances". The Real Estate Record: Real Estate Record and Builders' Guide. 57 (1452): 51. January 11, 1896 – via columbia.edu.
  42. Proceedings 1896, pp. 9–10.
  43. Proceedings 1896, p. 10.
  44. Proceedings 1896, p. 61.
  45. Proceedings 1896, p. 94.
  46. Landmarks Preservation Commission 2008, p. 11.
  47. Proceedings 1898, p. 11.
  48. "Home for Civil Engineers" (PDF). The New York Times. August 2, 1896. p. 20. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 16, 2020.
  49. Hunt 1897, p. 60.
  50. "Mortgages". The Real Estate Record: Real Estate Record and Builders' Guide. 59 (1504): 45. January 9, 1897 – via columbia.edu.
  51. Proceedings 1896, p. 181.
  52. Proceedings 1897, p. 122.
  53. "New Clubhouse Opened; American Society of Civil Engineers Celebrate the Completion of Their New Quarters". The New York Times. November 25, 1897. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 16, 2020.
  54. Proceedings 1898, p. 183.
  55. "Address of B.M. Harrod, President". Transactions of the American Society of Civil Engineers. 38: 425. November 24, 1897.
  56. Proceedings 1898, p. 181.
  57. "National Clubhouse for Engineers; Andrew Carnegie to Insure Its Success With $1,000,000. Plans for Great Structure to Be Erected in This City Contemplate Auditoriums for Conventions". The New York Times. May 4, 1903. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 17, 2020.
  58. Landmarks Preservation Commission 2008, p. 6.
  59. "Engineers to Carnegie; Allied Societies Thank Him for His $1,000,000 Offer. Committee Named After Long Discussion to Settle Upon the Acceptance of the Gift". Retrieved November 17, 2020.
  60. "Carnegie's Offer Refused: American Society of Civil Engineers Won't Share Union Building". The New York Times. March 3, 1904. p. 1. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 18, 2020 – via ProQuest.
  61. Proceedings 1904, p. 166.
  62. "Society of Civil Engineers to Build Addition". The Real Estate Record: Real Estate Record and Builders' Guide. 73 (1882): 786. April 9, 1904 – via columbia.edu.
  63. "Engineers to Build Annex.; Society Which Refused Carnegie's Gift Files Plans to Improve Home". The New York Times. May 21, 1905. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 17, 2020.
  64. "The Creation of New Commercial Centres". The New York Times. November 19, 1922. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 17, 2020.
  65. "In the Real Estate Field: High Price for West 57th Street Plot" (PDF). The New York Times. June 8, 1904. p. 15. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 17, 2020.
  66. "Conveyances". The Real Estate Record: Real Estate Record and Builders' Guide. 73 (1891): 1509. June 11, 1904 – via columbia.edu.
  67. Proceedings 1904, p. 490.
  68. Wisely, William (1974). The American civil engineer, 1852-1974 : the history, traditions, and development of the American Society of Civil Engineers, founded 1852. New York: American Society of Civil Engineers. p. 40. ISBN 978-0-87262-000-1. OCLC 1217403.
  69. "Food Board in New Home.; With John Mitchell in Charge, It Will Be in West 57th Street". The New York Times. December 10, 1917. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 17, 2020.
  70. "Real Estate Field: Front Street Property Attracts Another Investor". The New York Times. July 18, 1918. p. 16. ISSN 0362-4331. ProQuest 100108805. Retrieved November 18, 2020 – via ProQuest.
  71. Landmarks Preservation Commission 2008, p. 7.
  72. "Big Business Has Deserted Old for New: Now Located in Fine Structures in Circle-57th St. District; Fisk Building Marks New Era". New-York Tribune. November 19, 1922. p. B1. ProQuest 576708663. Retrieved November 18, 2020 – via ProQuest.
  73. "West 57th Street Deal Will Involve Over $3,000,000: West Side Plot Leased to Be Improved With Dill Building; Furrier to Pay $250, Rental in 30th Street". New York Herald Tribune. June 26, 1926. p. 36. ProQuest 1112556924. Retrieved November 18, 2020 – via ProQuest.
  74. "Tall Improvement for West 57th St.: Society of Civil Engineers Lets Old Home Go on a Long-term Lease". The New York Times. June 23, 1926. p. 43. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 18, 2020 – via ProQuest.
  75. "Items of Interest in the Motor Trade". The New York Times. July 3, 1927. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 17, 2020.
  76. "F. & W. Grand Store in Yonkers to Expand". The New York Times. August 18, 1927. p. 37. ISSN 0362-4331. ProQuest 104092073. Retrieved November 18, 2020 – via ProQuest.
  77. "Increased Demand for Business Space Noted in Many Zones: Stores, Lofts, Offices and Entire Buildings Passed to Tenants as Result of Leases Closed Yesterday". New York Herald Tribune. August 18, 1927. p. 29. ProQuest 1133135507. Retrieved November 18, 2020 – via ProQuest.
  78. Landmarks Preservation Commission 2008, p. 8.
  79. Landmarks Preservation Commission 2008, p. 13.
  80. "Schrafft's Chain Leases.; Restaurant Company Rents Building Near Columbus Circle". The New York Times. March 14, 1928. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 17, 2020.
