49th Parallel (film)

49th Parallel is a 1941 British war drama film. It was the third film made by the British filmmaking team of Michael Powell and Emeric Pressburger. It was released in the United States as The Invaders.[4] The British Ministry of Information approached Michael Powell to make a propaganda film for them, suggesting he make "a film about mine-sweeping". Instead, Powell decided to make a film to help sway opinion in the then-neutral United States. Said Powell, "I hoped it might scare the pants off the Americans [and thus bring them into the war]".[5] Screenwriter Emeric Pressburger remarked, "Goebbels considered himself an expert on propaganda, but I thought I'd show him a thing or two". They were never to know. After persuading the British and Canadian governments, Powell started location filming in 1940, and by the time the film appeared, in March 1942, the United States, which had been trying to stay out of Europe's endless squabbles, had been drawn into the war several months earlier.

49th Parallel
Original Belgian film poster
Directed byMichael Powell
Produced byMichael Powell
John Sutro (Managing director of An Ortus Film Production)
Written byOriginal Story and Screenplay by Emeric Pressburger
Scenario by Rodney Ackland and Emeric Pressburger
StarringLeslie Howard
Laurence Olivier
Anton Walbrook
Raymond Massey
Glynis Johns
Eric Portman
Music byRalph Vaughan Williams
Musical Director Muir Mathieson
with The London Symphony Orchestra
CinematographyFrederick Young, F.R.P.S.
Edited byDavid Lean
Distributed byGeneral Film Distributors LTD. (UK)
Columbia Pictures (US)
Release date
8 October 1941 (United Kingdom; London premiere)
24 November 1941 (United Kingdom)
5 March 1942 (United States; New York City premiere)
15 April 1942 (United States)
Running time
123 minutes
CountryUnited Kingdom
LanguageEnglish
Budget£132,000[1]
Box office£250,000 (in Britain)[2]
$5 million (US/Canada)[3]

The original choice to play the German officer, Lieutenant Hirth, was the "Archers"'s stalwart Esmond Knight. Knight had become involved in training Local Defence Volunteers (better remembered as the Home Guard) after the evacuation of Dunkirk and, in late 1940, he was accepted for training with the Royal Navy.[6] That training would have conflicted with work on 49th Parallel.

Anton Walbrook as "Peter" donated half his fee to the International Red Cross.[7] Raymond Massey, Laurence Olivier and Leslie Howard all agreed to work at half their normal fee, because they felt it was an important propaganda film.[8] TCM's Rob Nixon observes that "One of the reasons for the movie's high quality is the superb ensemble cast, most of them major British stars working for drastically reduced wages because they believed in the film".[9]

This is the only time that Canadian-born Massey played a Canadian on screen.

Plot

A narrator explains how the 49th parallel forms "the only undefended frontier in the world" between Canada and the United States. In the Gulf of St. Lawrence, U-37, a German U-boat, has just sunk a Canadian freighter. It evades the RCN and RCAF patrols by moving to Hudson Bay. A raiding party of six is put ashore to obtain food and fuel at a Hudson's Bay Company trading post, but the U-boat is soon sunk by RCAF bombers. The six travel across Canada to reach the neutral United States and return to Germany. Led by Lieutenants Hirth (Eric Portman) and Kuhnecke (Raymond Lovell), the small band encounters and often brutalises a wide range of people. One by one they are captured or killed — sometimes by their own.

Initial victims include the Inuit[10] Nick (Ley On) and a French-Canadian trapper (Laurence Olivier), at the trading post. When a floatplane is dispatched to investigate reports of the sinking, the Germans open fire, killing the pilot and some of the local Inuit. They steal the aircraft and head south, but cannot achieve take-off because they are overloaded. One sailor steps out onto a float to throw out the guns and is shot and killed by an Inuk (a member of the Inuit), thereby lightening the load for take-off.[11]

The floatplane runs out of fuel and crashes in a lake in Manitoba, killing Kuhnecke. The Germans are welcomed to a nearby Hutterite farming community by Anna (Glynis Johns), who is about to turn sixteen. The fugitives assume that the Hutterites are sympathetic to the Nazi cause, but some of them are refugees from Hitler's Germany, and Hirth's fanatical speech is eloquently refuted by Peter (Anton Walbrook), the community's leader. One of the sailors, Vogel (Niall MacGinnis), would rather join the community and ply his trade of baker, but he is tried by Hirth and summarily executed for desertion and treachery.

