Afghans in Pakistan

Afghans in Pakistan (Urdu: افغان مهاجرين‎, Afghan Muhajreen) primarily constitute refugees who have fled wars in Afghanistan, but there are small numbers of Afghan asylum seekers, migrant workers, merchants, businesspeople, exchange students and diplomats.[2] Most were born and raised in Pakistan and are under age 30, but are still considered citizens of Afghanistan.[3][4] They are under the protection of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR),[5] and have been given legal status in Pakistan until the end of 2017.[1]

This article is about Afghan immigrants in Pakistan. It is not to be confused with the Pashtuns of Pakistan.
Afghans in Pakistan
Total population
About 1.3 million, according to the UNCHR;[1] about 1.7 million, according to Pakistani officials (1% of Pakistan's population in 2016)
Languages
Pashto · Dari · Hazaragi · Urdu · English · other languages
Religion
Islam
Related ethnic groups
Afghan diaspora

The first wave of Afghan refugees to Pakistan began during the Soviet–Afghan War in the late 1970s. By the end of 2001, there were over four million.[6] Most have returned to Afghanistan since 2002. The UNHCR reported in February 2017 that about 1.3 million registered Afghan citizens still remained in Pakistan,[1] distributed as follows: Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (62 percent); Balochistan (20 percent); Punjab (10 percent); Sindh (4 percent) and Islamabad (2 percent).[7]

They are primarily Afghanistan's Pashtuns, followed by Tajiks, Hazaras, Uzbeks, Baloch and Turkmen.[8][9] In March 2012, Pakistan banned visa extensions for all foreigners.[10][11] In September 2018, Pakistani prime minister Imran Khan made a surprise announcement pledging to grant citizenship to 1.5 million Afghan refugees resident in Pakistan.[12] This promise, however, was not followed through.[13]

History and migration
Further information: Afghanistan–Pakistan relations
The border between Afghanistan and Pakistan is the Durand Line. Nearly all Afghan refugee camps are located in Pakistan's Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Balochistan and the Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) (in blue).

Afghans have migrated from Afghanistan to what is now Pakistan since at least the times of the Ghaznavids in the 10th century. Before the mid-19th century, Afghanistan was recognized as the Durrani Empire and ruled by a succession of Afghan kings with their capitals in Kandahar, Kabul, and Peshawar. In his 1857 review of John William Kaye's The Afghan War, Friedrich Engels described Afghanistan as:

... an extensive country of Asia ... between Persia and the Indies, and in the other direction between the Hindu Kush and the Indian Ocean. It formerly included the Persian provinces of Khorassan and Kohistan, together with Herat, Beluchistan, Cashmere, and Sinde, and a considerable part of the Punjab ... Its principal cities are Kabul, the capital, Ghuznee, Peshawer, and Kandahar.[14]

Interaction and migration by the region's native people were common. After the Second Anglo-Afghan War, the late-19th-century Durand Line demarcated the spheres of influence of British India's Mortimer Durand and the Afghan amir Abdur Rahman Khan. The single-page agreement in 1947 ending political interference beyond the frontier between Afghanistan and the British Indian Empire, inherited by Pakistan in 1947,[15] divided the indigenous Pashtun and Baloch tribes.

One of the most notable periods of migration began in 1979. As the Soviet–Afghan War began, many Afghan citizens began to flee the country.[16] The ensuing decade of violence at the hands of Soviet forces encouraged thousands more to follow, escaping what some considered to be "difficult, if not impossible, situations," which included the threat of mass arrests, executions, attacks on public gatherings, the destruction of Afghan infrastructure, as well as the targeting of Afghanistan’s agricultural and industrial sectors.[17] In total, nearly three million Afghan refugees escaped to Pakistan and about two million to Iran throughout the decade, though some figures estimate that by 1990, nearly 4.5 million undocumented Afghan refugees resided throughout Pakistan.[17] Aided by the UNHCR, and primarily funded by the United States government, Pakistan continued to accept and support the inclusion of these Afghan refugees throughout the decade. In late 1988, roughly 3.3 million Afghan refugees were housed in 340 refugee camps along the Afghan-Pakistan border in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP). It was reported by The New York Times in November 1988 that about 100,000 refugees lived in Peshawar and more than two million lived in KP (known as the North-West Frontier Province at the time). On the outskirts of Peshawar, the Jalozai camp was one of the largest refugee camps in the NWFP.

