Anuta language

Anuta
Native to	Solomon Islands
Region	Anuta Island
Native speakers	270 (1999)[1]
Language family	Austronesian Malayo-Polynesian Oceanic Polynesian Samoic Futunic Anuta; ; ; ; ; ;
Language codes
ISO 639-3	aud
Glottolog	anut1237
ELP	Anuta[2]

The Anuta language (or Anutan, locally te taranga paka-Anuta) is a Polynesian Outlier language from the island of Anuta in the Solomon Islands. It is closely related to the Tikopia language of the neighboring island of Tikopia, and it bears significant cultural influence from the island. The two languages have a high degree of mutual intelligibility, although Anutans can understand Tikopians better than the reverse.[3]^:6

Anuta is generally regarded as Nuclear Polynesian language, although it bears considerable Tongic influence.

In 1977, Richard Feinberg published a two-volume dictionary and basic grammar of the language.

Phonology

Anuta has an extremely small consonant inventory. This is as a result of several phoneme mergers such as /f/ with /p/ and /s/ with /t/.[3]^:8 Vowels have a short and long form.[3]^:12

fafine → papine (women, female)
vasa → vata (open sea, ocean)
lahi → rai (big) [4]

The allophonic variation is one of the Tikopian influences.[4]

Consonants[3]^:8
	Labial	Alveolar	Velar
Nasal	m	n	ŋ
Plosive	p	t ~ s	k
Fricative	v ~ w	t ~ s
Liquid	v ~ w	l ~ ɾ

The length of a vowel makes a difference in phonetics in Polynesian languages.[5]

matua (husband) vs. maatua (elderly person) vs. maatuaa (parent)
tangata (man) vs. taangata (men) vs. tangaata (brother-in-law)

In other times, long vowels are to emphasis.[5]

maatea (great, extreme) → maaatea

Vowels[3]^:12
	Front	Central	Back
Close	i		u
Close-mid	e		o
Open		a

The stress in Anutan normally falls on the first syllable.[4]

Morphology

Anuta shows many morphological similarities with Futunic languages and are related to Polynesian morphology.[4]

Grammar

Anuta follows the word order SVO.[4] PAV (patient-verb-agent) ergative constructions are also common.

Anuta distinguishes personal pronouns into 1st, 2nd, and 3rd person and single, dual, and plural.[3] Dual and plural 1st person are separated into exclusive and inclusive categories which depends on the words placement in the sentence.

2nd person pronouns should always be attached with either the particles ko, e, mo, or te.

When the pronoun is standing alone, usually in a response of a question, it is attached with the particle ko.[3]

"Mea ko ai?" ("who is it?")

"Ko au" ("it is I")

Personal Pronouns[3]
	Singular	Dual		Plural
1st Person	au kau	Exclusive	Inclusive	Exclusive	Inclusive
1st Person	au kau	maaua ma	taaua ta	matou matou	tatou tou
2nd Person	koe ke	korua koru		kotou kotou
3rd Person	ia ei na	naaua na		natou natou

Similar to personal pronouns, possessive pronouns are divided into 1st, 2nd and 3rd person, single, dual and plural. Dual and plural also being separated into exclusive and inclusive. However, whether the object is singular or plural will change the singular form of the pronouns.[3]

Possessive Pronouns[3]
	Singular		Dual		Plural
1st Person	Singular Object	toku taku	Exclusive	Inclusive	Exclusive	Inclusive
	Singular Object	toku taku	ma o maaua	ta o taaua	matou o matou	tatou o tatou
	Plural Object	oku aku	ma o maaua	ta o taaua	matou o matou	tatou o tatou
2nd Person	Singular Object	tou tau	koru o korua		kotou o kotou
2nd Person	Plural Object	ou au	(k)oru o korua		kotou o kotou
3rd Person	Singular Object	tona tana na	na o naaua		natou o natou
3rd Person	Plural Object	ona ana	na o naaua		natou o natou

Two ways of possessive construction. One, the possessive pronoun is directly attached to the object or two, directly attached to the dual or plural forms.

In singular possessive pronouns, when the object changes from singular to plural the /t/ drops.[3]

"Toku taina" ("my brother) → "Oku taina" ("my brothers")
"Tou topi" ("your garden") → "Ou topi" ("your gardens")

Verbs

Any of the verbs in Anutan can be used as a noun by attaching "te".

Tense markers:

infinitive = ke
future = ka
present = e
past indicative = ne
perfect = ku

These tense markers may be attached to verbs without personal pronouns.[3] Usually placed between the noun and the verb.

If time is unimportant in the context of the sentence, tense markers will be dropped.

Numerals

Numbers in Anuta are usually with tense markers.[3]

Anutan use decimal counting systems. Tens use the same unit term "pua" making twenty "pua rua", thirty "pua toru" and so forth. After tens, the number indicated in the tens are marked with "maa" meaning "and". Eleven would be "puangapuru maa tai" meaning "ten and one". The same goes for twenty's, thirty's, etc.[3]

If the object of counting are humans the word "toko" will be placed in front of the number if it is enumerated.[3]

Te tangata e tai = One man
Nga tangata e toko rua = two men

Counting fish would be marked with "mata" but is limited to ten or more.[3]

Te ika e matagapuru = Ten fish
Te ika e mata nima maa iva = Fifty-nine fish


Anuta	English
tai	one
rua	two
toru	three
pa	four
nima	five
ono	six
pitu	seven
varu	eight
iva	nine
puangapuru	ten
puangapuru maa tai	eleven
puangapuru maa rua	twelve
pura rua	twenty
pua toru	thirty
(e) pua te rau	hundred
(e) ape/te ape e tai	one thousand
(e) mano/te mano e tai

Resources

A 200-word word list is available at the Austronesian Basic Vocabulary Database.[6]

References

Feinberg, Richard. 1977. The Anutan Language Reconsidered: Lexicon and Grammar of a Polynesian Outlier. Two Volumes. HRAFlex Books. New Haven: Human Relations Area Files Press.

Notes

Anuta at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015)
Endangered Languages Project data for Anuta.
Feinberg, Richard (1977). The Anutan Language Reconsidered: Lexicon and Grammar of a Polynesian Outlier, Volume 1. Human Relations Area Files. p. 139.
"Anutan language, alphabet and pronunciation". www.omniglot.com. Retrieved 8 October 2019.
Feinberg, Richard. (1998). Oral traditions of Anuta : a Polynesian outlier in the Solomon Islands. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 1429404337. OCLC 252596862.
Biggs, Bruce; Clark, Ross. "Anuta". Austronesian Basic Vocabulary Database. Simon Greenhill, Robert Blust & Russell Gray. Archived from the original on 14 October 2008. Retrieved 8 August 2008.

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[e18-1] Anuta at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015)

[ELP1-2] Endangered Languages Project data for Anuta.

[Feinberg-3] Feinberg, Richard (1977). The Anutan Language Reconsidered: Lexicon and Grammar of a Polynesian Outlier, Volume 1. Human Relations Area Files. p. 139.

[:0-4] "Anutan language, alphabet and pronunciation". www.omniglot.com. Retrieved 8 October 2019.

[:1-5] Feinberg, Richard. (1998). Oral traditions of Anuta : a Polynesian outlier in the Solomon Islands. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 1429404337. OCLC 252596862.

[6] Biggs, Bruce; Clark, Ross. "Anuta". Austronesian Basic Vocabulary Database. Simon Greenhill, Robert Blust & Russell Gray. Archived from the original on 14 October 2008. Retrieved 8 August 2008.