Annan (Tang protectorate)

Annam (Chinese: 安南; pinyin: Ānnán; Vietnamese: An Nam) was the southernmost province of Tang China from 679 to 866. Annam is the Vietnamese form of the Chinese name Annan, which means "the Pacified South" or "to pacify the South", a clipped form of the full name, the "Protectorate General to Pacify the South" Chinese: 安南都護府; pinyin: Ānnán Dūhùfǔ; Vietnamese: An Nam đô hộ phủ. In 679, the Annan Protectorate replaced the Jiaozhou Protectorate (Chinese: 交州; pinyin: Jiāozhōu) (Chinese: 交趾; pinyin: Jiāozhǐ; Vietnamese: Giao Chỉ), also known as Jiaozhi, with its seat situated in Songping County (宋平縣) (modern Hanoi). Annan was renamed to Zhennan for a brief period from 757-760 before reverting to Annan. After coming under attack by Nanzhao in 864, the Annan Protectorate was renamed Jinghai Military Command upon its reconquest by Gao Pian in 866. Today the same area is sometimes known as Tonkin (Chinese: 東京; pinyin: Dōngjīng; Vietnamese: Đông Kinh), the "eastern capital" of Đại Việt. Locally, the area is known as Bắc Kỳ (北圻), the "northern area".

For the French protectorate, see Annam (French protectorate). For other uses, see Annam (disambiguation).
Protectorate General to Pacify the South

安南都護府 (Ānnán Dūhùfǔ)
679–866
Map of the six major protectorates during the Tang dynasty. The Protectorate General to Pacify the South is marked as Annan (安南都护府).
StatusProvince of the Tang dynasty
CapitalSongping[1]
Common languages
Religion
Mahayana Buddhism, Taoism, Animism, Vietnamese folk religion
GovernmentMonarchy
Emperor of the Tang dynasty 
• 649–683
Emperor Gaozong of Tang
• 859–873
Emperor Yizong of Tang (Last)
Jiedushi 
• 684–687
Liu Yanyou
• 862–863 (last)
Cai Xi
Historical eraEarly Middle Ages
• Established
679
• Lý Tự Tiên's rebellion
687
• Mai Thúc Loan's rebellion
722
• Nanzhao invasions
846–866
866
Preceded by		Succeeded by
Jiaozhou
Tĩnh Hải quân
Annan
Chinese name
Traditional Chinese安南都護府
Simplified Chinese安南都护府
Vietnamese name
VietnameseAn Nam đô hộ phủ
Hán-Nôm安南都護府
History of Vietnam
(Names
of Vietnam)
2879–2524 BC Xích Quỷ
2524–258 BC Văn Lang
257–179 BC Âu Lạc
204–111 BC Nam Việt
111 BC – 40 AD Giao Chỉ
40–43 Lĩnh Nam
43–299 Giao Chỉ
299–544 Giao Châu
544–602 Vạn Xuân
602–679 Giao Châu
679–757 An Nam
757–766 Trấn Nam
766–866 An Nam
866–967 Tĩnh Hải quân
968–1054 Đại Cồ Việt
1054–1400 Đại Việt
1400–1407 Đại Ngu
1407–1427 Giao Chỉ
1428–1804 Đại Việt
1804–1839 Việt Nam
1839–1945 Đại Nam
1887–1954 Đông Pháp (Bắc Kỳ,
Trung Kỳ, Nam Kỳ)
from 1945 Việt Nam
Main template
History of Vietnam

History

Predecessors
Main: Jiaozhi, Jiaozhou, First Chinese domination of Vietnam

The territory was conquered for the Qin dynasty by Zhao Tuo after the death of Qin Shi Huang. In the chaos surrounding the Chu–Han Contention, he declared its independence as Nanyue and ruled from Panyu (modern Guangzhou). Jiaozhou was the Han dynasty country subdivision formed from the annexation of this tributary kingdom in 111 BCE and it initially comprised the areas of modern Guangdong, Guangxi, and northern Vietnam.

During the Three Kingdoms era, Eastern Wu split from Liangguang as Guangzhou in 222 CE. Tang rule in northern Vietnam began in 622 after Qiu He, the Chinese warlord recognized Tang authority.[2]

Tang Protectorate
Main article: Third Chinese domination of Vietnam

In 624 the Tang dynasty created the Jiaozhou Protectorate. In 627 the Jiaozhou Protectorate was put under the administration of Lingnan Circuit. In 679, the Annan Protectorate replaced the Jiaozhou Protectorate and was seated in Songping County (宋平縣) in present day Hanoi. The Annan Protectorate was renamed Zhennan Protectorate in 757. It was changed back to Annan Protectorate in 760. The Annan Protectorate came under attack from Nanzhao in 846 and the conflict lasted until 866, after which the Jinghai Army Jiedushi was created.