According to one researcher, the refugees consisted of various groups of migrants. Some were individuals "who came from politically prominent and wealthy families with personal and business assets outside Afghanistan; a small group who arrived [had] assets that they could bring with them such as trucks, cars and limited funds and who have done relatively well in Pakistan integrating into the new society and engaging successfully in commerce; those refugees who came from the ranks of the well-educated and include professionals such as doctors, engineers and teachers; refugees who escaped with household goods and herds of sheep, cattle and yaks but for the most part must be helped to maintain themselves; the fifth and the largest group, constituting about 60 per cent of the refugees, are ordinary Afghans who arrived with nothing and are largely dependent on Pakistan and international efforts for sustenance."[18]

Though through migration many Afghan refugees avoided immense violence, they were still subject to political injustice and discrimination at the hands of their host country—Pakistan. The subsequent decade saw considerable change in regard to the attitudes and feelings toward Afghan refugees throughout Pakistan. Though the nation initially welcomed these migrants, utilizing "terms from Islamic discourse to justify welcoming [these] refugees in their time of need", the nation quickly turned on their subjects, blaming them for a number of issues present throughout the country over the following 3 decades (until the eventual repatriation from 2001 to 2009), including terrorism, unemployment, disease, along with various other conflicts.[17] This, to some degree, can be attributed to a dependency on U.S. funding, which provided nearly $160 million in funds to Pakistans' government in 1984, rising to nearly $630 million in 1987.[17] These funds arguably persuaded Pakistans participation in housing Afghan refugees as opposed to humanitarian issues. As a result, Afghan refugees faced a number of inequalities, including a lack of political representation. In order to migrate to Pakistan, Afghan refugees were required to register to one of the seven Islamic parties pre-approved by the Pakistani government. In doing so, the Pakistani government hoped to prevent the emergence of a single, political entity on behalf of the Afghan refugees, and thus, prevent a "Palestinization" of Pakistan.[17] As a result, the voice of Afghan migrants was largely silenced.

By the mid-1980's, the political injustice toward Afghan refugees began to escalate to violence. In 1986, a new political party began to emerge. Known primarily as the "Muhajir Qaumi Movement" (MQM), though also referred to as the "Refugee National Movement," this party sought to gain rights for the 'muhajir' refugees on which 'Pakistan had been built.' Yet, Afghan refugees were not included in this representation, and instead were made a target by the political leaders of the MQM. Included in the MQM's 'Charter of Demands', they requested the immediate placement of Afghan refugees in camps, and the subsequent expropriation of their property, causing a number of riots by Afghan refugees to erupt throughout Pakistan. As the MQM continued to grow throughout the decade, so too did the exclusion and violence toward Afghan refugees. In addition to the violence, the MQM created a rhetoric that largely altered the perception of Afghan refugees, as they were labeled as extremist and alien to the 'secular' Islamic state that the MQM hoped to create within Pakistan.[17]

This 'extremist' rhetoric resurfaced after 9/11, and was evidence of the final shift in the attitudes held by Pakistan toward Afghan refugees. Prior to 9/11, the Pakistani government had already stopped the issuing of food rations to refugee villages, yet following the attacks on the World Trade center, and the subsequent global focus on Afghanistan, Pakistan decided to move toward the complete repatriation of Afghan refugees. Claiming that these refugees were to blame for the growing security concerns within the country, along with the subsequent branding of these individuals as terrorists, Pakistan, with support of the UNHCR, began to facilitate 'voluntary repatriation'. From March to December 2002, Pakistan 'voluntarily repatriated' nearly 1.52 million refugees, and an additional 5 million over the following six years. Yet, there is sufficient reasoning to believe that these were not as 'voluntary' as advertised, as a joint report from the UNHCR and Pakistan suggested 82% of refugees reported to 'not wish to repatriate'.[17] Regardless, millions of refugees were subsequently deported, and returned to a country in which they had little-to-no ability to earn a livelihood, which was only further complicated due to the lack of resources in comparison to the number of individuals being repatriated.[17]

