List of Philippine mythological figures

The following is a list of gods, goddesses, deities, and many other divine, semi-divine, and important figures from classical Philippine mythology and indigenous Philippine folk religions collectively referred to as Anitism, whose expansive stories span from a hundred years ago to presumably thousands of years from modern times. The list does not include creatures; for these, see List of Philippine mythological creatures.

Philippine mythology
Mythical beings
Mythical animals
Mythical heroes
Mythological figures
Mythological creatures
Anito
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Overview
See also: Indigenous Philippine folk religions and Philippine mythology

The mythological figures, including deities (anitos and diwatas), heroes, and other important figures, in Anitism vary among the many ethnic groups in the Philippines. Each ethnic group has their own distinct pantheon of deities. Some deities of ethnic groups have similar names or associations, but remain distinct from one another.[1] The diversity in these important figures is exhibited in many cases, of which a prime example is the Ifugao pantheon, where in a single pantheon, deities alone are calculated to number at least 1,500. There are over a hundred distinct pantheons in the Philippines.[2]

Some ethnic groups have pantheons ruled by a supreme deity (or deities), while others revere ancestor spirits and/or the spirits of the natural world, where there is a chief deity but consider no deity supreme among their divinities.[3] Each ethnic group has their own general term used to refer to all deities or a sub-set of deities, of which the most widespread term among the ethnic groups in the country is anito.[4] The term itself can be further divided into ninuno (ancestral spirits) and diwata (gods, goddesses, and deities), although in many cases, the meaning of the terms differ depending on their ethnic association.[5][6][7]

The following figures continue to exist and prevail among the collective memory and culture of Filipinos today, especially among adherents to the native and sacred Filipino religions, despite centuries of persecution beginning with the introduction of non-native and colonial Abrahamic religions which sought to abolish all native faiths in the archipelago beginning in the late 14th century, and intensified during the middle of the 16th century to the late 20th century. This contact between native and foreign faiths later accumulated more stories, which also became part of both faiths, with some alterations. Deity, spirit, and hero figures continue to be viewed as important and existing among native faiths and the general Filipino culture. These perceptions of existence towards gods, goddesses, deities, and spirits in the sacred native Filipino religions, is the same way how Christians perceive the existence of their god they refer as God and the same way Muslims perceive the existence of their god they refer as Allah.[8][9][10] There have been proposals to revitalize the indigenous Philippine folk religions and make them the national religion of the country during the First Philippine Republic, but the proposal did not prosper, as the focus at the time was the war against Spanish and, later, American colonizers.[11]

Ivatan

Immortals
  • Supreme Being: referred to as Mayo, in one account;[12] probably regarded as remote as fear and meticulous ritual care are often related instead towards the Añitu[13]
  • Mayo: a fisherfolk hero who introduced the yuyus used to catch flying fishes called dibang, which are in turn used to catch the summertime fish arayu[12]
  • The Giver: the entity who provides all things; the souls of the upper class travel to the beings's abode in heaven and become stars[12]
  • Añitu: refers to the souls of the dead, place spirits, and wandering invisibles not identified nor tied down to any particular locale or thing[13]
  • Añitu between Chavidug and Chavayan: place spirit Añitus who were reported to create sounds when the gorge between Chavidug and Chavayan were being created through dynamite explosions; believed to have shifted their residences after the construction of the passage[13]
  • Rirryaw Añitu: place spirit Añitus who played music and sang inside a cave in Sabtang, while lighting up fire; believed to have change residences after they were disturbed by a man[13]
  • ji Rahet Añitu: a grinning place spirit Añitu who lived in an old tree; a man later cut the tree and found an earthen pot believed to have been owned by the Añitu[13]
  • Nuvwan Añitu: good place spirit Añitus who saved a woman from a falling tree; they are offered rituals through the vivyayin[13]
  • ji P'Supwan Añitu: good place spirit Añitus who became friends and allies of a mortal woman named Carmen Acido; sometimes taking in the form of dogs, they aided her and guided her in many of her tasks until her death from old age; despite their kindness towards Carmen, most people avoided the farm where they live[13]
  • Mayavusay Añitu: place spirit Añitus living in a parcel of land in Mayavusay; sometimes take in the form of piglets, and can return cut vegetation parts into the mother vegetation[13]
  • Cairn-dwelling Añitu: place spirit Añitus who lived in cairns and put a curse towards a man who destroyed their home; appearing as humans, the shaman Balaw conversed with them to right the wrong made by the man against their home[13]
  • Mayuray Añitu: a wandering Añitu who expanded and was filled with darkness; encountered by a young boy who the spirit did not harm; referred as a kapri, Añitus who walk around and grow as tall as the height for their surroundings[13]
  • Dayanak Añitu: a type of very small Añitu with red eyes and gold ornaments; accepting their gold ornaments will cause misfortune[13]