Hirth, Lohrmann and Kranz arrive in Winnipeg. Hirth decides they will walk to Vancouver and catch a steamship for neutral Japan. They hijack a motorist for his car and take a train that stops in Banff, Alberta, during Banff Indian Days.[12] A Canadian Mountie addresses the crowd and Kranz is arrested when he panics.

Fleeing across the Rocky Mountains, the two remaining men are welcomed to his lakeside camp by a eccentric English writer named Philip Armstrong Scott (Leslie Howard), who takes them for lost tourists. They turn on him, burning his manuscript and his precious paintings. Scott and his men pursue them. Lohrmann finally rebels against Hirth's leadership, knocks him out and takes off by himself. Lohrmann is cornered in a cave. Scott is wounded, but enters the cave and beats him up in revenge for his destroyed manuscript and paintings. One of his men comments, "The boss has knocked him clear out!"

Hirth, the last fugitive, is given the Iron Cross first class in absentia. Nazi radio praises him; the rest of the world wonders where he is. He meets Andy Brock (Raymond Massey), a Canadian soldier who is absent without leave, in the baggage car of a Canadian National Railways train near the Canadian-US border. Hirth knocks Brock cold with the butt of his gun and steals his uniform and dog tags, planning to impersonate him. Brock regains consciousness wearing only his shirt, and Hirth holds him at gunpoint, hiding, while customs inspect the car. Brock is horrified and Hirth is pleased to learn that the car is crossing into the United States at Niagara Falls. Hirth surrenders his gun to a U.S. Customs official and demands to be taken to the German embassy. Brock explains that Hirth, now world famous, is wanted in Canada for murder. The U.S. border guards cannot find any official reason to send Hirth back, until Brock points out that neither of them is listed on the freight manifest. The Americans happily use this pretext to send the car, along with Hirth and Brock, back to Canada for "improperly manifested cargo". The penultimate shot shows Brock donning his uniform cap and telling Hirth to put his hands up. "I'm not asking for those pants, I'm just takin' 'em!" Dissolve, to the sound of a solid punch, to the train backing over the bridge, and the credits roll.

Cast
The U-boat crew
The Canadians

Production

The opening credits and dedication appear over an aerial panorama of the Canadian Rockies. The opening shot reads:

This film is dedicated to Canada and to Canadians all over the Dominion who helped us to make it; to the Governments of the USA, of the Dominion of Canada, and of the United Kingdom, who made it possible, and to the actors who believed in our story and came from all parts of the world to play in it.

Powell's interest in making a propaganda film set in Canada to aid the British war effort dovetailed with some of Pressburger's work. Although only a concept during pre-production, a screenplay began to be formulated based on Pressburger's idea to replicate the Ten Little Indians scenario of people being removed from a group, one by one.[13] While Powell and Pressburger developed the screenplay, additional photography was assembled of the scope and breadth of Canada. All the opening "travelogue" footage was shot by Freddie Young with a hand-held camera out the windows of various aircraft, trains and automobiles on an initial trip across Canada.[14]

The U-boat was built by Harry Roper of Halifax, Nova Scotia and towed to Corner Brook, Newfoundland, where it was "shot down" by the Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF) Lockheed Hudson bombers in the Strait of Belle Isle at the beginning of the film.[13] Powell forgot that Newfoundland was at the time a Crown Colony, not a part of Canada. As a result, when they moved the full-sized submarine model there, it was impounded by Customs & Excise, which demanded that import duty be paid. Powell had to appeal to the Governor of Newfoundland, citing the film's contribution to the war effort.[15][16]

The "U-37" carried two 1,000 lb bombs supplied by the RCAF. Powell did not tell the actors that they were aboard, as he thought that they might become nervous. The actors were replaced by dummies before the bombs were detonated.[17] Powell's voice can be heard faintly in some of the submarine scenes. Once, when the camera boat almost collides with the submarine, Powell says, "Keep rolling."[17] The men in the lifeboat at the start of the film were mainly local merchant seamen, many of whom had already been torpedoed.[17]