UNHCR repatriation
Afghans returning to Afghanistan in 2004

As of 2016, over 4.3 million Afghans were repatriated from Pakistan through the UNHCR since March 2002.[8][2] According to Census of Afghans in Pakistan, a 2005 Pakistani Ministry of States and Frontier Regions report, the ethnic breakdown of Afghans in Pakistan was Pashtuns (81.5 percent), Tajiks (7.3 percent), Uzbeks (2.3 percent), Hazara (1.3 percent), Turkmen (2.0 percent), Balochi (1.7 percent) and others (3.9 percent).[9] The government of Pakistan receives $133 million per year ($78 per person) from the UNHCR for hosting Afghans.

In 2005 the government of Pakistan began registering Afghans, and the number of registered Afghans was reported at 2.15 million in February 2007. They received computer-generated "proof of registration" (PoR) cards with biometric features—similar to the Pakistani Computerised National Identity Card (CNIC) but with "Afghan Citizen" on its front.[19][20]

More than 357,000 Afghans were repatriated from Pakistan in 2007,[21] and Afghans were repatriated between March and October of each subsequent year. Returnees were reportedly to be given land by the Afghan government to build a home,[22] and each person received a travel package worth about $100 (which was increased to $400).[23] About 80 percent of the returnees came from Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, 11 percent from Balochistan, 3 percent from Sindh and the remaining 4 percent from rest of the country.[24]

Afghans children near Islamabad.

In June 2010 Pakistan ratified the United Nations Convention against Torture, which forbids member states from deporting, extraditing or returning people where there is reason to believe they will be tortured. The government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa has increased its efforts toward a large-scale deportation of Afghan refugees from the province.[25] The Afghan minister of refugees and repatriation announced that his ministry would establish 48 towns in Afghanistan for refugees returning from Pakistan and Iran.[26]

Between 2010 and the end of 2012, a reported 229,000 Afghan refugees returned from Pakistan.[27][28] Some Pakistani officials have estimated that 400,000 non-registered Afghans may be living in their country.[29]

A total of 380,884 Afghan refugees left Pakistan for Afghanistan in 2016.[30] Most were born and raised in Pakistan, but are still counted as citizens of Afghanistan.[4] The UNHCR reported in February 2017 that about 1.3 million registered Afghans still remained in Pakistan. They are allowed to work, rent housing, travel and attend schools in the country until the end of 2017.[1] A small number of refugees are asylum seekers who are waiting to be resettled in North America, Australia and the European Union.[31]

New border-crossing rules

A number of Afghan passport holders travel to Pakistan with a visa for a variety of reasons, including family visits, business, medical purposes, sport competitions, education, tourism, or to visit foreign embassies. The visa, free of charge, is usually valid for three months.

Since the 1980s, Afghans and Pakistanis were accustomed to crossing the border between their countries without passports or visas.[32] In March 2012, Pakistan ended its visa-extension program.[10] As of January 2017 Pakistan and Afghanistan forbade entrance to their countries without a valid passport and visa, and Pakistan has introduced a "visa regime for different categories of Afghan nationals."[1]

Demographics
See also: Tajiks in Pakistan, Turkmen in Pakistan, and Uzbeks in Pakistan
Karim Sadiq of the Afghanistan national cricket team lived in Pakistan.
Hasti Gul, another member of the Afghanistan national cricket team, lived in Peshawar.

Most Afghans are found in Pashtun-dominated areas of Pakistan, which includes Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, the Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) and the city of Quetta in northern Balochistan. Smaller communities exist in Karachi, Rawalpindi, Islamabad and Lahore.