Mortals
  • Benita: a mortal woman who was visited by her deceased husband in the form of an Añitu, which led to the return of three parcels of land to their rightful owner; in another story, she was visited by her deceased goddaughter, which led to proper rituals which appeased her goddaughter's soul[13]
  • Maria: a mortal woman who was visited by the silent Añitu of her husaband's relative; the spirit was later appeased through prayers[13]
  • Juanito: a mortal man who was visited in a dream by his deceased father's Añitu, which led to him relenting to give more share of the family inheritance to his half-sister, Maring[13]
  • Wife of Leoncio Cabading: visited by her deceased husband's Añitu, who told her to stop the prayers for it will do nothing as he was killed by a violent landslide; the spirit offered her to join him, to which she rejected[13]
  • Carmen Acido: a mortal woman who became friends and allies of the Añitu from ji P'Supwan; she lived to over 80 years old[13]
  • Balaw: a medicine man and shaman who communicated and controlled certain Añitus[13]
  • Maria Barios: a woman whose back-basket was ridden by a wandering Añitu, who she carried until she arrived at the town center[13]
  • Juan Galarion: a man who saw a giant wandering Añitu, as large as the church of Mahataw; he believed it was a kapri[13]
  • Tita: a girl who was kidnapped and later returned by wandering Añitus; while being carried by the Añitus, she menstruated, which made the Añitus flee; the site where she landed is known as Ranum ñi Tita[13]

Isnag

Immortals
  • Chief Spirits: may take the form of human beings, former mortals who mix with the living, and reside in bathing places[14]
    • Anlabban: looks after the general welfare of the people; special protector of hunters[14]
    • Bago: the spirit of the forest[14]
    • Sirinan: the spirit of the river[14]
  • Landusan: responsible for some cases of extreme poverty; like all evil spirits, Landusan can also be countered by the rare tagarut herb-amulet[14]
  • Helpful Harvest Spirits
  • Spirits Who Harm the Harvest
    • Alupundan: causes the reapers’ toes to get sore all over and swell[14]
    • Arurin: deity who sees to it that the harvest is bad if farmers fail to offer to her a share of the harvest[14]
    • Dagdagamiyan: a female spirit who causes sickness in children for playing in places where the harvest is being done[14]
    • Darupaypay: devours the palay stored in the hut before it is transferred to the granary[14]
    • Ginuudan: comes to measure the containers of palay, and causes it to dwindle[14]
    • Sildado: resembles a horse, and kills children who play noisily outside the house[14]
    • Inargay: kills people during harvest time; the inapugan ritual of offered to the deity to appease him not to kill anyone[14]
  • Alipugpug: spirit of the little whirlwind from the burned field, who portends a good harvest[15]
  • Pilay: spirit of the rice, who resides on the paga, a shelf above the hearth; the pisi ritual is offered to the deity to ensure that children won't get hungry[14]
  • Unnamed Man: held the world on his hands; produced a spark using a flint and a steel, causing Sal-it (lightning); in contrast, Addug (thunder) is the water roaring in the sky[16]

Mortals
  • Man Who Caused Birds to Attack: a man who was aided by birds, by giving him seeds that he was tasked to plant and share with other birds; reneged on his promise, resulting to the never-ending attacks of birds on the seeds planted by mankind[16]
  • Man Who Hates Flies: a man whose cow was killed by a fly, which resulted into a law that allowed the killing of flies[17]

Tinguian (Itneg)

