Boholano people

The Boholano people, also called Bol-anon, refers to the people who live in the island province of Bohol. They are part of the wider Bisaya ethnolinguistic group, who constitute the largest Filipino ethnolinguistic group.

Boholano people
Mga Bol-anon
A Boholano man holding a Sea urchin delicacy.
Total population
2,278,495 in the Philippines[1] (unknown number Overseas Filipinos)
Regions with significant populations
Philippines
(Bohol, Southern Leyte northeastern Mindanao, and Overseas
Languages
Visayan (mainly Boholano Cebuano, followed by standard Cebuano), Filipino, English
Religion
Predominantly Roman Catholicism
Related ethnic groups
Cebuanos, other Visayans, Austronesian peoples

Language
Main article: Boholano dialect

Boholano is a dialect of Cebuano that is spoken on the island of Bohol in the Philippines, which is a Visayan speech variety, although it is sometimes described as a separate language by some linguists and native speakers. Boholano, especially the dialects used in Central Bohol, can be distinguished from other Cebuano dialects by a few phonetic changes. The "y" sound in Cebuano becomes "j" ("iya" in Cebuano becomes "ija"), the "k" sound sometimes becomes "h" ("ako" in Cebuano becomes "aho"), the "l" sound sometimes if it is used in the second or following syllable becomes "w" ("kulang" in Cebuano becomes "kuwang"). The dialects used in the coastal areas of Bohol though, including Tagbilaran City, are almost indistinguishable from other Cebuano-speaking areas. Since Boholanos are a different ethnolinguistic group from Cebuanos, the Boholano dialect is sometimes considered as a separate language from Cebuano.

Demographics
A Boholana fish vendor.

There were 2,278,495 of them in 2010.[2] They are mainly concentrated in Bohol although some also live in Southern Leyte and Mindanao (mainly in the northeastern portion). The majority of the population is Roman Catholic adherents or other Christian denominations. Others practices traditional indigenous religions.

Boholano delicacies
Kalamay, a sweet viscous dessert of Bohol traditionally packaged into empty coconut shells.

The Boholano culture is much like the culture of the Philippines (specifically of the Visayas). It is based on the majority population of Austronesian peoples on the island. There are influences from indigenous Melanesian people such as the Eskaya tribe, and from the colonizing Spanish and trade with Mexico. There is also influence in the culture from China and other Asian countries.

History

The people of Bohol are said to be the descendants of the last group of inhabitants who settled in the Philippines called pintados or “tattooed ones.”[3] Boholanos had already a culture of their own as evidenced by the artifacts dug at Mansasa, Tagbilaran City, and in Dauis and Panglao.

Bohol is derived from the native word Bo-ol.[4] The island was the seat of the first international treaty of peace and unity between the native king Datu Sikatuna, and Spanish conquistador, Miguel López de Legazpi, on March 16, 1565 through a blood compact alliance known today by many Filipinos as the Sandugo.[5]

Boholano is derived from the name of the province.