Eighty-five percent of Afghan refugees in Pakistan are Pashtuns, and the remaining 15 percent are Uzbeks, Tajiks and members of other ethnic groups. Khyber Pakhtunkhwa hosts the largest Afghan refugee population (62.1 percent), followed by Balochistan (20.3 percent), Punjab (11 percent), Sindh (4.2 percent), Islamabad (two percent) and Azad Kashmir (0.4 percent).[33]

Khyber Pakhtunkhwa

During the 1980s Soviet–Afghan War, Peshawar was a center for Afghan refugees. The Jalozai refugee camp alone hosted an Afghan population of 100,000 during the 1988 election when Benazir Bhutto campaigned for Prime Minister of Pakistan. Peshawar assimilated many Pashtun Afghans with relative ease,[34] since the city shares historic and cultural ties with Afghanistan, and the city became home to many Afghan musicians and artists.

Balochistan

After Peshawar, Quetta has the second-highest percentage of Afghan refugees (20 percent). Most Afghans in Quetta are engaged in business and work in the city.[35] Balochistan shares demographics with Afghanistan, and many refugees have migrated to the province for ethnic links. A 2005 census of Afghans in Balochistan indicated that the overwhelming majority were Pashtun, followed by Uzbeks, Tajiks, Baluchis, Hazaras and Turkmen.[35] Quetta has the largest concentration of Hazara people outside Afghanistan, based in areas such as Hazara Town. Due to social unrest and Hazara persecution, the Afghan refugees are trying to resettle in other countries such as Australia.[36]

The first wave of Afghan Hazaras arrived during the 1980s Soviet war, and more arrived fleeing persecution by the Taliban regime in the 1990s. They forged closer links with their Pakistani Hazara patrons, whose ancestors had arrived during Amir Abdur Rahman Khan's reign in the late 1800s (when Quetta was part of Afghanistan); these Pakistani Hazaras have some influence in the Balochistan government. Instead of living in settlement camps, many Hazaras have settled in cities.[35]

Sindh

According to the UNHCR and local law enforcement, about 50,000 Afghan refugees lived in Sindh in 2009.[37] A UNHCR spokesman said, "Sindh is home to some 50,000 Afghan refugees and most of them are staying in Karachi".[37] "The police can move only against unregistered Afghans, whose number is very small in Karachi", said a senior Karachi police official.[37] In Karachi, Afghans are found primarily in Pashtun-dominated suburbs such as Sohrab Goth.

Islamabad Capital Territory

Before 2006 about 25,000 Afghans lived in a refugee camp in the Islamabad Capital Territory. The camp was closed, its refugees relocated and 7,335 Afghans were reportedly living in Rawalpindi.[38] In 2009, it was reported that the UNHCR helped about 3,000 refugees move from the slums of Islamabad to an undeveloped plot of land in a green belt on the edge of the city.[39]

Punjab

An estimated 150,000 Afghans live in Pakistan's Punjab province.[40] In June 2007, the National Database and Registration Authority (NADRA) registered 16,439 Afghans in the eastern Pakistani city of Lahore;[41] their number was reported at about 7,000 in October 2004.[42] Some poor Afghans reportedly began leaving for Afghanistan in October 2001 to fight the United States invasion of Afghanistan, and other Afghans arrived in Lahore to escape the US-led bombing of Afghanistan.[43]

Kashmir and Gilgit-Baltistan

During the 1980s, about 13,000 Afghans migrated to cities in Azad Kashmir.[44] According to a 2011 article in The News International, Afghans and other foreigners in Azad Kashmir were perceived as a security risk.[45] In 2015, there were 11,000 unregistered Afghan refugees in Azad Kashmir who faced possible expulsion or deportation.[46] Afghan ethnic groups from the Wakhan Corridor have historically migrated to the Gilgit–Baltistan region of northern Pakistan.[47]

Society
Aryan Khan, a TV personality in Afghanistan, lived in Pakistan.

Although most Afghans live in refugee camps near the Pakistan-Afghan border and have little contact with Pakistani society and culture, some travel to nearby cities for work or other purposes. The population of Pakistan was about 180 million in 2012, making it the world's sixth-most-populous country. Due to political unrest in Pakistan, energy crises, unemployment and strained relations between Pakistan and Afghanistan, Afghan immigrants are viewed as an additional economic and social burden on Pakistan. According to former Pakistani minister Abdul Qadir Baloch in 2013, Pakistan had spent over $200 billion on Afghan refugees in the last 30-year period, and could not afford the economic burden.[48] With the Pakistani population, Afghan refugees were affected by the 2005 earthquake and 2010 floods.[49]