Immortals
  • Bagatulayan: the supreme deity who directs the activities of the world, including the celestial realms[18] referred also as the Great Anito[19]
  • Gomayen: mother of Mabaca, Binongan, and Adasin[19]
  • Mabaca: one of the three founders of the Tinguian's three ancient clans; daughter of Gomayen and the supreme deity[19]
  • Binongan: one of the three founders of the Tinguian's three ancient clans; daughter of Gomayen and the supreme deity[19]
  • Adasin: one of the three founders of the Tinguian's three ancient clans; daughter of Gomayen and the supreme deity[19]
  • Emlang: servant of the supreme deity[19]
  • Kadaklan: deity who is second in rank; taught the people how to pray, harvest their crops, ward off evil spirits, and overcome bad omens and cure sicknesses[20]
  • Apadel (Kalagang): guardian deity and dweller of the spirit-stones called pinaing[21]
  • Init-init: the god of the sun married to the mortal Aponibolinayen; during the day, he leaves his house to shine light on the world[22]
  • Gaygayoma: the star goddess who lowered a basket from heaven to fetch the mortal Aponitolau, who she married[22]
  • Bagbagak: father of Gaygayoma[22]
  • Sinang: mother of Gaygayoma[22]
  • Takyayen: child of Gaygayoma and Aponitolaul popped out between Gaygayoma's last two fingers after she asked Aponitolau to prick there[22]
  • Makaboteng: the god and guardian of deer and wild hogs[8]

Mortals
  • Aponibolinayen: mortal spouse of the sun god, Init-init[22]
  • Aponitolau: mortal who was fetched by the star goddess Gaygayoma, despite him being already married[22]

Kalinga

Immortals
  • Kabunyan: the supreme deity;[23] also called Kadaklan (the Greatest), who drives bad spirits away, making the soil suitable for good crops[24]
  • KiDul: the god of thunder[3][24]
  • KiLat: the god of lightning[24]
  • DumaNig: a demon which possesses the moon (Bolan) and causes her to devour her husband the sun (Ageo)[24]
  • NamBisayunan: the howl or shriek that is heard during a storm[24]
  • Libo-o d Ngatu: the clouds of the skyworld which cause sickness[24]
  • Maman: beings derived from a second death of souls in the afterworld; they are perceptible in red light, as on a rainy day near sunset; may cause sickness[24]
  • Bungun: the god of the rainbow[24]
  • Mamlindao: hunting spirits[24]
  • Bulaiyao: live in big rocks, hot springs, and volcanoes; have a fiery appearance which they can turn on or turn off; capture or devour souls[24]
    • Gulilingob ud Tangob: the strongest of all the bulaiyao[24]
  • Dumabag: the god of the volcano at Balatok[24]
  • Lumawig: the local god of the Mangali-Lubo-Tinglaiyan district[24]
  • Angako d Ngato: demons that afflict with sickness[24]
  • Angtan: goddesses or demons that depress men, bring worry and bad luck[24]
  • ALan: cannibal or ghoul spirits that figure largely in myths and folktales as carrying away or devouring souls and as producing many kinds of transformations in men and in themselves[24]
  • Anitu: the souls of the dead[24]
  • Pinading: extraordinary souls of the dead that have attained a superior power and existence[24]
  • Gittam: a giant who established himself in the realm called Daya after killing many humans; lives in an island out in a big lake[23]
  • Python of Gittam: protects the habitat of Gittam; swallowed a boy, who was rescued by a hero by killing the giant python[23]
  • Iyu: water creatures who swim in the lakes of Lagud; depicted as a whale, an eel, a dragon, or, in some cases, a python also called Malaga[23]

Ibanag
  • Makapangwa: The supreme being also known as "Yafu" [25]

Invisible Beings - Y Ari Masingan

  • Aran: Tiny human-like beings that reside in trees, anthills, dark spaces and are neither evil nor good.[25]
  • Aggirigira: Invisible beings that cause mischief, diseases and misfortunes [25]
  • Anitu: Ancestor Spirits[25]

Mortals

  • Biuag: a culture hero who possessed a golden lace amulet[26]
  • Malana: a culture hero who possessed a golden axe amulet[26]

Gaddang

Immortals

  • Nanolay: creator of all things; a culture hero and a beneficent deity; never inflicts pain or punishment on the people; responsible for the origin and development of the world[27]
  • Ofag: cousin of Nanolay; personification of evil[27]
  • Talanganay: a male god-spirit; enters the body of a healer and gives instructions on how to heal the sick while in a trance[27]
  • Menalam: a female goddess-spirit; enters the body of a healer and gives instructions on how to heal the sick while in a trance[27]
  • Bunag: god of the earth[28]
  • Limat: god of the sea[28]

Mortals

  • Biuag: a culture hero; ally of Malana[28]
  • Malana: a culture hero; ally of Biuag[28]
  • Magat: a culture hero[28]
  • Battalan: a culture hero[28]
  • Bayun: a culture hero[28]