List of notable events
Thanh Mai bell casted in 13th year of Zhēngyuán 貞元 (798), shows names of 243 Vietnamese men and women on its inscription.[3]

In 676, jiedushi and governors of Guangxi, Guangdong and Jiaozhou established a method of selecting local men for administrative positions. Every four years, the "southern selection" would choose aboriginal chiefs to be appointed to fill positions of the fifth degree and above.[4] Taxation was more moderate than within the empire proper; the harvest tax was one-half the standard rate, an acknowledgement of the political problems inherent in ruling a non-Chinese population.[4]

In 687, the new governor of Annan, Liu Yanyou doubled the taxes. The Viet peasants under chief Lý Tự Tiên resisted. Liu Yanyou killed Lý. Đinh Kiến, one of Lý's compatriots, led the people against Yanyou and besieged him in Songping. In the summer, the rebels took Songping and put Yanyou to death. A governor general, Feng Yuanchang, had earlier been called in to help Liu, but Feng hoped to gain influence at Liu's expense and did nothing to help him. Instead Feng established a fortified camp and sent envoys to the rebels telling them to kill their leader and join him. After Liu was killed, Feng abandoned Annan. Another general, Cao Xuanjing, marched into Annan, put down the rebellion, and executed Đinh Kiến.[5]

In 694, Lao tribesmen in Guangxi rebelled. The rebellion was quickly putdown.[6]

In 722, Mai Thúc Loan rebelled in what is now Hà Tĩnh Province and proclaimed himself the "Swarthy Emperor" or "Black Emperor" (Hắc Đẽ).[7][8] His rebellion rallied people from 23 counties with "400,000 followers". Many were peasants who roamed the countryside, plundering food and other items.[9] He also allied with Champa and Chenla, an unknown kingdom named Jinlin (“Gold Neighbor”) and other unnamed kingdoms.[10][11] A Chinese army of 100,000 from Guangdong under general Yang Zixu, including a "multitude" of mountain tribesmen who had remained loyal to the Tang,[10] marched directly along the coast, following the old road built by Ma Yuan. Yang Zixu attacked Mai Thúc Loan by surprise and suppressed the rebellion in 723.[12] The corpses of the Swarthy Emperor and his followers were piled up to form a huge mound and were left on public display to check further revolts.[13][9]

In 761, a Japanese named Abe-no Nakamaro was given charge of the protectorate; his Chinese name was Zhao Heng. He had come to China from Japan in 717 at the age of nineteen to study and subsequently spent his life as an official of the empire. In 753 he had attempted to return to Japan, but his ship was struck by a storm and blown far to the south, where it eventually landed in Hoan. He immediately returned to the Tang capital, but gave up hope of returning to his homeland. A few years later he was sent back south as protector general.[14]

— Keith Weller Taylor

In 767, Srivijaya fleets invaded Annan and were defeated.[12]

In 785, chieftains of the Annamese, Đỗ Anh Hàn, Phùng Hưng and Phùng An rebelled, due to Chinese governor Gao Zhengping's doubling of taxes. Tang forces retook Annan in 791.[15][16]

In 803,Champa seized southern Annan.[17] Troops working on garrison fortifications also revolted.[7] From 803 to 863, local rebels killed or expelled no fewer than six protector-generals of Annan.[7] In 820, Dương Thanh (Yang Qing) seized Đại La and killed the protectorate general. Dương Thanh was unpopular due to his cruelty and put to death by the locals soon after,[18] however the region continued to experience disorders for the next 16 years.[17]

From 823 to 826, the Nung people (Huang people), aided by raiders from Champa, attacked Yongzhou and seized 18 counties. These raiders, known as the barbarians of the "Nung Grottoes" (Yellow Grotto Barbarians), sought aid from Nanzhao after the Tang retaliated from 827-835.[19][20]

In 845 Wu Hun tried to get his troops to rebuild the city walls but they rebelled and forced him to flee. The rebellion was put down.[19]

In 846 barbarians raided Annan. Pei Yuanyu counterattacked with soldiers from neighboring provinces.[21]

Rebellion, invasion, and renaming
Main article: Tang-Nanzhao conflicts in Annan (Tang protectorate)