Afghans who migrated to Pakistan in the aftermath of the Soviet invasion are settled in the country and would face socioeconomic problems in moving back to Afghanistan, including difficulty finding shelter and jobs. Second- and third-generation refugees, born and raised in Pakistan, would be unable to easily assimilate in Afghanistan.[50]

Culture and relations with Pakistani society

Due to historical, ethnic and linguistic connections, Afghan immigrants in Pakistan find it relatively easy to adapt to local customs and culture and there are few obstacles to transition and assimilation into mainstream society; culture shock for Afghan Pashtuns is relatively small in parts of northwestern province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and northern parts of Balochistan, a southwestern Pakistani province that borders Iran and Afghanistan, similarly Hazaras from Afghanistan can easily assimilate due to presence of Hazaras in Balochistan. However, this is not the case for Tajiks and other farsiwans from Afghanistan. An increasing number of Afghan immigrants have learned Urdu, Pakistan's national language, as their second or third language and speak it fluently.[4]

Many Afghans born and raised in Pakistan identify as Pakistani, and refer to Pakistan as their home.[4] They participate in national festivities and other occasions, including Independence Day celebrations.[51]

Afghan communities retain and preserve their cultural values, traditions and customs, despite years of fighting and difficult socioeconomic conditions in Afghanistan.[52]

Education and economics

At least 71 percent of registered Afghans had no formal education, and only 20 percent were in the labour market. Despite economic hardships and challenges in Pakistan, many Afghans are unwilling to return in the near future and cite security concerns and the lack of housing and jobs in Afghanistan.[53] About 6,500 Afghans studied at Pakistani universities in 2011, with 729 exchange students receiving scholarships from the government of Pakistan.[54] A number of Afghan schools throughout Pakistan educate thousands of Afghan refugee children.[55][56] Wealthier Afghans live in cities, renting houses, driving cars and working in offices or running their own businesses; their children are enrolled in better schools and universities. Many receive remittances from family or friends living abroad; thousands of Kennedy Fried Chicken owners and workers in the eastern US transfer money every month to their extended families in Pakistan. Self-employed Afghans in Pakistan are usually involved in the Afghan rug business,[57] Afghan restaurants and bakeries (making and selling Afghan bread), international trade, auto sales or small shops. A number of Afghans are involved in Pakistani media and entertainment as television hosts, actors and news anchors. Najiba Faiz, originally from Kunduz, is popular on AVT Khyber and other stations.[58] Some Afghans drive taxicabs or sell fruit and other products, and others work in five-star hotels such as the Serena and the Marriott. Many work in factories or as employees of Pakistani shop owners.[59] According to a 2007 report, Afghans were willing to work for lower wages than the average Pakistani. Afghan labour is common in transport and construction.[9]

Most Afghans did not pay taxes while living in Pakistan, an economic concern; in Peshawar, 12,000 Afghan nationals were in business without paying taxes.[60] To address these concerns, the Federal Board of Revenue implemented measures to tax Afghan traders.[61]

Cricket

Cricket in Afghanistan has been promoted by repatriated Afghans, who were influenced by the game while they lived in Pakistan;[62] most players on the Afghanistan national cricket team are former refugees. Afghan cricket teams such as the Afghan Cheetahs frequently participate in domestic Pakistani tournaments.

Persecution and discrimination

Afghans living in Pakistan are vulnerable to persecution,[63] and are often targeted by Pakistani authorities.[64] After the 2014 Peshawar school massacre by members of Pakistan's Tehrik-i-Taliban, the government of Pakistan decided to deport tens of thousands of Afghan refugees.[63][65] The strain on relations between Pakistan and Afghanistan and Afghanistan's relations with India have also contributed to anti-Afghan sentiment.[66]

Health

Afghan refugees in Pakistan are helped by the UNHCR, UNICEF, the World Health Organization (WHO), USAID and other aid agencies.[67] Most refugees live in the rural and the outskirts of the urban areas in Pakistan due to cheaper costs of living. They also have limited access to the health care facilities, making them more at risk of various infections and diseases. Also, movement of people from one place to the other serves as a source of dispersal of infections to new areas.[68]