Bontok

Immortals

  • Intutungcho (Kabunian): the supreme deity living above;[29] also referred to as Kabunian;[30] father of Lumawig and two other sons[31]
  • Lumawig: also referred as the supreme deity and the second son of Kabunian; an epic hero who taught the Bontoc their five core values for an egalitarian society[31]
  • First Son of Kabunian[31]
  • Third Son of Kabunian[31]
  • Chal-chal: the god of the sun whose son's head was cut off by Kabigat;[32] aided the god Lumawig in finding a spouse
  • Kabigat: the goddess of the moon who cut of the head of Chal-chal's son; her action is the origin of headhunting[32]
  • Son of Chal-chal: his head was cut off by Kabigat; revived by Chal-chal, who bear no ill will against Kabigat[32]
  • Ob-Obanan: a deity whose white hair is inhabited by insects, ants, centipedes, and all the vermins that bother mankind; punished a man for his rudeness by giving him a basket filled with all the insects and reptiles in the world[33]
  • Chacha’: the god of warriors[34]
  • Ked-Yem: the god of blacksmiths who cut off the heads of the two sons of Chacha’ because they were destroying his work; was later challenged by Chacha’, which eventually led into a pechen pact to stop the fighting[34]
  • Two Sons of Chacha’: beheaded by Ked-Yem, because they were destroying his work[34]

Mortals

  • Fucan: younger of the two girls met by Lumawig in Lanao; married to Lumawig; later adopted the name Cayapon; died after dancing in a taboo way, which led to death being the norm among mortals[31]
  • Two Sons of Cayapon: the two children of Lumawig and Fucan; helped the people of Caneo, who afterwards killed by the two brothers[31]
  • Batanga: father of the two girls met by Lumawig in Lanao[31]

