Antakirinja people
The Antakirinja, otherwise spelt Antakarinya, and alternatively spoken of as the Ngonde,[lower-alpha 1] are an indigenous Australian people of South Australia.
Name
Their tribal ethnonym generally signifies "westerners", from andakara / antakiri, apparently meaning 'west,' with the suffix -nja denoting 'name'.[2]
Language
Antakirinya is a Western Desert language belonging to the Wati language family of the Pama-Nyungan languages.
Country
Norman Tindale estimated the total range of lands to extend over roughly 24,500 square miles (63,000 km2). They lived around the headwaters of four rivers, the Hamilton, Alberga, Wintinna, and Lora, and northwards over the modern border as far as Kulgera in the Northern Territory. Their southern frontiers, just before the start of the gibber desert terrain, ran down to Mount Willoughby, Arckaringa, and the Stuart Range, close to the Kokata territory at Coober Pedy. The line separating them from the Matuntara tribe roughly coincides with the northern reaches of the bluebush plains.[1]
Social organization
The Antakarinya were composed of several hordes.
- Walarangunja (eastern Everard Ranges)
- Kadjilaranda (clan north of the eastern Everard Ranges)[1]
According to Christopher Giles, a Telegrapoh Stationmaster as Charlotte Waters, writing in 1875, they had four class names:
- Parroola
- Panungka
- Booltara
- Koomurra[3]
The marriage relations of the four were tabulated in the following manner:[4][5]
| Male | Marries | Children are |
|---|---|---|
| Parroola | Panungka | Koomurra |
| Panungka | Parroola | Booltara |
| Booltara | Koomurra | Poonungka (sic) |
| Koomurra | Booltara | Parroola |
Alternative names
- Antakarinja, Antakerinya, Antakerrinya,[3] Andagirinja, Andagarinja, Andekerinja (Arrernte pronunciation), Andekarinja, Antekarinja, Andigarinya.
- Andigirinji, Antingari, Andigari, Andgari
- Andegilliga, Andigarina, Antigari, Andigiri, Anjirigna
- Anterrikanya, Antegarinya, Antigerinya,[6] Andjirigna
- Untergerrie
- Aldolinga
- Ngonde
- Tangara
- Yandairunga
- Njuntundjara. (Yankuntjatjarra exonym).
- Walarangunja
- Walarenunga
- Kadjilaranda
- Aluna. (language name for southern bands).[1]
Notes
- "An alternative that may be more valid is Ngonde, but this term has been said by some aborigines to embrace also the Jangkundjara, being applied to two hordes in the Everard Range area."[1]
Citations
- Tindale 1974, p. 210.
- Tindale 1974, pp. 136,210.
- Giles & Taplin 1879, p. 89.
- Giles & Taplin 1879, p. 90.
- Giles, Fison & Howitt 1880, p. 65.
- Elkin 1931, p. 63.
Sources
- "Aboriginal South Australia". Government of South Australia. Archived from the original on 24 March 2019. Retrieved 20 December 2017.
- "AIATSIS map of Indigenous Australia". AIATSIS.
- Bates, Daisy (1918). "Aborigines of the West Coast of South Australia; vocabularies and ethnological notes". Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia. Adelaide. 42: 152–167.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Berndt, R. M.; Johnston, T. Harvey (March 1942). "Death, Burial, and Associated Ritual at Ooldea, South Australia". Oceania. 12 (3): 189–208. JSTOR 40327948.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Berndt, R. M.; Berndt, Catherine (June 1942). "A Preliminary Report of Field Work in the Ooldea Region, Western South Australia". Oceania. 12 (4): 305–330. JSTOR 40327957.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Condon, H. T. (July 1955a). "Aboriginal bird names -South Australia Part 1" (PDF). South Australian Ornithologist. Adelaide. 21 (6/7): 74–88.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Elkin, A. P. (September 1931). "The Social Organization of South Australian Tribes". Oceania. 2 (1): 44–73. JSTOR 40327353.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Elkin, A. P. (March 1940a). "Kinship in South Australia (Continued)". Oceania. 10 (3): 295–349. JSTOR 40327772.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Elkin, A. P. (June 1940b). "Kinship in South Australia (Continued)". Oceania. 10 (4): 369–388. JSTOR 40327864.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Giles, Christopher; Taplin, George (1879). Folklore, manners, customs and languages of the South Australian aborigines (PDF). Adelaide: E Spiller, Acting Government Printer.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Giles, Christopher; Fison, Lorimer; Howitt, Alfred William (1880). Kamilaroi and Kurnai (PDF). Melbourne: G Robinson.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Helms, Richard (1896). "Anthropology of the Elder Exploring Expedition. 1871-1872". Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia. Adelaide. 16: 237–332.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Howitt, Alfred William (1904). The native tribes of south-east Australia (PDF). Macmillan.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Krichauff, F. E. H. W. (1886). "Customs, Religious Ceremonies etc., of the Aldolinga or Mbenderinga tribe in Krichauff Ranges, Central Australia" (PDF). Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society of Australasia, S.A. Branch. 2: 32–37, 77–80.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Tindale, Norman Barnett (1974). "Antakirinja (SA)". Aboriginal Tribes of Australia: Their Terrain, Environmental Controls, Distribution, Limits, and Proper Names. Australian National University. ISBN 978-0-708-10741-6.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)