Communicable and Noncommunicable Diseases

When refugees transit from non-endemic region to an endemic region, they are more susceptible to local diseases as compared to indigenous population, as they are not immune to native strains. The communicable and non-communicable disease burden is double on Pakistan as it is presently passing through an epidemiological transition.[69] According to the Commissionerate Afghan Refugees (CAR), Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK), most of the deaths amongst the Afghan refugees occur due to cardiovascular problems.Risk of various health conditions, like cardiovascular diseases and diabetes, is expected to be more among refugees due to starvation.[70] The total rate of cardiac patients is 6.67/1000. Stress is an important risk factor as migration involves the breaking of relation with family, friends, culture and social interactions.[68] Most prevalent infections in the refugee population in Pakistan are the respiratory tract infections (48.05%). Whereas, skin diseases and diarrhea collectively affect 21.08% of the Afghan refugees.[68]

CAUSES OF MORTALITY 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Respiratory Diseases 219 215 265 228 219
Watery Diarrhoea 15 16 44 49 6
Dysentery 73 2 13 8 9
Measles 1 1 7 3 2
Cardiovascular Diseases 380 386 403 391 336
TB 4 2 1 3 0
Hepatitis 36 45 56 47 38
Typhoid 12 15 14 14 5
Others 831 1027 963 851 801

The table below shows the number of deaths per year due to the disease burden from the year 2012 to 2016.[71]

Maternal Health

Maternal deaths account for a substantial burden of mortality among Afghan refugee women. Due to pregnancy or childbirth related complications, deaths of more than half million women occur every year. [72] According to the deaths recorded in the census, between Jan 20, 1999, and Aug 31, 2000, most of the women of reproductive age die due to maternal causes.[73]

Indicator Afghan refugees, (rate [95% CI])
Maternal mortality ratio (per 100000 livebirths) 291 (181–400)
Lifetime risk of maternal death 1 in 50 (36–81)
Neonatal mortality rate (per 1000 livebirths) 25 (22–28)
Infant mortality rate (per 1000 livebirths) 42 (38–46)
Total stillbirth rate (per 100 live and stillbirths) 1·6 (1·4–1·9)
Crude birth rate (per 1000 population) 43 (42–44)
General fertility rate (per 1000 women age 15–49 years) 195 (191–199)

1/([maternal deaths/women aged 15–49])[73]

Tuberculosis

Pakistan is amongst the top five countries having high rate of TB. [74] In 2011, the National Tuberculosis Control Programme (NTP) achieved 64% detection rate for tuberculosis cases in Pakistan.[75] In Afghan refugees a total of 541 new TB cases are reported during years 2012–2015, however, no case has been reported between 2016 and 2018.[68]

Malaria

Various parts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa are malarial endemic regions.[76] Malarial control remains challenging as it develops resistance against insecticides and antimalarials in use. Migration of 3 million afghan refugees to Pakistan was vulnerable because they settled in malaria endemic regions.[76] A total of 10710 malarial cases were reported from the year 2012 to 2018, with a total of 3 deaths from malaria. P. Vivax was most prevalent in the reported cases. Surprisingly, only three malaria-related deaths were reported in the 7 years span, although number of positive cases was quite high. This may be because of underreporting of deaths caused by malaria and the actual number could be high.[76]

Polio Burden

The global drive to eliminate polio, which has gone on for 31 years and consumed over $16 billion, has been set back again by the new reported cases in Pakistan and Afghanistan. In 2019 there were a total of 42 polio paralysis cases in the two countries.[77] Pakistan and Afghanistan form a single epidemiological block with a regular cross-border movement, which maintains the flow of the poliovirus in both directions of the border. The movement of people crossing the border has largely been unchecked or uncontrolled. In 2015, most reported cases of polio in Afghanistan were from Nangarhar province, which borders Pakistan, and were genetically linked to cases in Pakistan. All cases of polio in these border areas are reported in the mobile population, especially the returning displaced population.[78] Among afghan refugees in Pakistan, only one case of Polio was reported in June 2016 in 2-year-old refusal child refugee who returned from Afghanistan.. The percentage coverage of immunization in children among Afghan refugees was 100% from 2012 to 2018. It was only possible due to the efforts of Pakistan Government immunization program. [79]