One of the camera grips, Canadian teenager William Leslie Falardeau, also played an aviator on the rescue floatplane as it arrived at Cape Wolstenholme. In the film, he was shot and apparently killed by the Nazis before they commandeered the aircraft.[18] A second role for him was as a double for Raymond Massey in a few scenes.[19] Before the film was released, Falardeau became an RCAF pilot and was killed at age 19 in an aircraft accident in Britain.[20]

Lovell nearly drowned in the scene where the commandeered floatplane crashes. Even those who could swim (which Lovell could not) became flustered when the aircraft sank faster than anticipated; the stink bomb that was thrown in to "heighten the turmoil" added greatly to the chaos. A member of the camera crew jumped in and saved the actor.[17]

The Hutterites near Winnipeg allowed the film company into their community. Like the better known Amish, they live in simple, self-sufficient communities, leading an austere, strict lifestyle. Elisabeth Bergner was originally cast in the role of Anna. When a Hutterite woman saw Bergner painting her nails and smoking, she became so incensed that she rushed up, knocked the cigarette from the actress's mouth and slapped her in the face. Powell had to make peace with the community and with the outraged star. Bergner later deserted the film, refusing to come back to Britain for the studio scenes. It is believed that, as an ex-German national, she feared for her life if the Nazis were to invade. Glynis Johns stepped in to replace Bergner, a rare instance of an established star standing in for a lesser-known actress.[21] The initial long shots of Anna are of Bergner. For the scene where the Hutterites listen to Eric Portman's impassioned pro-Nazi speech, the actors were all "hand picked faces". Over half were refugees from Hitler.[13]

Notable crew members included David Lean as editor. Raymond Massey's brother Vincent Massey, then Canadian High Commissioner to the United Kingdom and future Governor General, read the prologue.

Arthur Horman did a week's uncredited work on the script in Montreal, writing the Laurence Olivier and Raymond Massey sequences. He later wrote Desperate Journey, which has a similar story.[3]

Ralph Vaughan Williams provided the stirring music, his first film score. It was directed by Muir Mathieson and performed by the London Symphony Orchestra. Along with the credits for the actors before the title at the beginning of the film, there is a credit for "The music of Ralph Vaughan Williams".

The film was meant to cost £68,000 but ended up costing £132,000 of which the government provided less than £60,000.[22][1]

Ironically, Pressburger was still an "enemy alien” as far as the British government was concerned, and when he returned from Canada, he was imprisoned and threatened with deportation until Powell and the Ministry of Information intervened.[9]

American release

The film was picked up by Columbia Pictures for a 1942 American release and retitled The Invaders. American censors cut 19 minutes from the film, including the speech by the fanatical Nazi commander who claims that Eskimos are "sub-apes like Negroes, only one step above the Jews", which was removed to avoid offending segregationists in the American South.[23] The American film trailer was made on the set of the film The Talk of the Town, under the title It Happened One Noon, with stars Cary Grant, Jean Arthur and Ronald Colman telling the director George Stevens about seeing the exciting film during a two-hour lunch break.

Reception

Critics

Critics' reviews of 49th Parallel were generally favourable, with the New York Times reviewer effusing, "Tense action... excellent performances. An absorbing and exciting film!" and Variety concluding, "This is an important and effective film. Opening scenes promise much, and it lives up to expectations. Every part, to the smallest bits, is magnificently played...."[24]

49th Parallel holds a 90% approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes, based on 10 reviews with an average rating of 7.1/10.[25]

Leonard Maltin gives the film 3.5 out of 4 stars to this "Taut, exciting WW2 yarn.." and its "...Top-notch cast, rich suspense and characterizations".[26]

Box office

According to Kinematograph Weekly it was the most popular film at the British box office in 1941.[27][28]

In the US, Universal turned the film down but it was bought by Columbia for distribution in North America for a reported $200,000. Variety estimated it earned $1.3 million in US rentals in 1942.[29] The film ended up earning $5 million at the North American box office.[3]

Awards

Pressburger won an Oscar for Best Story and the film was nominated for Best Picture and Best Screenplay (including Rodney Ackland for additional dialogue). Powell was nominated for Best Director by the New York Film Critics Circle.

The British Film Institute ranked the film the 63rd most popular film with British audiences, based on cinema attendance of 9.3 million in the UK.

