List of indigenous peoples

This is a partial list of the world's indigenous / aboriginal / native people. Indigenous people are "those ethnic groups that were indigenous to a territory prior to being incorporated into a national state, and who are politically and culturally separate from the majority ethnic identity of the state that they are a part of".[1] There are internationally recognized definitions of indigenous peoples, such as those of the United Nations, the International Labour Organization and the World Bank.

Main article: Indigenous peoples

This list is grouped by region, and sub-region. Note that a particular group may warrant listing under more than one region, either because the group is distributed in more than one region (example: Inuit in North America and eastern Russia), or there may be some overlap of the regions themselves (that is, the boundaries of each region are not always clear, and some locations may commonly be associated with more than one region).

Definition
Main article: Indigenous peoples § Definitions

Indigenous communities, peoples and nations are those which, having a historical continuity with pre-invasion and pre-colonial societies that developed on their territories, and may consider themselves distinct from other sectors of the societies now prevailing on those territories, or parts of them. They form at present non-dominant sectors of society and are determined to preserve, develop and transmit to future generations their ancestral territories, and their ethnic identity, as the basis of their continued existence as coples, in accordance with their own cultural patterns, social institutions and legal system.[2]

This historical continuity may consist of the continuation, for an extended period reaching into the present of one or more of the following factors:

  • Occupation of ancestral lands, or at least of part of them
  • Common ancestry with the original occupants of these lands
  • Culture in general, or in specific manifestations (such as religion, living under a tribal system, membership of an indigenous community, dress, means of livelihood, lifestyle, etc.)
  • Language (whether used as the only language, as mother-tongue, as the habitual means of communication at home or in the family, or as the main, preferred, habitual, general or normal language)
  • Residence in certain parts of the country, or in certain regions of the world
  • Other relevant factors.
  • On an individual basis, an indigenous person is one who belongs to these indigenous populations through self-identification as indigenous (group consciousness) and is recognized and accepted by these populations as one of its members (acceptance by the group). This preserves for these communities the sovereign right and power to decide who belongs to them, without external interference.[3]

Africa
Main article: Indigenous peoples of Africa

African Great Lakes
Hadza people, who are indigenous to the African Great Lakes
A Maasai traditional dance.

Central Africa
Baka pygmy dancers in the East Province of Cameroon.
Batwa Pygmy with traditional bow and arrow

Horn of Africa
Somali women in traditional headresses
Tigrayan women in traditional attire
Wolayta chief
Berta people playing trumpets during a wedding ceremony

North Africa
Shilha Berbers in Morocco
Sanhaja Berber traditional dancers

Nile Valley
Egyptian women in traditional dress
Nilotic men in Kapoeta, South Sudan.

Southern Africa
19th century Zulu man wearing a warrior's garb
Sotho women wearing the traditional Seana Marena blanket.
Makua mother and child

West Africa

Eurasia

Middle East/West Asia
Marsh Arabs/Ma'dan poling a mashoof in the Mesopotamian Marshes
An Assyrian woman wearing traditional clothing, Zakho.
Druze residents of Mount Carmel
Jewish man praying during Tisha B'Av at the Western Wall
Samaritans on Mount Gerizim
Soqotri men
Armenian women in Diyarbakır
Kurds wearing traditional clothing
Yazidi festival at Lalish
Baloch of Nimruz Province, Afghanistan

Caucasus
Traditional Adyghe clothing.
Main article: Peoples of the Caucasus
Siberia
Representation of a Chukchi family by Louis Choris (1816)
Buryat shaman of Olkhon, Lake Baikal in eastern Siberia.
Nenets child

Eurasian Steppe
Pamiri people of Tajikistan

South Asia
Kalash in traditional dress
Kodava men in traditional attire, India
An Indigenous Assamese woman of Assam
Veddha chief Uruwarige Wannila Aththo, leader of the indigenous people Sri Lanka
Mainland Southeast Asia (Indochinese Peninsula)
A Wa woman carrying her child
S'gaw Karen girls of Khun Yuam District, Mae Hong Son Province, Thailand
Akha girl in Laos
Yi/Nuosu women
A Tai Dam lady
Maritime Southeast Asia (Malay Archipelago)
A Murut man (a member of one of the Dayak ethnicities) in Monsopiad Cultural Village, Kg. Kuai Kandazon, Penampang, Sabah, Borneo Island
Ati woman, the Philippines, 2007[17] The Negritos were the earliest inhabitants of Southeast Asia.[18]
See also: Indigenous peoples of the Philippines
Western China
  • Tibetan peoples
  • Uyghur peoples
North China
South China
Miao (Hmong) girls in China
Bunun dancer
Taiwan
Main articles: Taiwanese indigenous peoples and List of indigenous peoples of Taiwan
Japan

Eastern Europe
Gagauz old and young people.
Mordvin women of Penza Oblast dressed in traditional costumes.