A tribute to frontline workers

Frontline workers are the Polio programme staff and partners. They knowingly put themselves at risk of violence, intimidation, harassment and even death. Despite low levels of remuneration, they continue to display outstanding levels of courage, commitment and determination. They take pride in their work and strive to ensure the quality and maximum possible reach of the programme. [80]

Mental Health

About 2 million Afghans are suffering from mental illness. The commonest among these are: depression, anxiety, adjustment disorder, psychosomatic disorder and PTSD. Prevalence of mental issues among refugee children has also been reported. Most common presentations in the local clinic are medically unexplained aches and pains.[81] Observed rate of psychological disturbances in afghan refugees is equivalent to 0.22 per 1,000 persons.[68]

Crime
Further information: Crime in Pakistan

The influx of Afghan refugees into Pakistan since the 1980s has contributed to increased sectarian violence, drug trafficking, terrorism and organised crime.[82][83][84] According to the Pakistan Citizenship Act 1951, people who migrated to Pakistan before 18 April 1951 (and their descendants) are Pakistani citizens. Although the act was directed at Muhajir settlers who arrived in Pakistan following the partition of India in 1947, it generally included all migrant groups (including Afghans).[85] Those who immigrated after this date are required to apply for Pakistani citizenship and identity documents. It is estimated that over 200,000 Afghans who arrived after 1951 have obtained Pakistani citizenship and identity documents, such as Computerized National Identity Cards (CNICs), without formal applications.[86] In 2015, Pakistani authorities pledged to invalidate the documents, making older Afghans illegal immigrants.[86] National Database and Registration Authority and passport officials, union councils and political activists were found to have created fake identities and sell Pakistani national identity cards to Afghan migrants.[87]

Thousands of Afghans were reportedly in Pakistani jails in May 2011, most of whom were arrested for offenses ranging from petty crimes to not having a proof of registration (PoR) card, Pakistani visa or Afghan passport.[32][88] In 2007, 337 Afghan nationals "were arrested for illegally travelling to Saudi Arabia to perform Hajj on fake Pakistani passports. After serving prison sentences and paying fines, they were released on "the condition they will not enter Pakistan illegally again."[89] In 2012, 278 Afghan nationals were arrested by intelligence agencies for possessing fake Pakistani CNICs. According to the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Home and Tribal Affairs Department, "A number of Afghan refugees (have) managed to obtain fake CNICs from different National Database and Registration Authority (NADRA) offices, especially from Zhob, Loralai, Bhakkar, Muzafargarh, Thatta and Dera Ismail Khan".[90] Khyber Pakhtunkhwa officials said that action would be taken against the Afghans and the Pakistanis who were involved in the fraud. "We have issued instructions to NADRA to start screening all the CNICs issued, which would help identify fake CNICs", a department official said.[90]

Several Afghans were arrested by the Federal Investigation Agency at a passport office in Lahore involved in issuing fraudulent Pakistani CNICs and passports. According to sources, Afghan immigrants could pay as much as Rs150,000 to Rs200,000 to obtain Pakistani nationality documents.[91]

Issuing CNICs to the remaining registered Afghan nationals residing in Pakistan, many of which were born inside Pakistan, has been debated. Several Pakistani politicians objected to the idea; one said, "They have overstayed their welcome, scattered across our cities and taken up our jobs".[92] The Pakistan Falah Party led a July 2016 protest against Afghan nationals in Haripur.[93]

Smuggling
US Army soldiers intercept illegal lumber smuggled through Kunar Province in Afghanistan into neighboring Pakistan.

Smuggling became a major business after the establishment of the Durand Line in 1893, which is now controlled by a large organized-crime network on both sides of the border. Major items smuggled from Afghanistan into Pakistan are opium, hashish, heroin, lumber,[94] precious stones, copper, automobiles and electronics.

