Alstom Citadis

The Alstom Citadis is a family of low-floor trams (streetcars) and light rail vehicles built by Alstom. As of 2017, over 2,300 Citadis trams have been sold and 1,800 tramways are in revenue service throughout the world, with operations in all six inhabited continents.[1] An evolution of Alstom's earlier TFS vehicle, most Citadis vehicles are made in Alstom's factories in La Rochelle, Reichshoffen and Valenciennes, France, and in Barcelona, Spain, and Annaba, Algeria.[2]

A Citadis 302 in Mulhouse
A Citadis 401 in Dublin
A Citadis 305 in Sydney
Citadis Spirit, the model designed for Canadian operators, seen on Ottawa's Confederation Line

Citadis types

The Citadis family includes both partial and fully low-floor trams and LRVs, in versions with three (20x), five (30x), seven (40x), and nine (50x) sections. It comprises the following standard variants:

Urban vehicles

Citadis X00:

Citadis X01 (First generation):

  • Citadis 301 – three section, 70% low floor (Orléans)
    • Citadis 301 CIS – 100% low floor version with IPOMOS bogies on 1,524 mm (5 ft) gauge (Moscow, Saint-Petersburg[3]). Also designated 71-801 according to the Russian unified system of rolling stock classification (71=trams, 8=manufacturer code (Alstom), 01=model code).
  • Citadis 401 – five sections, 70% low floor (Montpellier and Dublin, some converted from 301s)

Citadis X02 (Second generation):

Citadis X03 (Third generation):

  • Citadis 403 – seven sections, 100% low floor (Strasbourg)

Citadis X04 (Fourth generation):

  • Citadis 304 – 100% low floor, next generation design for Central and Eastern Europe (Istanbul)

Citadis X05 (Fifth generation):

Light-rail vehicles
  • Regio-Citadis – three sections, 70% low floor LRV (Kassel, The Hague, Salzgitter)
  • Citadis Dualis – four or five sections, 100% low-floor LRV (operated by the SNCF,[5] see below)
  • Citadis Spirit – three or four sections, 100% low floor LRV designed for the North American market (Ottawa, Toronto)[6][7][8]

Power supply

Like most trams, Citadis vehicles are usually powered by overhead electric wires collected by a pantograph, but the trams in several places do not use pantograph current collection entirely. Other places, such as Toronto, use a trolley pole.

The most popular solution is Alstom's proprietary ground-level power supply (APS, first used in Bordeaux and subsequently in Angers, Reims, Orleans, Tours, Dubai, Rio, and Sydney), consisting of a type of third rail which is only powered while it is completely covered by a tram so that there is no risk of a person or animal coming into contact with a live rail. On the networks in France and in Sydney, the trams switch to conventional overhead wires in outer areas,[9] but the Dubai vehicles are the first to employ APS for its entire passenger length (although they are still equipped with pantographs for use in the maintenance depot).

Another option is to use on-board batteries to store electrical power, allowing brief periods of catenary-free operation without the need to install special infrastructure. The Citadis trams in Nice operate off a set of nickel metallic hydride batteries in two large open spaces where overhead wires would be an eyesore.[10] This has since been superseded by a supercapacitor-based energy storage system (SRS)[11] which is in use in Rio de Janeiro (alongside APS) and along a new line in Nice. The Regio-Citadis can also be built as a dual-voltage or electro-diesel vehicle with various configurations.

