Aspidorhynchus

Aspidorhynchus; Temporal range: Middle Jurassic–Late Cretaceous PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N
	Fossil
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Actinopterygii
Order:	†Aspidorhynchiformes
Family:	†Aspidorhynchidae
Genus:	†Aspidorhynchus; Agassiz, 1843
Species
	A. acutirostris; Blainville, 1818; A. crassus; Woodward, 1890; A. euodus; Egerton, 1845; A. fisheri; Egerton, 1854; A. sanzenbacheri; Brito and Ebert, 2009;

Aspidorhynchus (meaning "shield snout") is an extinct genus of ray-finned fish from the Jurassic and Cretaceous periods. Fossils have been found in Europe and Antarctica.

Restoration

Aspidorhynchus was a slender, fast-swimming fish, 60 centimetres (2.0 ft) long, with tooth-lined, elongated jaws. It also had heavy scales and a symmetrical tail. The upper jaw was longer than the lower jaw, ending in a toothless spike. Although it would have looked superficially similar to the present day gar, its closest living relative is actually the bowfin.[1]

Ecology

Fossil specimen WDC CSG 255, including a Rhamphorhynchus with a Leptolepides fish trapped in the pharynx and caught in the jaws of an Aspidorhynchus

Several limestone slabs have been discovered in which fossils of Rhamphorhynchus are found in close association with Aspidorhynchus. In one of these specimens, the jaws of an Aspidorhynchus pass through the wings of the Rhamphorhynchus specimen. The Rhamphorhynchus also has the remains of a small fish, possibly Leptolepides, in its throat. This slab, cataloged as WDC CSG 255, may represent two levels of predation; one by Rhamphorhynchus and one by Aspidorhynchus. In a 2012 description of WDC CSG 255, researchers proposed that the Rhamphorhynchus individual had just caught a Leptolepides while it was flying low over a body of water. As the Leptolepides was travelling down its pharynx, a large Aspidorhynchus would have attacked from below the water, puncturing the left wing membrane of the Rhamphorhynchus with its sharp rostrum. The teeth in its snout were ensnared in the fibrous tissue of the wing membrane, and as the fish thrashed to release itself the left wing of the Rhamphorhynchus was pulled backward into the distorted position seen in the fossil. The encounter resulted in the death of both individuals, most likely because the two animals sank into an anoxic layer in the water body, depriving the fish of oxygen. The two may have been preserved together as the weight of the head of the Aspidorhynchus held down the much lighter body of the Rhamphorhynchus.[2]

Species

Aspidorhynchus fisheri (Egerton 1845)[3]
Aspidorhynchus ornatissimus (Agassiz 1834)[3]
Aspidorhynchus sanzenbacheri (Brito and Ebert 2009)[3]

References

Palmer, D., ed. (1999). The Marshall Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs and Prehistoric Animals. London: Marshall Editions. p. 38. ISBN 1-84028-152-9.
Frey, E.; and Tischlinger, H. (2012). "The Late Jurassic pterosaur Rhamphorhynchus, a frequent victim of the ganoid fish Aspidorhynchus?". PLoS ONE. 7 (3): e31945. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...7E1945F. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0031945. PMC 3296705. PMID 22412850.
Lopez-Arbarello, Adriana; Schröder, Kerstin M (13 July 2013). "The species of Aspidorhynchus Agassiz, 1833 (Neopterygii, Aspidorhynchiformes) from the Jurassic plattenkalks of Southern Germany". Paläontologische Zeitschrift. 88: 167–185. doi:10.1007/s12542-013-0187-z.

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[EoDP-1] Palmer, D., ed. (1999). The Marshall Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs and Prehistoric Animals. London: Marshall Editions. p. 38. ISBN 1-84028-152-9.

[FT12-2] Frey, E.; and Tischlinger, H. (2012). "The Late Jurassic pterosaur Rhamphorhynchus, a frequent victim of the ganoid fish Aspidorhynchus?". PLoS ONE. 7 (3): e31945. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...7E1945F. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0031945. PMC 3296705. PMID 22412850.

[Lopez-3] Lopez-Arbarello, Adriana; Schröder, Kerstin M (13 July 2013). "The species of Aspidorhynchus Agassiz, 1833 (Neopterygii, Aspidorhynchiformes) from the Jurassic plattenkalks of Southern Germany". Paläontologische Zeitschrift. 88: 167–185. doi:10.1007/s12542-013-0187-z.