Algerian popular resistance against French invasion

When the Algerian capital fell to the French army on 7 June 1830, a new phase of modern Algerian history began, the period of French colonialism.[5]

This is because the fall of the Ottoman rule led to a political vacuum, as a result of which political and military leaders appeared in the countryside of the Mitidja region, who took upon themselves the task of confronting the French occupation.[6]

The Mitidja resistance is the first armed popular resistance of Algerians against the French presence, which will be generalized throughout the country and will continue until the beginning of the 20th century.[7]

When Emir Abdelkader pledged allegiance to resisting the French occupation, the Algerians rushed to him from all sides with the aim of uniting the people and fighting the French occupiers.

And for that, he played the role of the military leader, so he resisted the French by the so-called Emir Abdelkader resistance, played the role of judge, resolving disputes between tribes, and playing the role of politician, so he joined the scattered ranks.[8]

As soon as Emir Abdelkader resistance ended in defeat in 1847, Kabylia continued the Kabylia resistance until 1857 when Larbaâ Nath Irathen fell under French control.[9]

The Mokrani Revolt which broke out on 16 March 1871, was the most important local uprising against French colonial power in Algeria since the conquest in 1830 : more than 250 tribes rose up, around a third of the population of the country. It was led by the Kabyles of the Biban mountains commanded by Cheikh Mokrani and his brother Boumezrag Mokrani, as well as Cheikh El Haddad, head of the Rahmaniyya religious fraternity.

Algerian nationalism has been shaped by Algerian-French dichotomies; tensions between the French and Algerian language and culture. It was inspired by people such as Ben Badis and Djamila Bouhired, who were two of the many opposing French colonial rule in Algeria.[11]

The Movement for the Triumph of Democratic Liberties was created in October 1946 to replace the outlawed Parti du Peuple Algerien while Messali Hadj remained as its president.

The Special Organisation was a secret paramilitary organisation in colonial Algeria, founded by Mohamed Belouizdad of the Movement for the Triumph of Democratic Liberties in 1947 to prepare for armed struggle against France, which ruled Algeria as a colony since 1830.

The Algerian War was fought between France and the Algerian National Liberation Front from 1954 to 1962, which led to Algeria winning its independence from France. An important decolonization war, it was a complex conflict characterized by guerrilla warfare and the use of torture.[12]