List of political entities in the 5th century BC

The development of states—large-scale, populous, politically centralized, and socially stratified polities/societies governed by powerful rulers—marks one of the major milestones in the evolution of human societies. Archaeologists often distinguish between primary (or pristine) states and secondary states. Primary states evolved independently through largely internal developmental processes rather than through the influence of any other pre-existing state. The earliest known primary states appeared in Mesopotamia c. 3700 BC, in Egypt c. 3300 BC, in the Indus Valley c. 2500 BC, India c. 1700 BC, and in China c. 1600 BC. As they interacted with their less developed neighbors through trade, warfare, migration, and more generalized ideological influences, the primary states directly or indirectly fostered the emergence of secondary states in surrounding areas, for example, the Hittites in Anatolia, the Minoan and Mycenaean states of the Aegean, or the Nubian kingdoms in the Sudan. According to Professor Gil Stein of the University of Chicago Oriental Institute, "The excavations and archaeological surveys of the last few decades have vastly increased both the quantity and quality of what we know about ancient states and urbanism. Archaeologists have broadened the scope of their research beyond the traditional focus on rulers and urban elites. Current research now aims at understanding the role of urban commoners, craft specialists, and village-based farmers in the overall organization of ancient states and societies. Given the immense geographical scope encompassed by the term 'the Ancient World'".[1] The notion of a sovereign state arises in the 16th century with the development of modern diplomacy. For earlier times, the term "sovereign state" is an anachronism. What corresponded to sovereign states in the medieval and ancient period were monarchs ruling by the grace of God, de facto feudal or imperial autocrats, or de facto independent nations or tribal confederations. This is a list of sovereign states that existed between 500 BC and 401 BC.

Sovereign states

Map of the world in 500 BC
Sovereign state Years
Achaemenid Empire 550 - 330 BC
Adena culture 1000 - 200 BC
Ammon c. 10th century - 332 BC
Anga
Athens 510 - 322 BC
Avanti
Bithynia
Cappadocia
Carthaginian Empire 650 - 146 BC
Chavín culture 900 - 200 BC
Chedi
Chen 855 - 479 BC
Chera Kingdom 5th century BC - 1102 AD
Chola
Chorrera 1800 - 300 BC
Chu 1030 - 223 BC
Colchis
Corinth
Cyrene
Dʿmt c. 980 - c. 400 BC
Dardanian Kingdom c.448 BC - 28 BC
Edom
Gandhara
Gojoseon 2333 - 108 BC
Han 403 - 230 BC
Japan 660 BC - present
Kalinga
Kamboja
Kasi
Kikata
Kosala
Kuru
Kush 1070 BC - 350 AD
Lu 856 - 256 BC
Lycaonia 8th century - 200 BC
Macedonia 8th century - 146 BC
Mahajanapadas
Malla
Mannai
Maya civilization
Minaea
Moab
Mysia
Nanda Empire 424 - 321 BC
Olmec 1400 - 400 BC
Panchala
Pandya
Paphlagonia
Paracas culture 600 - 175 BC
Pisidia
Qi 1046 - 241 BC
Qin 845 - 221 BC
Roman Republic 509 - 27 BC
Saba
Scythia 8th century BC - 2nd century AD
Sparta 11th century - 195 BC
Surasena
Ta Netjeru
Thebes
Vajji
Văn Lang 2879 - 258 BC
Vatsa
Wei 403 - 225 BC
Yan 865 - 222 BC
Zapotec civilization
Zheng 806 - 375 BC
Zhou 1045 - 256 BC

See also

List of political entities in the 5th century BC
Preceded by
6th century BC
Sovereign states of
the 5th century BC
Succeeded by
4th century BC

References

  1. Stein, Gil J (2001). Understanding Ancient State Societies in the Old World. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Press. pp. 353–379.
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