The drugs trade and opium production in Afghanistan have taken a toll on Pakistan.[95] According to a 2001 report, the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan (the Taliban government) have been unable to stop the refining and export of heroin stockpiles through its borders. The immediate result has been the extensive smuggling of drugs into Pakistan.[96] However, recent reports indicate that 90 percent of heroin from Afghanistan is smuggled into Central Asia.

Another form of smuggling is human trafficking. According to one report, asylum-seeking Afghans, Iranians and others wanting to reach Malaysia pay up to $10,000 to Pakistani human smugglers in Karachi.[97]

Terrorism
See also: Terrorism in Pakistan

According to a Pakistani government assessment, more than 90 percent of terrorist attacks in Pakistan are traced to Afghan refugee camps and several Afghan nationals have been arrested for involvement in the attacks.[98][99] Afghan militants sometimes enter Pakistan's border regions for shelter. Due to Pakistan's porous border with Afghanistan, it is difficult for local authorities and security agencies to track the movement of Afghan militants into the country. In 2003, 246 Taliban were arrested in a Quetta hospital after they were wounded in Afghanistan: "Forty-seven of the arrested Afghani elements have been handed over to the Afghan government, while the remaining detainees are being investigated by the security apparatus".[100] After the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in the late 1970s, Pakistan's government under Zia-ul-Haq (in conjunction with the United States and Saudi Arabia) supported Afghan mujahideen forces with weapons to fight the Soviet-backed Afghan government. Operation Cyclone is regarded as contributing to the start of militant activities in Pakistan's tribal areas.[101]

American drone attacks in Pakistan often target members of militant groups (the Haqqani network, Hezb-e-Islami, the Taliban, al-Qaida, Chechens and the Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan) hiding in Pakistan's bordering tribal areas, near Afghan refugee camps. Several Afghan refugees have been charged by Pakistani authorities with terrorism-related activities in Pakistan. The 2009 Lahore police academy attacks, blamed on the Pakistani militant groups (Fedayeen al-Islam and Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan), involved one Afghan who received a 10-year sentence.[102] In the 2011 Dera Ghazi Khan bombings, a teenaged Afghan boy (Fida Hussain) from the tribal areas was arrested as a suspect.[103] A group of militants was involved in the 2015 Camp Badaber attack.[104] Some Afghans have been captured while attempting to recruit and smuggle people for militancy in Afghanistan.[105]

About Taliban activity in Pakistan, Interior Minister Rehman Malik, said that Pakistan stopped issuing visit visas to some Afghan nationals and increased monitoring of illegal refugee movement to curb illegal immigration and maintain law and order:[106]

Pakistan has long sheltered Afghan refugees [but they are now acting] against Pakistan. (Afghan) nationals will not be allowed to carry out criminal activities (here). There will be complete restriction on the movement of Afghan refugees in Balochistan and KP. We have given a one-month deadline to illegal immigrants to get their refugee cards. Otherwise, they will be arrested. Pakistan has also stopped issuing visit visas to Afghan nationals[106]

— Rehman Malik, September 2011

After the December 2014 Peshawar school massacre, the deadliest terrorist incident in Pakistan's history (in which two Afghan militants were involved), Pakistani authorities cracked down on Afghan refugee settlements to apprehend illegal immigrants. At least 30,000 Afghans left for Afghanistan, of whom nearly 2,000 were deported due to a lack of legal documentation.[107] In February 2015. over 1,000 Afghans per day were reportedly returning to Afghanistan at Torkham Crossing.[65] By September 2015, over 137,000 Afghans had returned to Afghanistan.[108]

Notable residents

See also

References
  1. UNHCR welcomes new government policy for Afghans in Pakistan (UNHCR Feb. 7, 2017)
  2. "UNHCR PAKISTAN – THE UN REFUGEE AGENCY". UNHCR PAKISTAN.
  3. Sohail Khattak, ed. (August 15, 2011). "Independence Day: We are Pakistanis now, say Afghans". The Express Tribune. Retrieved March 23, 2012.
  4. "PAKISTAN: Tolerance wanes as perceptions of Afghan refugees change". IRIN. February 27, 2012. Retrieved February 28, 2012.
  5. "Summary of Legal Assistance and Aid Programme". UNHCR. 2016. Retrieved 19 February 2017.
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