Indigenous Bisaya religion
Main article: List of Philippine mythological figures

Immortals
  • Kaptan: the supreme god and sky god who fought against Magauayan for eons until Manaul intervened; ruler of the skyworld called Kahilwayan; controls the wind and lightning;[6] in some myths, is married to Maguyaen;[7] also referred as Bathala in one myth;[8] also referred as Abba in one chronicle[9]
  • Maguayan: the god who rules of the waters as his kingdom; father of Lidagat; brother of Kaptan[10]
  • Messengers of Kaptan
    • Dalagan: the swiftest winged giant, armed with long spears and sharp swords[11]
    • Guidala: the bravest winged giant armed with long spears and sharp swords[12]
    • Sinogo: the handsomest winged giant armed with long spears and sharp swords; best loved by Kaptan but betrayed his master and was imprisoned under the sea[13]
  • Maguyaen: the goddess of the winds of the sea[14]
  • Magauayan: fought against Kaptan for eons until Manaul intervened[15]
  • Manaul: the great bird who dropped great rocks upon the battle of Kaptan and Magauayan, creating islands[16]
  • Helpers of Manaul
  • Lidagat: the sea married to the wind; daughter of Maguayan[19]
  • Lihangin: the wind married to the sea; son of Kaptan[20]
  • Licalibutan: the rock-bodied son of Lidagat and Lihangin; inherited the control of the wind from his father; initiated the revolt against one of his grandfathers, Kaptan; killed by Kaptan's rage; his body became the earth[21]
  • Liadlao: the gold-bodied son of Lidagat and Lihangin; killed by Kaptan's rage during the great revolt; his body became the sun[22]
  • Libulan: the copper-bodied son of Lidagat and Lihangin; killed by Kaptan's rage during the great revolt; his body became the moon[23]
  • Lisuga: the silver-bodied son of Lidagat and Lihangin; accidentally killed by Kaptan's rage during her brothers' revolt; her body fragments became the stars[24]
  • Adlaw: the sun deity worshiped by the good[25]
  • Bulan: the moon deity who gives light to sinners and guides them in the night[26]
  • Bakunawa: the serpent deity who can coil around the world; sought to swallow the seven "Queen" moons, successfully eating the six, where the last is guarded by bamboos[27]
  • Divities under Kaptan
    • Makilum-sa-twan: the god of plains and valleys[28]
    • Makilum-sa-bagidan: the god of fire[29]
    • Makilum-sa-tubig: the god of the sea[30]
    • Kasaray-sarayan-sa-silgan: the god of streams[31]
    • Magdan-durunoon: the god of hidden lakes[32]
    • Sarangan-sa-bagtiw: the god of storms[33]
    • Suklang-malaon: the goddess of happy homes[34]
    • Alunsina: the goddess of the sky[35]
    • Abyang: another deity under Kaptan[36]
  • Maka-ako: also called Laon; the creator of the universe[37]
  • Linok: the god of earthquakes[38]
  • Makabosog: a deified chieftain who provides food for the hungry[39]
  • Sidapa: the goddess of death; co-ruler of the middleworld called Kamaritaan, together with Makaptan[40]
  • Makaptan: the god of sickness; co-ruler of the middleworld called Kamaritaan, together with Sidapa; he is a brother of Magyan and Sumpoy[41]
  • Deities under Sidapa and Makaptan
    • Danapolay: the god who supervises the other deities who answer to Sidapa and Makaptan[42]
    • Tagusirangan[43]
    • Duwindihan[44]
    • Dalongdongan[45]
    • Tagabititlakan-ka-adlaw[46]
    • Suta[47]
    • Agta[48]
    • Tabukuun[49]
  • Sappia: the goddess of mercy originating from the island of Bohol who empties the milk from her breasts onto weeds, giving the origin of white rice; when milk ran out, blood came out from her breast, giving the origin of red rice[50]
  • Tan Mulong: guardian of a spirit cave where souls may be imprisoned; has a spirit dog with one mammary gland and two genitals[51]
  • Pandaque: messenger of Sidapa; sacrifice is offered to the deity so that a soul can be admitted to the skyworld, Kahilwayan, from the lower world, Kasakitan; lives in Kasakitan, despite being a messenger of Sidapa, who lives in the middleworld, Kamaritaan;[52] also referred as Pandagoy[53]
  • Magyan: carries the souls of the dead to the lower world, Kasakitan, on his boat called balanday; co-ruler of the lower world Kasakitan, together with Sumpoy; he is a brother of Makaptan and Sumpoy[54]
  • Sumpoy: takes the souls from Magyan's balanday and carries them to a place in Kasakitan called Kanitu-nituhan; co-ruler of the lower world Kasakitan, together with Magyan; he is a brother of Magyan and Makaptan[55]
  • Sisiburanen: ruler of Kanitu-nituhan, a sub-realm of the lower world, Kasakitan; acts as slaver of the souls of those who cannot and have yet go into the skyworld; feeds the souls to Simuran and Siguinarugan after the souls stay in Kanitu-nituhan for years[56]
  • Kuruntang
    • Simuran: one of the two giant guards of the gates of Kanitu-nituhan[57]
    • Siguinarugan: one of the two giant guards of the gates of Kanitu-nituhan;[58] also referred as Siginarugan and Siginarungan[59]
  • Other inhabitants of Kasakitan
    • Abyang Durunuun: the goddess of charms[60]
    • Saragnayan: the god of darkness[61]
    • Pinganun-pinganun: the god of enchanted places[62]
    • Unmagad Palinti[63]
    • Sumpay Pako-Pako[64]
  • Gods of War
  • Lalahon: the goddess of fire, volcanoes, and the harvest;[68] also referred as Laon[69]
  • Santonilyo: a deity who brings rain when its image is immersed at sea;[70] deity of the white men, referring to Spanish colonizers[71]
  • Gunung: a deity of volcanoes[72]
  • Magbibaya: a deity similar to the god Magbabaya of the Bukidnon[73]
  • Lumawig: a deity mentioned in the Aginid[74]
  • Linug: a deity of earthquakes[75]
  • Cacao: the goddess of Mount Lantoy who sells her products through a golden ship which can flood rivers[76]
  • Mangao: husband of Cacao[77]