In 854, the new jiedushi of Annan, Li Zhuo, provoked conflict with the mountain tribes by reducing the salt trade and killing powerful chieftains, resulting in the defection of prominent local leaders to Nanzhao.[22][23][24] The general Lý Do Độc, as well as others, submitted to Nanzhao. In 858, Nanzhao invaded Annan[25] while new jiedushi, Li Hu, killed the son of a chieftain who was implicated in a mutiny, further alienating powerful clans in Annan and causing them to defect to Nanzhao. While Nanzhao invaded in earnest, the Đỗ clan rebelled with 30,000 men.[26] There was general chaos as Nanzhao ravaged Annan, alienating the locals, and the balance of power see-sawed between Tang and Nanzhao forces.[27][28] In 864, the experienced Tang general, Gao Pian, led a counterattack that saw the defeat of Nanzhao forces in 866. He recaptured Songping, the capital of Annan, and named the rebuilt capital Đại La.[29] He also renamed the region of Annan to Jinghai Jun (lit. Peaceful Sea Army).[30][27][31][32]

Aftermath

A campaign against local aboriginals in Annan was conducted from 874-879.[33] In 877, troops deployed from Annan in Guangxi mutined.[33] In 880, the army in Annan mutinied, took the city of Đại La, and forced the military commissioner Zeng Gun to flee, ending de facto Chinese control in Vietnam.[33]

List of governors

Protectorate generals
  • Liu Yanyou 681-687
  • Guo Chuke
  • Qu Lan (705)
  • Du Mingzhu (77
  • Abe no Nakamaro 761-767 (Duhu of Zhennan)
  • Wu Chongfu 777-782
  • Li Mengqiu 782
  • Zhang Ying 788
  • Pang Fu 789
  • Gao Zhengping 790-791
  • Zhao Chang 791-802
  • Pei 802-803
  • Zhao Chang 804-806
  • Ma Zong 806-810
  • Zhang Mian 813
  • Pei Xingli 813-817
  • Li Xianggu 817-819 - killed by Yang Qing
  • Yang Qing 819-820 - rebelled and killed by Gui Zhongwu
  • Gui Zhongwu 819-820
  • Pei Xingli 820
  • Gui Zhongwu 820-822
  • Wang Chengbian 822
  • Li Yuanxi 822-826
  • Han Yue 827-828
  • Zheng Chuo 831
  • Liu Min 833
  • Han Wei 834
  • Tian Zao 835
  • Ma Zhi 836-840
  • Wu Hun 843
  • Pei Yuanyu 846-847
  • Tian Zaiyou 849-850
  • Cui Geng 852
  • Li Zhuo 853-855
  • Song Ya 857
  • Li Hongfu 857-858
  • Wang Shi 858-860 (military Jinglueshi)
  • Li Hu 860-861
  • Wang Kuan 861-862
  • Cai Xi 862-863 (military Jinglueshi)
  • Song Rong 863 (de jure Jinglueshi, Annam invaded by Nanzhao)
  • Zhang Yin 864 (de jure Jinglueshi, Annam invaded by Nanzhao)

Culture and religion
Gold-gilded box contains sacred Śarīra, made in 2nd year of Zhenguan-貞觀 (628), from Nhạn Tháp pagoda, Nghệ An.

During the era of the Annan Protectorate, the people now known as the Vietnamese had no particular name. They were referred to in Chinese writing as the Wild Man (Wild Barbarians), the Li or the Annamese.[34][35] Since antiquity they had been noted for their tattooing and cropped hair, wearing line ponchos (yếm), wielded wooden spears, and shot boneheaded arrows. They also sacrified men to their agricultural gods.[34] In the north, around Yongzhou (Nanning), near modern-day Guangxi, mountains were the territories of the Huang (Ghwang) people or the "Grotto Barbarians", the Nùng people and the Ning clans.[36][37]

Revival of direct Tang control over Annan for two centuries resulted in a hybrid Tang-Vietnamese culture, political and legal structures.[38] Local sinicized elites used Chinese script, and ordinary people and tribesmen adopted personal names and name styles that corresponding to Vietnamese personal names until now.[39] A large number of Chinese officers and soldiers were sent to Annan, some of whom married Vietnamese women and settled down.[38] Buddhism thrived in Annan throughout the Tang era. Some of Chinese monks came and taught Chinese Buddhism in Annan. Wu Yantong (d. 820), a prominent Chinese monk in Annan, brought a new sect of Chan Buddhism that survived for about five centuries.[38] Vietnamese women had large roles and status in religious life and society.[40] Buddhist texts were written in Chinese, and recited with Vietnamese pronunciation.[38] Vietnamese temples and monasteries differed with Chinese and other East Asian countries in their role as the đình, the village spiritual center, where village elders met.[38] The famous Tang Chinese monk Yijing mentioned six Vietnamese monks who went on pilgrimage to India and Ceylon in search of the Dharma.[41] Although Daoism became the dynasty’s official religion, four prominent Tang poets praised Buddhist masters who hailed from Annan.[42] Indigenous Confucianist scholarly elites remained very relatively small.[43] In 845, a Tang official reported to the throne that "Annan has produced no more than eight imperial officials; senior graduates have not exceeded ten." Liêu Hữu Phương was the only recorded Vietnamese student to have passed the classical exams in 816 in the Tang capital of Chang'an. He succeeded on his second attempt and became a librarian at the imperial court.[43]