Ordered Citadis trams

Africa
Country City Image Type Fleet numbers Quantity Year Length Width Comments
Algeria Algiers
(Algiers tramway)		 402 101–141 41 2010 2.65 m
(8 ft 8 3⁄8 in)
Algeria Constantine
(Constantine tramway)		 402 101–127 47 2010 43.9 m
(144 ft 3⁄8 in)		 2.65 m
(8 ft 8 3⁄8 in)		 of which 27 were manufactured in Barcelona and 20 were assembled in Annaba, Algeria.[2]
Algeria Oran
(Oran Tramway)		 302 101–130 30 2010 43.9 m
(144 ft 3⁄8 in)		 2.65 m
(8 ft 8 3⁄8 in)
Algeria Ouargla
(Ouargla tramway)		 402 101–123 23 2017 43.9 m
(144 ft 3⁄8 in)		 2.65 m
(8 ft 8 3⁄8 in)
Algeria Mostaganem 402 101–130 30 2017 43.9 m
(144 ft 3⁄8 in)		 2.65 m
(8 ft 8 3⁄8 in)
Algeria Sidi Bel Abbes 402 101–130 30 2016 43.9 m
(144 ft 3⁄8 in)		 2.65 m
(8 ft 8 3⁄8 in)
Algeria Setif 402 101–130 47 2016 43.9 m
(144 ft 3⁄8 in)		 2.65 m
(8 ft 8 3⁄8 in)
Algeria Batna 402 101–130 30 2016 43.9 m
(144 ft 3⁄8 in)		 2.65 m
(8 ft 8 3⁄8 in)
Algeria Annaba 402 101–130 30 2017 43.9 m
(144 ft 3⁄8 in)		 2.65 m
(8 ft 8 3⁄8 in)
Algeria Skikda 402 101–130 20 2018 43.9 m
(144 ft 3⁄8 in)		 2.65 m
(8 ft 8 3⁄8 in)
Algeria Tébessa 402 101–130 20 2018 43.9 m
(144 ft 3⁄8 in)		 2.65 m
(8 ft 8 3⁄8 in)
Morocco Casablanca
(Casablanca Tramway)		 302 74 2012 2.65 m
(8 ft 8 3⁄8 in)		 Single ended – operate in service as back-to-back pairs. Semi-permanently coupled.
Morocco Rabat-Salé
(Rabat-Salé tramway)		 302 32 44 2010 2.65 m
(8 ft 8 3⁄8 in)		 19 double trams (back to back single ended pairs, semi-permanently coupled); 6 single bidirectional trams.
Spain Tenerife
302 20 2007 32.2 m
(105 ft 7 3⁄4 in)		 2.4 m
(7 ft 10 1⁄2 in)		 On important dates, such as Carnivals or Christmas, trams operate as doubles.
Tunisia Tunis 302 401–430 30 2007 32–64 m
(104 ft 11 7⁄8 in–209 ft 11 5⁄8 in) in MU		 2.4 m
(7 ft 10 1⁄2 in)		 Single ended – operate in service as back-to-back pairs.

Asia
Country City Image Type Fleet numbers Quantity Year Length Width Comments
China Chengdu (Chengdu tram) 302 40 2018 32.6 m (106 ft 11 1⁄2 in) 2.65 m (8 ft 8 3⁄8 in) Five-module vehicles
Taiwan Kaohsiung (Circular light rail) 305 15 2019 33.4 m (109 ft 7 in) 2.65 m (8 ft 8 3⁄8 in) [12]
China Shanghai Songjiang (Songjiang Tram) 302 30 2018 33 m (108 ft 3 1⁄4 in) 2.65 m (8 ft 8 3⁄8 in) five-module vehicles

North America
Main article: Citadis Spirit

The main article provides vehicle and order descriptions.

Country City Image Type Fleet numbers Quantity Year Length Width Comments
Canada Ottawa
(Confederation Line)		 Citadis Spirit 1101–1134 34 (+38 planned) 2018 48 m (157 ft 5 3⁄4 in) 2.65 m (8 ft 8 3⁄8 in) Four-module vehicles
Canada Toronto
(Line 6 Finch West)		 Citadis Spirit 0 (61 planned) 2021 48 m (157 ft 5 3⁄4 in) 2.65 m (8 ft 8 3⁄8 in) Four-module vehicles

South America
Country City Image Type Fleet numbers Quantity Year Length Width Comments
Brazil Rio de Janeiro
(VLT Carioca)		 402 101–132 32[13] 2016 44 m
(144 ft 4 1⁄4 in)[14]		 2.65 m
(8 ft 8 3⁄8 in)[14]		 Seven-module vehicles. With APS system
Ecuador Cuenca
Cuenca tram[15]		 302 14 2020 32.4 m
(106 ft 3 5⁄8 in)		 2.40 m
(7 ft 10 1⁄2 in)		 Five-module vehicles. With APS and Overhead line

Middle East
Country City Image Type Fleet numbers Quantity Year Length Width Comments
Israel Jerusalem
(Jerusalem Light Rail)		 302 46 2009 2.65 m
(8 ft 8 3⁄8 in)
United Arab Emirates Dubai
(Dubai Tram)		 402 001-025 25 2013–2014 2.65 m
(8 ft 8 3⁄8 in)		 APS[16]
Qatar Lusail
(Lusail LRT)		 305 2019 2.65 m
(8 ft 8 3⁄8 in)		 APS[17]