Ifugao

Immortals

  • Kabunian: supreme deity and chief among the high ranking deities above the skyworld;[1] also referred to as Mah-nongan, chief god generally referred to as the honorary dead and creator of all things;[3] in specific communities, both the names Mah-nongan and Kabunian (also Afunijon) are understood as the name of one chief deity, while in others, they are used to refer to many deities[35]
  • Afunijon: also a general term referred to the deities of heaven, which is also called Afunijon[35]
  • Mah-nongan: also a general term for deities who are given animal sacrifices[35]
  • Ampual: the god of the fourth skyworld who bestowed animals and plants on the people; controls the transplanting of rice[3]
  • Bumingi: in charge of worms, one of the eleven beings importuned to stamp out rice pests[3]
  • Liddum: the only deity who inhabits the realm called Kabunian; communicates directly with humans on earth;[30] chief mediator between the people and other gods[3]
  • Lumadab: has the power to dry up the rice leaves, one of the eleven beings importuned to stamp out rice pests[3]
  • Mamiyo: the stretcher of skeins, one of the twenty-three deities presiding over the art of weaving[3]
  • Monlolot: the winder of thread on the spindle, one of the twenty-three deities presiding over the art of weaving[3]
  • Puwok: controls the dread typhoons[3]
  • Yogyog: a causer of earthquakes; dwells in the underworld[3]
  • Alyog: a causer of earthquakes; dwells in the underworld[3]
  • Kolyog: the god of earthquakes[3]
  • Makalun: spirits that serve the function as messengers of the gods[1]
  • Namtogan: the paraplegic god of good fortune whose presence made rice harvests and community livestock bountiful; when the humans he was staying with at Ahin began neglecting the bulul, he left, causing a curse of misfortunes; the people persuaded him to return, where he responded by teaching the people how to create bululs and how to do the rituals for the statues, effectively lifting the curse[36]
  • Bulol: household divinities that are the souls of departed ancestors;[1] usually depicted as carved wooden statues stored in the rice granary; the ancestral images guard the crops, make the rice harvest plentiful, and protects the rice from pests and thieves and from being too quickly consumed[37]
  • Nabulul: spouse of Bugan; a god who possesses or lives in Bulul figures; guards the rice and make the rice harvest plentiful[37]
  • Bugan: spouse of Nabulul; a goddess who possesses or lives in Bulul figures; guards the rice and make the rice harvest plentiful[37]
  • Gatui: divinities associated with practical jokes, but have a malevolent side that feast on souls and cause miscarriages[1]
  • Tagbayan: divinities associated with death that feast on human souls that are guarded by two headed monsters called kikilan[1]
  • Imbayan: also called Lingayan; divinities who guide souls after they die[1]
    • Himpugtan: an Imbayan divinity who can terminate those that displease him[1]
  • Munduntug: divinities from the mountains who cause hunters to be lost[1]
  • Banig: spirits of the hillsides and caves;[1] among the Mayayao, the Banig take in the form of an animal who does not harm anyone, despite the people being afraid of their manifestation[35]
  • Mun-apoh: deified ancestral spirits who are guardians and sources of blessings provided by the living; they are respected, however, their blessings could also be turned into a curse[35]
  • Mahipnat: great spirits of sacred places[1]
  • Bibao: spirits of ordinary places[1]
  • Halupi: divinities of remembrance[1]
  • Fili: divinities of property[1]
  • Dadungut: divinities who dwell in graveyards and tombs[1]
  • Makiubaya: divinities who watch over the gates of the village[1]
  • Spirits of sickness
  • Binudbud: spirits that are invoked during feasts to quell the passions of men[1]
  • Kolkolibag: spirits who cause difficult labor[1]
  • Indu: spirits that make omens[1]
  • Hidit: divinities who give punishments to those that break taboos[1]
    • Puok: a kind of Hidit who use winds to destroy the dwellings of miners that break taboos[1]
  • Hipag: spirits of war that give soldiers courage on the field of war but are ferocious and cannibalistic[1]
  • Llokesin: the god of rats who figures in the myth of the first orange tree[1]
  • Bumabakal: the rejected corpse divinity of the skyworld; his dead body resides on top of Mount Dukutan, where his bodily fluids cause boils[38]
  • Kabigat: the god who sent a deluge which flooded the earth; married to the goddess Bugan[30]
  • Bugan: a goddess married to Kabigat; her children are a son named Wigan and a daughter also named Bugan[30]
  • Bugan: daughter of Bugan and Kabigat; stranded on earth after the great deluge, and became one of the two ancestors of mankind[30]
  • Wigan: son of Bugan and Kabigat; stranded on earth after the great deluge, and became one of the two ancestors of mankind[30]
  • Wigan: the god of good harvest[3]
  • Dumagid: a god who lived among the people of Benguet; married a mortal woman named Dugai and had a son named Ovug[30]
  • Ovug: son of Dumagid and Dugai; was cut in half by his father, where one of his halves was reanimated in the skyworld, and the other on earth; the voice of the skyworld's Ovug is the source of lightning and sharp thunder, while the voice of the earth's Ovug is the source of low thunder[30]
  • Bangan: the god who accompanied Dumagid in claiming Ovug from the earth[30]
  • Aninitud chalom: deity of the underworld, whose anger is manifested in a sudden shaking of the earth[35]
  • Aninitud angachar: deity of the sky world; causes lightning and thunder when unsatisfied with offerings[35]
  • Mapatar: the sun deity of the sky in charge of daylight[35]
  • Bulan: the moon deity of the night in charge of nighttime[35]
  • Mi’lalabi: the star and constellation deities[35]
  • Pinacheng: a group or class of deities usually living in caves, stones, creeks, rocks, and in every place; mislead and hide people[35]
  • Fulor: a wood carved into an image of a dead person seated on a death chair; an antique which a spirit in it, who bring sickness, death, and unsuccessful crops when sacrifices are not offered[35]
  • Inamah: a wooden plate and a home of spirits; destroying or selling it will put the family in danger[35]

Mortals

  • Dugai: the mortal mother of the split god Ovug; wife of the god Dumagid[30]
  • Humidhid: the headman of a village in the upstream region of Daya who carved the first bulul statues from the haunted or supernatural tree named Bongbong[37]
  • Unnamed Shaman: prayed to the deities, Nabulul and Bugan, to possess or live in the bulul statues carved by Humidhid[37]
  • Wife of Namtogan: a mortal woman who the god Namtogan married when he stayed at the village of Ahin[36]

Kalanguya (Ikalahan)

Immortals

  • Kabunyan: the almighty creator; also referred to as Agmattebew, the spirit who could not be seen; the mabaki ritual is held in the deity's honor during planting, harvesting, birth and death of the people, and other activities for livelihood[39]

