431 BC
Year 431 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time, to Romans it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Cincinnatus and Mento (or, less frequently, year 323 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 431 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.
| Millennium: | 1st millennium BC |
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| Centuries: | |
| Decades: | |
| Years: |
| 431 BC by topic |
| Politics |
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| Categories |
| Gregorian calendar | 431 BC CDXXX BC |
| Ab urbe condita | 323 |
| Ancient Egypt era | XXVII dynasty, 95 |
| - Pharaoh | Artaxerxes I of Persia, 35 |
| Ancient Greek era | 87th Olympiad, year 2 |
| Assyrian calendar | 4320 |
| Balinese saka calendar | N/A |
| Bengali calendar | −1023 |
| Berber calendar | 520 |
| Buddhist calendar | 114 |
| Burmese calendar | −1068 |
| Byzantine calendar | 5078–5079 |
| Chinese calendar | 己酉年 (Earth Rooster) 2266 or 2206 — to — 庚戌年 (Metal Dog) 2267 or 2207 |
| Coptic calendar | −714 – −713 |
| Discordian calendar | 736 |
| Ethiopian calendar | −438 – −437 |
| Hebrew calendar | 3330–3331 |
| Hindu calendars | |
| - Vikram Samvat | −374 – −373 |
| - Shaka Samvat | N/A |
| - Kali Yuga | 2670–2671 |
| Holocene calendar | 9570 |
| Iranian calendar | 1052 BP – 1051 BP |
| Islamic calendar | 1084 BH – 1083 BH |
| Javanese calendar | N/A |
| Julian calendar | N/A |
| Korean calendar | 1903 |
| Minguo calendar | 2342 before ROC 民前2342年 |
| Nanakshahi calendar | −1898 |
| Thai solar calendar | 112–113 |
| Tibetan calendar | 阴土鸡年 (female Earth-Rooster) −304 or −685 or −1457 — to — 阳金狗年 (male Iron-Dog) −303 or −684 or −1456 |
Events
Greece
- Athens enters into an alliance with King Sitalkes of Thrace, after Nymphodorus, an influential Athenian, marries Sitalkes' sister. Nymphodorus then negotiates an agreement between Athens and Macedon's King Perdiccas II, through which Perdiccas regains Therma. As a result, Athens withdraws its support for Perdiccas' brother, Philip, and the Thracians promise to assist Perdiccas in capturing him. In return, Perdiccas marches on the Chalcidians, the people he has originally persuaded to revolt.
- A Theban raid on Plataea, the only pro-Athenian city in Boeotia, is a failure and the Plataeans take 180 prisoners and put them to death. Athens supports Plataea while Sparta aligns itself with Thebes. Sparta enlists the help of the Greek cities in Italy and Sicily. Both Sparta and Athens appeal to Persia, but without result.
- The Spartans, led by King Archidamus II, invade Attica effectively starting the Second Peloponnesian War between the Athenian Empire and the Peloponnesian League. The Spartans lay waste to the countryside around Athens. Athenian leader, Pericles, does not seriously oppose them, rather withdrawing the rural population of the country districts within Athens' city walls. Instead, he pursues active naval warfare and reduces any danger from the island of Aegina by replacing its native population with Athenians.
Anatomy
- The Greek philosopher Empedocles distinguishes the four elements - earth, fire, water, and air - that he claims all substances are made of. He explains the development of the universe by the forces of attraction and repulsion known as Love and Strife.
Deaths
- Phidias returns to Athens, where he is imprisoned (for having been portrayed on the shield of the statue of the goddess Athena) and dies before the trial.
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