Northern and western Europe

Southern Europe

Americas

Americas is the supercontinent comprising North and South America, and associated islands.

Main article: Classification of indigenous peoples of the Americas

List of peoples by geographical and ethnolinguistic grouping:

North America

North America includes all of the continent and islands east of the Bering Strait and north of the Isthmus of Panama; it includes Greenland, Canada, United States, Mexico, Central American and Caribbean countries. However a distinction can be made between a broader North America and a narrower Northern America and Middle America due to ethnic and cultural characteristics.

Main articles: List of First Nations peoples, Federally recognized tribes, and Indigenous peoples of Mexico

Arctic
Two Inuit women in traditional amauti (packing parkas)

Subarctic
Main article: Indigenous peoples of the Subarctic

Pacific Northwest Coast
Main article: Indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast
Northwest Plateau
Main article: Indigenous peoples of the Northwest Plateau
Great Basin
Main article: Indigenous peoples of the Great Basin
California
Main article: Indigenous peoples of California

Great Plains
Main article: Plains Indians

Eastern Woodlands
Main article: Indigenous peoples of the Eastern Woodlands
Northeastern Woodlands
Main article: Indigenous peoples of the Northeastern Woodlands
Southeastern Woodlands
Main article: Indigenous peoples of the Southeastern Woodlands

Southwest

Mesoamerica
Tzeltal dancers waiting to perform, San Cristobal.
Mam people.
Mayan family from Yucatán
Amuzgos in traditional dress.
Mazatec girls performing a dance in Huautla de Jimenez.
Huichol woman and child.

Circum-Caribbean
A Kuna woman in traditional dress.
Umalali featuring the Garifuna Collective on the Peace Corps World Stage at Smithsonian Folklife Festival 2011

West Indies
Portrait of the Kali'na exhibited at the Jardin d'Acclimatation in Paris in 1892

The West Indies, or the Caribbean, generally includes the island chains of the Caribbean Sea.

South America
Emberá women
Urarina shaman, 1988
Bororo-Boe man from Mato Grosso at Brazil's Indigenous Games, 2007
Pai Tavytera people in Amambay Department, Paraguay, 2012
Quechua woman and child in the Sacred Valley, Peru

South America generally includes all of the continent and islands south of the Isthmus of Panama.

Main articles: Indigenous peoples in South America and List of Indigenous peoples of South America

Circum-Caribbean (Chibcha)

Amazon
Guianas

Eastern Highlands (Brazilian Highlands)

Chaco

Central Andes
Araucania
Patagonia
Tierra del Fuego

Oceania

Oceania includes most islands of the Pacific Ocean, New Guinea, New Zealand and the continent of Australia.

List of peoples by geographical and ethnolinguistic grouping:

Australia
Aboriginal farmers in Victoria, Australia, 1858

Indigenous Australians include Aboriginal Australians on the mainland and Tiwi Islands as well as Torres Strait Islander peoples from the Torres Strait Islands.

Melanesia
Fijians.

Melanesia generally includes New Guinea and other (far-)western Pacific islands from the Arafura Sea out to Fiji. The region is mostly inhabited by the Melanesian peoples.

Micronesia

Micronesia generally includes the various small island chains of the western and central Pacific. The region is mostly inhabited by the Micronesian peoples.

Polynesia
Samoan family

Polynesia includes New Zealand and the islands of the central and southern Pacific Ocean. The region is mostly inhabited by the Polynesian peoples.