Kankanaey

Immortals

  • Lumawig: the supreme deity; creator of the universe and preserver of life[1]
  • Bugan: married to Lumawig[1]
  • Bangan: the goddess of romance; a daughter of Bugan and Lumawig[1]
  • Obban: the goddess of reproduction; a daughter of Bugan and Lumawig[1]
  • Kabigat: one of the deities who contact mankind through spirits called anito and their ancestral spirits[1]
  • Balitok: one of the deities who contact mankind through spirits called anito and their ancestral spirits[1]
  • Wigan: one of the deities who contact mankind through spirits called anito and their ancestral spirits[1]
  • Timugan: two brothers who took their sankah (handspades) and kayabang (baskets) and dug a hole into the lower world, Aduongan; interrupted by the deity Masaken; one of the two agreed to marry one of Masaken's daughters, but they both went back to earth when the found that the people of Aduongan were cannibals[40]
  • Masaken: ruler of the underworld who interrupted the Timugan brothers[40]

Ibaloi

Immortals

  • Kabunian: the supreme deity and the origin of rice;[41] Kabunian is also the general term for deities[42]
  • Moon Deity: the deity who teased Kabunian for not yet having a spouse[41]
  • Child of Kabunian: the child of Kabunian with a mortal woman; split in half, where one part became lightning and the other became thunder[41]
  • Matono: a brave woman who adventured into the underworld and saw the causes of poor crops and earthquakes; she afterwards reported her studies to the people of the earth; during the kosdëy, the people pray to her to not permit the rice, camotes, and other things to grow down, but to cause them to grow up[41]
  • Kabigat (of where the water rises): journeyed into the underworld to retrieve trees which became the forests of the middle world[41]
  • Kabigat (of where the water empties): taught Kabigat (of where the water empties) how to safely get trees from the underworld[41]
  • Masekën: ruler of the underworld with green eyebrows, red eyes, and a tail[41]
  • Kabigat (of the east): a large man in the east who adopted Bangan[41]
  • Bangan: son of Otot and adopted by Kabigat; a kind young man who loved both his father and foster-father; shared gold to the world though Kabigat[41]
  • Otot: a large man in the west who perished due to an accident, while travelling with his son, Bangan; a tree of gold rose from his burial, where Kabunian fell the tree and all gold on earth scattered from it[41]
  • Sun God: the deity who pushed up the skyworld and pushed down the underworld, creating earth, after he was hit by a man's arrow during the war between the peoples of the skyworld and the underworld[41]

Mortals

  • Labangan: a man who was got the first grain of rice used by mankind from Kabunian[41]
  • Wife of Kabunian: the spouse of Kabunian who bore their child, which was split into two and revived into lightning and thunder[41]
  • Two Blind Women: two kind blind beggars in hunger who were driven away by their neighbors; fed by a woman who came from a rock and an old woman; one was given a sack or rice, while the other was given a bottle of water; when they returned home, they decided to replant the rice and distribute it to the people, while the bottle of water gushed out streams which also aided mankind[41]

Bugkalot (Ilongot)

Immortals

  • Delan: deity of the moon, worshiped with the sun and stars; congenial with Elag; during quarrels, Elag sometimes covers Delan's face, causing the different phases of the moon; giver of light and growth[43]
  • Elag: deity of the sun, worshiped with the moon and stars; has a magnificent house in the sky realm called Gacay; retreats to his home during nights; giver of light and growth[43]
  • Pandac: deity of the stars, worshiped with the sun and moon; giver of light and growth[43]
  • Cain: the headhunter creator of mankind; gave customs to the people; lived together with Abel in the sky but separated due to a quarrel[43]
  • Abel: prayed to when wishing long lives for children; lived together with Cain in the sky but separated due to a quarrel[43]
  • Keat: personification of lightning, depicted as the road of Cain and Abel[43]
  • Kidu: personification of thunder, which follows Keat[43]
  • Gemang: guardian of wild beasts[43]
  • Oden: deity of the rain, worshiped for its life-giving waters[43]
  • Tawen: personification of the sky[43]
  • Kalao: spirit birds;[43] depicted as red hornbills who guide and protect hunters and their soul[44]
  • Be’tang: unpredictable shape-shifting spirit-creatures living in the forests or wilderness called Gongot; youth and softness are their properties, while they can also alter a human's sense of time; they may take the form of a white dog, a large deer, a horse with a hanging tongue, a naked woman, or beings with grotesque shapes, whose attributes range from long arms and legs, small heads, oversized feet, fur bodies, to hairless bodies; they may also enter a person's dreams or paralyze a human[45]
  • Ga’ek Spirits: spirits in the Ga’ek magic plant used in relation to hunting and fishing; the naw-naw prayer is given to them[45]