Mortals
  • Sicabay: the first woman[78]
  • Sicalac: the first man[79]
  • Libo: the first child and son of Sicabay and Sicalac; was taken south after the defeat of Pandaguan; became the ancestor of a brown-skinned race[80]
  • Saman: the first daughter and second child of Sicabay and Sicalac; was taken south after the defeat of Pandaguan; became the ancestor of a brown-skinned race[81]
  • Pandaguan: a younger son of Sicabay and Sicalac; a clever man who invented the fish trap which caught a giant shark; father of Arion; challenged to overpower the gods, and was punished by zapping[82]
  • Arion: son of Pandaguan who was taken north after the defeat of Pandaguan; became the ancestor of a white-skinned race[83]
  • Son of Saman and Sicalac: was taken east after the defeat of Pandaguan; became the ancestor of a yellow-skinned race[84]
  • Lapulapu: a ruler of Mactan who is valorous, strong, and noble, as well as driven and fearless especially in times of armed conflict; in one account, he is also a mangatang (pirate); bested Humabon in politics, trade, and ocean territory in most accounts, while in one account, Humabon managed to overcome Lapulapu;[85] defeated the Spanish forces including Magellan with aid from the forces of nature; a verified historical person[86]
  • Humabon: a ruler of Sugbo who is cautious and highly respected, but also brave and courageous especially in times of armed conflict; a verified historical person[87]
  • Sri Lumay Bataugong: the legendary founder of Sugbo who was said to have come from Sumatra[88]
  • Sri Bantug: a ruler of Sugbo[89]
  • Binibini Anduki: sister of Sri Lumay[90]
  • Bulakna: wife of Lapulapu; in other epics, Lapulapu instead has three wives and eleven children[91]
  • Sawili: son of Lapulapu and Bulakna[92]
  • Zula: a ruler that Lapulapu had an enmity with due to both ruler's affection towards Bulakna[93]
  • Datu Mangal: father of Lapulapu in most versions of the story and ruler of Mactan before Lapulapu;[94] in other versions, he is Lapulapu's uncle or friend and right-hand man; has supernatural powers, various amulets of whirlpools and oil, and a flying horse[95]
  • Matang Mataunas: mother of Lapulapu; in another tale, the mother of Lapulapu is instead named Matang Matana;[96] also called Matang Mantaunas or Bauga[97]
  • Malingin: daughter of Datu Mangal and sister of Lapulapu[98]
  • Sri Mohammed: paternal grandfather of Lapulapu in one tale[99]
  • Sri Lamaraw Dula: brother of Humabon[100]
  • Bali-Alho: chief of Bo. Maribago; can break pestles with his bare hands; one of the Mactan chieftains loyally allied to Datu Mangal[101]
  • Tindak-Bukid: chief of Bo. Marigondon; can level a mountain with a kick; one of the Mactan chieftains loyally allied to Datu Mangal[102]
  • Umindig: chief of Bo. Ibo, a champion wrestler; one of the Mactan chieftains loyally allied to Datu Mangal[103]
  • Sagpang-Baha: also called Sampong-Baha; can slap back an onrushing flood; one of the Mactan chieftains loyally allied to Datu Mangal[104]
  • Bugto-Pasan: can snap the sturdiest vines with his hands; one of the Mactan chieftains loyally allied to Datu Mangal[105]
  • Silyo: a chief who borrowed an amulet from Datu Mangal; he never returned the amulet and was caught by Datu Mangal fleeing; was turned into a stone along with his crew by Datu Mangal through a curse; before turning a stone completely, he also uttered a curse to turn Datu Mangal into stone; another tale tells that Matang Mataunas and Malingin were also turned into stone[106]

References
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