Polynesian outliers

Circumpolar

Circumpolar peoples is an umbrella term for the various indigenous peoples of the Arctic. List of peoples by ethnolinguistic grouping:

See also

Notes
  1. Sanders, Douglas (1999). "Indigenous peoples: Issues of definition". International Journal of Cultural Property. 8 (1): 4–13. doi:10.1017/S0940739199770591.
  2. Jose R. Martinez Cobo
  3. Definition of indigenous peoples
  4. Unrepresented Nations and People Organization | UNPO, Assyrians the Indigenous People of Iraq
  5. Sawahla & Dloomy (2007, pp. 425–433)
  6. Tubb, 1998. pg 13–14.
  7. Mark Smith, in The Early History of God: Yahweh and Other Deities of Ancient Israel, states "Despite the long regnant model that the Canaanites and Israelites were people of fundamentally different culture, archaeological data now casts doubt on this view. The material culture of the region exhibits numerous common points between Israelites and Canaanites in the Iron I period (c. 1200–1000 BC). The record would suggest that the Israelite culture largely overlapped with and derived from Canaanite culture. ... In short, Israelite culture was largely Canaanite in nature. Given the information available, one cannot maintain a radical cultural separation between Canaanites and Israelites for the Iron I period." (pp. 6–7). Smith, Mark (2002) The Early History of God: Yahweh and Other Deities of Ancient Israel (Eerdman's)
  8. Rendsberg, Gary (2008). "Israel without the Bible". In Frederick E. Greenspahn. The Hebrew Bible: New Insights and Scholarship. NYU Press, pp. 3–5
  9. Josephus. War of the Jews 9:2.
  10. "Jewish Genetics - DNA, genes, Jews, Ashkenazi".
  11. Haber, Marc; Gauguier, Dominique; Youhanna, Sonia; Patterson, Nick; Moorjani, Priya; Botigué, Laura R; Platt, Daniel E; Matisoo-Smith, Elizabeth; Soria-Hernanz, David F; Wells, R. Spencer; Bertranpetit, Jaume; Tyler-Smith, Chris; Comas, David; Zalloua, Pierre A (2013). "Genome-Wide Diversity in the Levant Reveals Recent Structuring by Culture". PLOS Genetics. 9 (2): e1003316. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1003316. PMC 3585000. PMID 23468648.
  12. Behar, Doron M.; Yunusbayev, Bayazit; Metspalu, Mait; Metspalu, Ene; Rosset, Saharon; Parik, Jüri; Rootsi, Siiri; Chaubey, Gyaneshwer; Kutuev, Ildus; Yudkovsky, Guennady; Khusnutdinova, Elza K.; Balanovsky, Oleg; Semino, Ornella; Pereira, Luisa; Comas, David; Gurwitz, David; Bonne-Tamir, Batsheva; Parfitt, Tudor; Hammer, Michael F.; Skorecki, Karl; Villems, Richard (2010). "The genome-wide structure of the Jewish people". Nature. 466 (7303): 238–242. Bibcode:2010Natur.466..238B. doi:10.1038/nature09103. PMID 20531471. S2CID 4307824.
  13. "Tracing the Roots of Jewishness". 2010-06-03.
  14. The UN Refugee Agency | UNHCR, World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples
  15. Department of Evolutionary Biology at University of Tartu Estonian Biocentre | Reconstruction of Patrilineages and Matrilineages of Samaritans and Other Israeli Populations From Y-Chromosome and Mitochondrial DNA Sequence Variation, Molecular Anthropology Group
  16. "Orang Asli in Peninsular Malaysia : Population, Spatial Distribution and Socio-Economic Condition" (PDF).
  17. "World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples – Philippines: Overview, 2007", UNHCR | Refworld.
  18. Hanihara, T (1992). "Negritos, Australian Aborigines, and the proto-sundadont dental pattern: The basic populations in East Asia". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 88 (2): 183–96. doi:10.1002/ajpa.1330880206. PMID 1605316.
  19. Agpaoa, Joshua C. (2013). Design Motifs of the Northern Philippine Textiles.
  20. Johansson, Peter (2016-02-05). "Indigenous self-determination in the Nordic countries: the Sami, and the Inuit of Greenland". In Short, Damien; Lennox, Corinne (eds.). Handbook of Indigenous Peoples' Rights. London: Routledge. pp. 424–442. ISBN 9781136313868.
  21. Osherenko, Gail (April 1, 2001). "Indigenous rights in Russia: Is title to land essential for cultural survival?". Georgetown International Environmental Law Review. Archived from the original on May 11, 2011.
  22. "Crofters fight for rights of indigenous people". 2008-04-19.
  23. Rouse (1992)

References
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