Europe
Country City Image Type Fleet numbers No. Year Length Width Comments
France Angers
(Angers tramway)		 302 1001–1017 17 2009 32.4 m
(106 ft 3 5⁄8 in)		 2.40 m
(7 ft 10 1⁄2 in)
France Aubagne 205 8[4] 2014 22 m
(72 ft 2 1⁄8 in)		 2.40 m
(7 ft 10 1⁄2 in)		 First Citadis Compact ordered. Options for 10[4]
France Bordeaux 402 2201–2232
2301–2306
2501–2520
2801–2804		 62 2002
2003
2005
2008
2011		 43.9 m
(144 ft 3⁄8 in)		 2.40 m
(7 ft 10 1⁄2 in)
France Bordeaux 302 2241–2246
2541–2546		 12[18][19] 2002
2005		 32.8 m
(107 ft 7 3⁄8 in)		 2.40 m
(7 ft 10 1⁄2 in)
France Caen 305 26 2018–2019 33 m
(108 ft 3 1⁄4 in)		 2.40 m
(7 ft 10 1⁄2 in)
France Grenoble 402[20] 6001–6035
6036–6050		 49 2005, 2009 43 m
(141 ft 7⁄8 in)		 2.40 m
(7 ft 10 1⁄2 in)
France Le Havre 302 22 2011–2012 2.40 m
(7 ft 10 1⁄2 in)
France Le Mans 302 1001–1034 34 2007, 2011, 2014 32.0 m
(104 ft 11 7⁄8 in)		 2.40 m
(7 ft 10 1⁄2 in)
France Lyon 302 0858–0870,
0871–0873		 70 2000, 2006, 2009, 2010 32.4 m
(106 ft 3 5⁄8 in)		 2.40 m
(7 ft 10 1⁄2 in)
France Lyon 402 0874–0885,
0886–0892		 19[21] 2012–2013, 2016 43.8 m
(143 ft 8 3⁄8 in)		 2.40 m
(7 ft 10 1⁄2 in)		 Replaces the Citadis 302 on the line 3 while the 302 are transferred to the other lines.
France Lyon 402 0893–0907 15 2019–2020 44 m
(144 ft 4 1⁄4 in)		 2.40 m
(7 ft 10 1⁄2 in)		 New front due to new safety standards. Replaces the Citadis 302 on the line 4; 302s were transferred to the other lines.
France Montpellier 301 2001–2028 30[22] 1999–2000 40.9 m
(134 ft 2 1⁄4 in)		 2.65 m
(8 ft 8 3⁄8 in)		 Extended to Citadis 401
France Montpellier 302 2031–2033, 2041–2064 27 2006–2007 32.5 m
(106 ft 7 1⁄2 in)		 2.65 m
(8 ft 8 3⁄8 in)
France Montpellier 402 2070–2089,
2098–2099		 23 2011 – 2012,
2014		 43 m
(141 ft 7⁄8 in)		 2.65 m
(8 ft 8 3⁄8 in)
France Mulhouse 302 01–27 27 2005–2006 32.5 m
(106 ft 7 1⁄2 in)		 2.40 m
(7 ft 10 1⁄2 in)		 Two of these (04 and 05) were used in Argentina on the Tranvía del Este.
France Nice tramway 302 01 – 20, 21 – 28 28 2006–2007,
2010		 33 m
(108 ft 3 1⁄4 in)		 2.65 m
(8 ft 8 3⁄8 in)		 Trams from 14 to 28 are extended to 402
France Nice tramway 405 19 2017–2018 45 m
(147 ft 7 5⁄8 in)		 2.65 m
(8 ft 8 3⁄8 in)		 First ever Citadis trams from the fifth generation delivered in mainland Europe.
France Orléans tramway 301 39–60 22[23] 2000 29.9 m
(98 ft 1 1⁄8 in)		 2.32 m
(7 ft 7 3⁄8 in)
France Orléans tramway 302 61–81 21[24] 2010–2011 32.3 m
(105 ft 11 5⁄8 in)		 2.40 m
(7 ft 10 1⁄2 in)
France Paris 302 0401–0413,
0414–0426,
0427–0442,
0442–0460,
0461–0466		 66 2002, 2003, 2008, 2010, 2015 32.2 m
(105 ft 7 3⁄4 in)		 2.40 m
(7 ft 10 1⁄2 in)		 T2
France Paris 402 0301–0321
0322–0346,
0347–0360		 60 2006, 2012, 2017 43.7 m
(143 ft 4 1⁄2 in)		 2.65 m
(8 ft 8 3⁄8 in)		 T3
France Paris 302 701–719 19[25] 2013 32 m
(104 ft 11 7⁄8 in)		 2.40 m
(7 ft 10 1⁄2 in)		 T7
France Paris 302 801–820 20[25] 2014 32 2.40 m
(7 ft 10 1⁄2 in)		 T8
France Paris 405[26] 901–922 22[27] 2019–2020 44 m
(144 ft 4 1⁄4 in)		 2.65 m
(8 ft 8 3⁄8 in)		 T9
France Reims 302 101–118 18[28][29] 2010 32.4 m
(106 ft 3 5⁄8 in)		 2.40 m
(7 ft 10 1⁄2 in)
France Rouen 402 27 2011–2012 40–45 m
(131 ft 2 3⁄4 in–147 ft 7 5⁄8 in)		 2.40 m
(7 ft 10 1⁄2 in)		 To replace the TFS[30]