References
  1. Kevin Macdonald (1994). Emeric Pressburger: The Life and Death of a Screenwriter. Faber and Faber. p. 176. ISBN 978-0-571-16853-8.
  2. MacNab 1994, p. 91.
  3. Hopper, Hedda (4 April 1942). "Screen: Hedda Hopper's Hollywood". Los Angeles Times. p. 9.
  4. Davenport 2004, p. 138.
  5. Powell 1986, p. 347.
  6. Powell 1986, p. 358.
  7. Powell 1986, p. 383.
  8. Powell 1986, pp. 382-383.
  9. "49th Parallel (1941) - Articles - TCM.com". Turner Classic Movies. Retrieved 14 June 2020.
  10. Replaced the term Eskimo. Although used in the film, it is a racial slur and has been proscribed by the Canadian government. The proper procedure would be to correctly identify the character's ethnicity. The actor, Ley On, was born in China.
  11. "Inuit, Inuk (Linguistic recommendation from the Translation Bureau)". TERMIUM Plus. Public Works and Government Services Canada. 15 October 2010. Retrieved 4 July 2018.
  12. "Banff Indian Days affirmed stereotypes, reinforced culture". RMOToday. Retrieved 14 June 2020.
  13. Powell 1986, p. 350.
  14. Powell 1986, p. 352.
  15. Powell 1986, pp. 371-372.
  16. Davenport 2004, p. 137.
  17. Eder, Bruce. 49th Parallel (Audio commentary). The Criterion Collection. Retrieved 4 July 2018.
  18. Cassidy, Christian (14 October 2014). "October 14: Father of the CFL; West End Library; John Pritchard". This Was Manitoba. Blogspot. Retrieved 4 July 2018.
  19. Cassidy, Christian (22 July 2010). "Manitoba's Oscar winning past: 49th Parallel". West End Dumplings. Blogspot. Retrieved 11 November 2012.
  20. "Casualty Details: Falardeau, William Leslie". Commonwealth War Graves Commission. Retrieved 11 November 2012.
  21. Powell 1986, pp. 352, 377.
  22. Murphy 2003, p. 55.
  23. Crook, Steve. "49th Parallel (1941): Cuts to the first American release". The Powell & Pressburger Pages. Retrieved 4 July 2018.
  24. Crook, Steve. "What the critics said when it was released". The Powell & Pressburger Pages. Retrieved 9 July 2011.
  25. "49th Parallel (The Invaders) (1941)". Rotten Tomatoes. Fandango Media. Retrieved 3 July 2018.
  26. "49th Parallel (1941) - Overview - TCM.com". Turner Classic Movies. Retrieved 14 June 2020.
  27. Murphy 2003, p. 204.
  28. Lant, Antonia (1991). Blackout : reinventing women for wartime British cinema. Princeton University Press. p. 231.
  29. Ungar, Arthur (6 January 1943). "101 Pix Gross in Millions". Variety. Penske Business Media. p. 58. Retrieved 4 July 2018.

Bibliography
  • Aldgate, Anthony; Richards, Jeffrey (1994). Britain Can Take it: British Cinema in the Second World War (2nd ed.). Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 9780748605088.
  • Barr, Charles, ed. (1986). All Our Yesterdays: 90 Years of British Cinema. London: British Film Institute. ISBN 9780851701790.
  • Davenport, Robert (2004). The Encyclopedia of War Movies: The Authoritative Guide to Movies about Wars of the Twentieth Century. New York: Checkmark Books. ISBN 9780816044788.
  • MacNab, Geoffrey (1994). J. Arthur Rank and the British Film Industry. Cinema and Society. London: Routledge. ISBN 9780415072724.
  • Molson, K.M. (1974). Pioneering in Canadian Air Transport. Winnipeg: James Richardson & Sons. ISBN 9780919212398.
  • Murphy, Robert (2000). British Cinema and the Second World War. London: Continuum. ISBN 9780826451392.
  • Murphy, Robert (2003). Realism and Tinsel: Cinema and Society in Britain 1939-48. London: Routledge. ISBN 9780415076845.
  • Powell, Michael (1986). A Life in Movies: An Autobiography. London: Heinemann. ISBN 9780434599455.


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