Formerly the Buddha was born in Tianzhu [India],
Now he manifests himself here to convert the people of Rinan.
Free from all defilements,
He built a temple at the foot of the mountain.
By the stream the fragrant branches are the standards,
The boulders on the mountaintop become his home.
Blue doves practice meditation,
White monkeys listen to the sutras.
Creepers cover the cloud-high cliffs,
Flowers rise above the pond at the foot of the mountain.
The water in the streams is good for performing ritual,
The trees let him hang his clothes on them.
This disciple regrets that he is ignorant,
Not able to discuss the Buddha’s doctrine.
Who one night crossed over the Tiger-stream,
Amidst mountain fog under a lonely tree.[44]

— Shen Quanqi reflecting on the establishment of Buddhism in Rinan

Population
PeriodYearHouseholdsPopulationSources
Kāiyuán 740-742 75,839 299,377 [45]

See also

References
  1. Xiong 2009, p. 44.
  2. Walker 2012, p. 179.
  3. Kiernan 2019, p. 110.
  4. Taylor 1983, p. 188.
  5. Taylor 1983, p. 188-189.
  6. Taylor 1983, p. 190.
  7. Kiernan 2019, p. 114.
  8. Schafer 1967, p. 342.
  9. Walker 2012, p. 180.
  10. Taylor 1983, p. 192.
  11. Schafer 1967, p. 63.
  12. Taylor 2013, p. 39.
  13. Taylor 1983, p. 193.
  14. Taylor 1983, p. 155.
  15. Taylor 2013, p. 40.
  16. Schafer 1967, p. 64.
  17. Taylor 2013, p. 41.
  18. Schafer 1967, p. 65.
  19. Schafer 1967, p. 66.
  20. Taylor 1983, p. 233.
  21. Schafer 1967, p. 67.
  22. Shing 2004, p. 208.
  23. Kiernan 2019, p. 118.
  24. Taylor 1983, p. 240.
  25. Taylor 1983, p. 241.
  26. Taylor 1983, p. 243.
  27. Walker 2012, p. 183.
  28. Taylor 1983, p. 244.
  29. Dutton 2012, p. xxiii.
  30. Kiernan 2019, p. 120-123.
  31. Xiong 2009, p. cxiv.
  32. Schafer 1967, p. 68.
  33. Kiernan 2019, p. 124.
  34. Schafer 1967, p. 53.
  35. Taylor 1983, p. 149.
  36. Schafer 1967, p. 50.
  37. Schafer 1967, p. 51.
  38. Walker 2012, p. 184.
  39. Shing 2004, p. 209-211.
  40. Shing 2004, p. 209.
  41. Thich 2007, p. 35-36.
  42. Kiernan 2019, p. 108.
  43. Kiernan 2019, p. 109.
  44. Dutton 2012, p. 18-19.
  45. Taylor 1983, p. 175-181.

Bibliography
  • Dutton, George E. (2012), Sources of Vietnamese Tradition, Columbia University Press
  • Herman, John E. (2007), Amid the Clouds and Mist China's Colonization of Guizhou, 1200–1700, Harvard University Asia Center, ISBN 978-0-674-02591-2
  • Kiernan, Ben (2019). Việt Nam: a history from earliest time to the present. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780190053796.
  • Maspero, Henri (1912). "Études sur la phonétique historique de la langue annamite" [Studies on the phonetic history of the Annamite language]. Bulletin de l'École française d'Extrême-Orient (in French). 12 (1). doi:10.3406/befeo.1912.2713.
  • Schafer, Edward Hetzel (1967), The Vermilion Bird: T'ang Images of the South, Los Angeles: University of California Press, ISBN 9780520011458
  • Shing, Müller (2004), Archäologie und Frühe Texte, Harrassowitz, ISBN 9783447050609
  • Taylor, Keith Weller (1983), The Birth of the Vietnam, University of California Press, ISBN 9780520074170
  • Taylor, K.W. (2013), A History of the Vietnamese, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 9780520074170
  • Thich, Quang Minh (2007), Vietnamese Buddhism in America, United States of America: The Florida State University
  • Walker, Hugh Dyson (2012), East Asia: A New History, ISBN 1477265163
  • Wang, Zhenping (2013). Tang China in Multi-Polar Asia: A History of Diplomacy and War. University of Hawaii Press.
  • Xiong, Victor Cunrui (2009), Historical Dictionary of Medieval China, United States of America: Scarecrow Press, Inc., ISBN 0810860538

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