Ilocano

Immortals

  • Unnamed Supreme God: the supreme god who tasked the primordial giants to initiate the creation of many things[46]
  • Buni: possibly the name of the supreme god[47]
  • Parsua: the creator deity[47]
  • Primordial Giants
    • Anglao: also called Angalo; dug the earth and made the mountains, urinated into the holes in the earth and made the rivers and lakes, and put up the sky, the sun, the moon, and arranged the stars at the behest of the supreme god[46]
    • Aran: one of the two primordial giants tasked with the creation of many things[46]
  • Apo Langit: the deity of heaven[47]
  • Apo Angin: the deity of wind[47]
  • Apo Init: the deity of the sun[47]
  • Apo Tudo: the deity of the rain[47]
  • Abra: an old god who controls the weather; married to Makiling, the elder[48]
  • Makiling (the elder): the goddess gave birth to Cabuyaran[48]
  • Cabuyaran: the goddess of healing; daughter of Abra and Makiling, the elder; she eloped with Anianihan[48]
  • Anianihan: the god of harvest who eloped with Cabuyaran[48] He was chosen by Cabuyaran as her spouse, instead of her father's preferences such as Saguday, god of wind, or Revenador, god of thunder and lightning[49]
  • Saguday: the god of the wind who is one of the two gods preferred by Abra to be his daughter's spouse[48]
  • Revenador: the god of thunder and lightning who is one of the two gods preferred by Abra to his daughter's spouse[48]
  • Bulan: the god of peace who comforted the grieving Abra[48]
  • Amman: the god of the sun, where the sun is his eye[48]
  • Makiling (the younger): granddaughter of Makiling, the elder; she is guarded by the dog god Lobo in the underworld[48]
  • Lobo: a god who was punished to become a large dog guarding the entrance to the underworld[48]
  • Unnamed God: the underworld god who punished Lobo[48]
  • Dal'lang: the goddess of beauty[3]
  • Sipnget: the goddess of darkness who requested Ang-ngalo to build her a mansion[50]
  • Asin: ruler of the kingdom of salt, who aided Ang-ngalo in the building of a white mansion[50]
  • Ocean Deity: the goddess of the ocean whose waters slammed the ediface of salt being built by Ang-ngalo and Asin, causing the sea's water to become salty[50]
  • Apolaki: the name of a deity, which later was used to refer to the supreme deity of Christian converts[51]

Mortals

  • Lam-ang: an epic hero who journeyed to avenge his father and court Ines Kannoyan; aided by the dog and the rooster, and in some versions, the cat as well[52]
  • Namongan: mother of Lam-ang[52]
  • Don Juan: father of Lam-ang[52]
  • Ines Kannoyan: beautiful maiden who became the lover of Lam-ang; aided the resurrection of Lam-ang[52]
  • Horned Presidente: a presidente of a town who wished to have horns to frighten the people under his rule and keep them under his control; his wish backfired as the people perceived him as worse than an animal; he continued to demand to be the ruler despite his people withdrawing their support, which eventually led to his death[53]

Pangasinense

Immortals

  • Ama-Gaolay: the supreme deity;[54] simply referred as Ama, the ruler of others, and the creator of mankind; sees everything through his aerial abode; father of Agueo and Bulan[26]
  • Agueo: the morose and taciturn sun god who is obedient to his father, Ama; lives in a palace of light[26]
  • Bulan: the merry and mischievous moon god, whose dim palace was the source of the perpetual light which became the stars; guides the ways of thieves[26]
  • Apolaqui: a war god;[55] also called Apolaki, his name was later used to refer to the god of Christian converts[51]
  • Anito: spirits who lurk everywhere; capable of inflicting pain and suffering, or of granting rewards[54]
  • Gods of the Pistay Dayat: gods who are pacified through the Pistay Dayat ritual, where offerings are given to the spirits of the waters who pacify the gods[54]

Mortals

  • Urduja: a warrior princess who headed a supreme fleet[56]
  • Rizal: a culture-hero who, according to tradition, will return to aid his people in their struggle for victory and genuine freedom[57]