Used as a light rail.

France Strasbourg 403 2001–2041, 3001-? 41[31] 2005–2006, 2016–? 45.1 m
(147 ft 11 5⁄8 in)		 2.40 m
(7 ft 10 1⁄2 in)
France Toulouse 302 5001–5025 24 2009–2010 32.4 m
(106 ft 3 5⁄8 in)		 2.40 m
(7 ft 10 1⁄2 in)		 Designed by Airbus
France Tours 402 21[32] 2012–2013 43 m
(141 ft 7⁄8 in)		 2.40 m
(7 ft 10 1⁄2 in)		 APS
France Valenciennes 302 33 2006 33 m
(108 ft 3 1⁄4 in)		 2.40 m
(7 ft 10 1⁄2 in)
Germany Kassel RegioTram RegioCitadis 701–718 18 2004–2005 36.8 m
(120 ft 8 7⁄8 in)		 2.65 m
(8 ft 8 3⁄8 in)
Germany Kassel RegioCitadis 751–760 9 2004–2005 36.8 m
(120 ft 8 7⁄8 in)		 2.65 m
(8 ft 8 3⁄8 in)		 Hybrid with diesel engine
Greece Athens 305 25 2020 - 2021
Ireland Dublin 301 3001–3026 26 2003–2004 40 m
(131 ft 2 3⁄4 in)		 2.40 m
(7 ft 10 1⁄2 in)		 Red line, in 2007 extended from 30 to 40 m
(98 ft 5 1⁄8 in to 131 ft 2 3⁄4 in)
Ireland Dublin 401 4001–4014 14 2003–2004 40 m
(131 ft 2 3⁄4 in)		 2.40 m
(7 ft 10 1⁄2 in)		 Red line (transferred from green line in 2010)
Ireland Dublin 402 5001–5026 26 2009 55 m
(180 ft 5 3⁄8 in)		 2.40 m
(7 ft 10 1⁄2 in)		 Green line, in 2019 extended from 43 to 55 m (141 ft 7⁄8 in to 180 ft 5 3⁄8 in)
Ireland Dublin Image 502 5027–5036 10 2017 55 m
(180 ft 5 3⁄8 in)		 2.40 m
(7 ft 10 1⁄2 in)		 Green line
Netherlands The Hague RegioCitadis 4001–4054
4055–4072		 72 2006, 2011 36.8 m
(120 ft 8 7⁄8 in)		 2.65 m
(8 ft 8 3⁄8 in)
Netherlands Rotterdam 302 2001–2060 60 2003 31.6 m
(103 ft 8 1⁄8 in)		 2.40 m
(7 ft 10 1⁄2 in)		 Unidirectional[33]
Netherlands Rotterdam 302 2101–2153 53 2011 30 m
(98 ft 5 1⁄8 in)		 2.40 m
(7 ft 10 1⁄2 in)		 Unidirectional[33]
Poland Gdańsk NGd99 1001–1004 4 1999 26.6 m
(87 ft 3 1⁄4 in)		 2.35 m
(7 ft 8 1⁄2 in)		 Marketed as the Konstal NGd99, based on 100 series
Poland Katowice 116Nd 800–816 17 2000 24 m
(78 ft 8 7⁄8 in)		 2.35 m
(7 ft 8 1⁄2 in)
Russia Saint Petersburg 301 CIS (71-801 according to system of rolling stock classification) 8900–8902,
8907		 4 2014 25.5 m
(83 ft 7 7⁄8 in)		 2.50 m
(8 ft 2 3⁄8 in)		 Single ended
Spain Barcelona 302 23 2004 32 m
(104 ft 11 7⁄8 in)		 2.65 m
(8 ft 8 3⁄8 in)		 Trambaix network
Spain Barcelona 302 18 2007 32 m
(104 ft 11 7⁄8 in)		 2.65 m
(8 ft 8 3⁄8 in)		 Trambesòs network
Spain Jaén 302 5 2010 32 m
(104 ft 11 7⁄8 in)		 2.40 m
(7 ft 10 1⁄2 in)
Spain Madrid 302 70 2007 32 m
(104 ft 11 7⁄8 in)		 2.40 m
(7 ft 10 1⁄2 in)		 One of those types are in use on the Lidingöbanan in Stockholm for testing, and another was used in Buenos Aires on the Tranvía del Este.
Spain Murcia 302 11 2011 32 m
(104 ft 11 7⁄8 in)		 2.40 m
(7 ft 10 1⁄2 in)
Turkey Istanbul X04 801–837 37 2009 28 m
(91 ft 10 3⁄8 in)		 2.65 m
(8 ft 8 3⁄8 in)		 Able to MU
UK Nottingham 302[34] 216–237 22[35] 2014 2.40 m
(7 ft 10 1⁄2 in)		 NET Citadis poster