  81. "$8,000 a Front Foot For 50th Street Realty". New York Herald Tribune. March 8, 1929. p. 41. ProQuest 1111950047. Retrieved November 18, 2020 – via ProQuest.
  82. "New Schrafft's to Open Today". The New York Times. March 8, 1929. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 17, 2020.
  83. "Clubwomen to Open Home" (PDF). The New York Times. May 15, 1932. p. N3. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 17, 2020.
  84. Landmarks Preservation Commission 2008, p. 9.
  85. "Shattuck Asks Liquor License". Wall Street Journal. April 2, 1934. p. 16. ISSN 0099-9660. ProQuest 131111036. Retrieved November 18, 2020 – via ProQuest.
  86. "Leases 13-room Suite; Dr. Pedro Tinoco to Reside in 1,040 Park Ave". The New York Times. May 3, 1939. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 17, 2020.
  87. Robbins, William (May 27, 1966). "News of Realty: 3 Floors Leased; Six Health Agencies Take Space at 1740 Broadway". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 17, 2020.
  88. "57th St. Building Bought". The New York Times. August 23, 1968. p. 66. ISSN 0362-4331. ProQuest 118294166. Retrieved November 18, 2020 – via ProQuest.
  89. "News of Realty: 7th Ave. Project: Work Will Start Today on 45-story Office Building". The New York Times. August 7, 1968. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 17, 2020.
  90. "888 7th Avenue". Emporis. Retrieved November 17, 2020.
  91. "Resnick Acquires Site". The New York Times. May 7, 1972. p. R8. ISSN 0362-4331. ProQuest 119571848. Retrieved November 18, 2020 – via ProQuest.
  92. "News of the Realty Trade". The New York Times. December 30, 1973. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 17, 2020.
  93. Dunlap, David W. (January 26, 2012). "Supplying the Stuff of Art Dreams". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 16, 2020.
  94. Nairn, Janet (April 1976). "Renovation for Art Shop Saved Move Out of Area" (PDF). Architectural Record (4): 130–131.
  95. Stern, Robert A. M.; Mellins, Thomas; Fishman, David (1995). New York 1960: Architecture and Urbanism Between the Second World War and the Bicentennial. New York: Monacelli Press. p. 1134. ISBN 1-885254-02-4. OCLC 32159240.
  96. Landmarks Preservation Commission 2008, pp. 9–10.
  97. Bockmann, Rich (March 21, 2017). "Lee's Art Shop's [2 ½ year] going out of business sale". The Real Deal New York. Retrieved November 18, 2020.
  98. Chan, Sewell (December 16, 2008). "Church and Midtown Building Are Landmarks". City Room. Retrieved November 16, 2020.
  99. Clarke, Katherine (July 9, 2013). "Investor close to $65M deal for 57th Street retail building". The Real Deal New York. Retrieved November 16, 2020.
  100. Doles, Kyna; Moses, Claire (April 8, 2015). "GGP, Thor sued for 'conspiratorial' West 57th St. purchase". The Real Deal New York. Retrieved November 16, 2020.
  101. Pincus, Adam (June 9, 2014). "Thor to buy 57th Street retail across from future Nordstrom". The Real Deal New York. Retrieved November 16, 2020.
  102. Maurer, Mark (May 2, 2016). "Thor, GGP to close on $85M Midtown retail deal in June". The Real Deal New York. Retrieved November 16, 2020.
  103. Barron, James (May 24, 2016). "Lee's Art Shop to Shutter as Midtown Towers Sprout Around It". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 14, 2020.
  104. Stern, Gary M. (April 29, 2016). "Lee's Art Shop boss laments closing: 'It's heart breaking". www.bizjournals.com. Retrieved November 14, 2020.
  105. "Retail Renovation Planned at Four-Story, 21,800-Square-Foot Commercial Building, 220 West 57th Street, Midtown". New York YIMBY. May 4, 2016. Retrieved November 16, 2020.
  106. Clarke, Katherine (August 2, 2016). "GGP, Thor will sit on Lee's Art Shop space until Nordstrom buzz lifts rents: Mathrani". The Real Deal New York. Retrieved November 16, 2020.
  107. Lovece, Frank (October 5, 2017). "'Downton Abbey: The Exhibition' to open in Manhattan on Nov. 18". amNewYork. Retrieved November 16, 2020.
  108. Bayard, Louis (November 16, 2017). "Homesick for Downton Abbey? Here's a Way to Go Back There". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 17, 2020.
  109. Saraniero, Nicole (December 3, 2018). "The Trolls Experience Pop Up Transforms a Historic NYC Building in Midtown". Untapped New York. Retrieved November 16, 2020.
  110. Cuozzo, Steve (October 30, 2019). "NYC's first Nordstrom is packed, but can it renew Midtown retail?". New York Post. Retrieved November 18, 2020.
  111. Gray, Christopher (June 3, 1990). "Streetscapes: Readers' Questions; Babylonian Kings and Other Bits of Historic Exotica". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 16, 2020.

Sources
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.