Oceania
Country City Image Type Fleet numbers Quantity Year Length (m) Width (m) Comments
Australia Adelaide 302[36] 201–209 9 2010, 2018 32 2.40 Surplus units purchased from Metro Ligero, Madrid in 2009 (6) and 2017 (3)[36][37][38]
Australia Melbourne 202[39] 3001–3036[40] 36[40] 2001–2002[40] 23.0[40] 2.65[40] Locally designated C-class.[40]
Australia Melbourne 302[41] 5103, 5106, 5111, 5113, 5123[42] 5[42] 2008–2009[42] 32.5[42] 2.65[42] Locally designated C2-class.[42]
Leased from Mulhouse, France in 2008, and later purchased by the Victorian government.[43]
Australia Sydney 305[44] 001-060 60[44] 2019 33[45] 2.65 For CBD and South East Light Rail.[44] Capable of both APS and pantograph power.[46] Found in two set formation, permanently coupled.[46]

See also

References
  1. Alstom (2017). "Citadis tramways". Alstom, Citadis web presentation.
  2. "CITAL inaugurates its assembly and maintenance site for Alstom Citadis trams in Annaba". Alstom.com. 12 May 2015. Retrieved 12 May 2015.
  3. http://transphoto.ru/list.php?serv=0&cid=2&mid=4350 Saint-Petersburg, 71-801 (Alstom Citadis 301 CIS) vehicle list
  4. "Aubagne orders Citadis Compact". Railway Gazette International. 7 October 2011. Archived from the original on 10 November 2011.
  5. "CITADIS Dualis Information Sheet" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 March 2009. Retrieved 4 May 2008.
  6. "Alstom launches North American light rail vehicle with Ottawa contract". Railway Gazette. 14 February 2013. Archived from the original on 6 September 2014. Retrieved 25 July 2015.
  7. "Alstom receives order for 61 Citadis Spirit light rail vehicles for Greater Toronto and Hamilton area". Alstom. 12 May 2017. Retrieved 12 May 2017. Alstom has been awarded a firm order for the supply of 61 Citadis Spirit light rail vehicles for the Greater Toronto and Hamilton area (GTHA) by Metrolinx, an agency of the Government of Ontario. The value of the contract is over €355 million (CA$529 million). The vehicle supply contract includes an option for additional vehicles.
  8. Ben Spurr (11 May 2017). "Metrolinx to buy vehicles from Bombardier competitor". Toronto Star. Retrieved 12 May 2017. According to sources familiar with the deal, Metrolinx has agreed to purchase 61 cars from French manufacturer Alstom as a backup plan if Bombardier doesn’t come through.
  9. Wansbeek, C.J. (December 2002). "Bordeaux: Fronting the French tramway revolution". Tramways & Urban Transit. Light Rail Transit Association. Archived from the original on 18 July 2011. Retrieved 28 March 2011.
  10. "Nice Tramway, France". Railway-Technology.com. Retrieved 30 May 2014.
  11. Kuester, Florian (7 February 2017). "Ground-based electric charging – The Alstom SRS". Combined Transport Magazine. Retrieved 26 April 2017.
  12. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 24 June 2018. Retrieved 24 January 2017.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  13. "Planejamento de Fabricação do Material Rodante" (PDF) (in Portuguese). 19 December 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 September 2014. Retrieved 31 August 2014.
  14. "Memorial Descritivo Geral do Veículo VLT" (PDF) (in Portuguese). 26 May 2014. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 September 2014. Retrieved 31 August 2014.
  15. CUENCA LIGHT RAIL
  16. "Al Safouh tram project consortium selected". Railway Gazette International. 29 April 2008. Archived from the original on 7 November 2009. Retrieved 2 May 2008.
  17. "Alstom and Qatar Rail unveil the design of Lusail Citadis tram". 19 April 2016. Archived from the original on 22 April 2016. Retrieved 21 April 2016.
  18. "Fiche technique 302". Archived from the original on 13 June 2013. Retrieved 11 July 2013.
  19. Fiche technique 402 (in French)
  20. "Fiche technique Grenoble 2" (in French). Retrieved 11 July 2013.
  21. "World rolling stock market November 2012". Railway Gazette International. 26 November 2012.
  22. Fiche technique 401 (in French)
  23. Fiche technique Orléans (in French)
  24. "Urban rail news in brief – November 2008". Railway Gazette International. 19 November 2008. Retrieved 28 March 2011.
  25. "Citadis remains popular in Paris". Railway Gazette International. 28 January 2011. Archived from the original on 13 February 2012.
  26. "Alstom will deliver 22 Citadis to the STIF for the line T9 in Ile-de-France" (in French). 10 November 2016.
  27. "World rolling stock market December 2016". Railway Gazette International. 30 December 2016.
  28. "Reims tramway sparkles with colour". Alstom. 29 January 2007. Archived from the original on 21 February 2007. Retrieved 9 September 2007.
  29. "Reims, sa cathédrale, son tram..." (in French). Admirable Design. 14 May 2007. Archived from the original on 26 August 2007. Retrieved 9 September 2007.
  30. "Rouen orders trams to increase capacity". Railway Gazette International. 5 January 2010. Retrieved 28 March 2011.
  31. Fiche technique Strasbourg (in French)
  32. "Tours selects Citadis and APS". Railway Gazette International. 14 September 2010. Retrieved 28 March 2011.
  33. "Airco voor vrijwel alle Rotterdamse trams in 2016" [Air conditioning for almost all trams in Rotterdam 2016] (in Dutch). Treinreiziger. 23 July 2015. Archived from the original on 24 December 2015. Aan het einde van 2016 hebben naar verwachting alle 113 Citadis-trams airco. Dagelijks wordt de Rotterdamse tram door zo'n 130.000 mensen gebruikt.
  34. (PDF). 13 July 2015 https://web.archive.org/web/20150713211758/http://www.thetram.net/images/Citadis%20Trams%20poster%20-Final.pdf. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 July 2015. Retrieved 25 July 2017. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  35. "Nottingham tram Phase Two contract signed". Railway Gazette International. 15 December 2011.
  36. Fenton, Andrew (7 June 2009). "Six new trams for Adelaide – ex-Madrid". The Adelaide Advertiser. Retrieved 27 October 2013.
  37. Castello, Renato (24 May 2009). "European trams to bolster our City-Glenelg fleet". The Adelaide Advertiser. Retrieved 27 October 2013.
  38. "Here & There" Trolley Wire issue 352 February 2018 page 19
  39. "Low floor trams have arrived!". Yarra Trams. 17 August 2001. Archived from the original on 29 October 2013. Retrieved 27 October 2013.
  40. "C-Class". Yarra Trams. Archived from the original on 19 October 2013. Retrieved 27 October 2013.
  41. "Mulhouse Light Rail and Tram Train, France". railway-technology.com. Retrieved 27 October 2013.
  42. "C2-Class". Yarra Trams. Archived from the original on 19 October 2013. Retrieved 27 October 2013.
  43. "Tram Procurement Program". Public Transport Victoria. Archived from the original on 13 May 2013. Retrieved 21 October 2013.
  44. Alstom to deliver to Sydney Citadis X05, the latest evolution of its tram range Alstom February 2015
  45. Alstom completes first Citadis X05 LRVs for Sydney International Railway Journal 24 May 2017
  46. "Alstom delivers worlds first Citadis X05 Light Rail Vehicle to Sydney, Australia". Alstom. Retrieved 11 July 2020.
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