Sambal

Immortals

  • Malayari: also called Apo Namalyari, the supreme deity and creator[1]
  • Akasi: the god of health and sickness; sometimes seen at the same level of power as Malayari[1]
  • Kayamanan: the goddess of wealth in Sambal mythology; with Kainomayan, the goddess of plenty, she aided a farmer by bringing him good fortune, however, the farmer became greedy; as punishment, she transformed the farmer into a swarm of locusts[58][59]
  • Deities in Charge of the Rice Harvest
    • Dumangan: god of good harvest[1]
    • Kalasakas: god of early ripening of rice stalks[1]
    • Kalasokus: god of turning grain yellow and dry[1]
    • Damulag: also called Damolag, god of protecting fruiting rice from the elements[1]
  • Manglubar: the god of peaceful living[1]
  • Mangalagar: the goddess of good grace[1]
  • Anitun Tauo: the goddess of win and rain who was reduced in rank by Malayari for her conceit[1]
  • Apolaqui: personal deity of a priestess[60]

Aeta (Agta, Ayta)

Immortals

  • Great Creator: the god who created all things; used to come down and talk to people before the great flood; rules the earth through Tigbalog, Lueve, Amas, and Binangewan[61]
  • Gutugutumakkan: the supreme deity, possibly the name of the Great Creator[62]
  • Apu Namalyari: a deity who lives in Mount Pinatubo;[63] also called Apo Pinatubo and Apo na Malyari;[64] also referred as the supreme deity[65]
  • Tigbalog: gives life and directs activities[61]
  • Lueve: directs production and growth[61]
  • Amas: moves to pity, love, unity, and peace of heart[61]
  • Binangewan: spirits who bring change, sickness, and death as punishment[61]
  • Matusalem: the creator's representatives who act as mediators between the creator and humans since after the great flood[61]
  • Algao: the sun god who battled Bacobaco[66]
  • Bacobaco: an ancient turtle who burrowed on top of Mount Pinatubo after its battle with Algao; eruptions occur when it resurfaces[66]
  • Kedes: god of the hunt[62]
  • Pawi: god of the forest[62]
  • Sedsed: god of the sea[62]

Kapampangan

Immortals

  • Mangetchay: also called Mangatia; the supreme deity who created life on earth in remembrance of his dead daughter; lives in the sun[67] in other versions, she is the creator and net-weaver of the heavens[68]
  • Daughter of Mechetchay: a daughter of Mangetchay whose beauty sparked the great war between the gods, leading to the formation of the earth through stones thrown by the deities; lived on the planet Venus[69]
  • Wife of Mangetchay: wife of Mangetchay who gave birth to their daughter whose beauty sparked the great war; lives in the moon[69]
  • Suku: also called Sinukwan, a gigantic being who radiated positive traits[70]
  • Makiling: a goddess who married Suku[70]
  • Malagu: goddess of beauty who married a mortal; daughter of Makiling and Suku[70]
  • Mahinhin: goddess of modesty who married a mortal; daughter of Makiling and Suku[70]
  • Matimtiman: goddess of charm who married a mortal; daughter of Makiling and Suku[70]
  • Aring Sinukûan: sun god of war and death, taught the early inhabitants the industry of metallurgy, wood cutting, rice culture and even waging war;[68] lives in Mount Arayat, and later included a female form;[71] rules over Arayat together with the deity, Mingan[72]
  • Mingan: a deity who rules with Sinukuan over Arayat, also called Kalaya and Alaya[72]
  • Apolaqui: sun god who battled his sister, Mayari[73]
  • Mayari: the moon goddess who battled her brother, Apolaqui[73]
  • Apûng Malyari: moon god who lives in Mt. Pinatubo and ruler of the eight rivers[68]
  • Tálâ: the bright star, the one who introduced wet-rice culture[68]
  • Munag Sumalâ: the golden serpent child of Aring Sinukuan; represents dawn[68]
  • Lakandanup: son of Aring Sinukuan; the god of gluttony and represents the sun at noon time[68]
  • Gatpanapun: son of Aring Sinukuan; the noble who only knew pleasure and represents the afternoon[68]
  • Sisilim: child of Apûng Malyari; she represents the dusk and is greeted by the songs of the cicada upon her arrival[68]
  • Galurâ: winged assistant of Aring Sinukuan; a giant eagle and the bringer of storms[68]
  • Nága: serpent deities known for their protective nature; their presence in structures are talismans against fire[68]
    • Lakandanum: variant of the Naga, known to rule the waters[68]
  • Lakandánup: serpent goddess who comes during total eclipses; followed by famine; eats a person's shadow, which will result in withering and death; daughter of Áring Sínukuan and Dápu[74]
  • Dápu: crocodile deity who holds the earth on her back; a nunu or earth goddess, and known as the mother ocean[74]
  • Láwû: a giant creature similar to a mixture of a bird, a serpent, and a crocodile who seeks to swallow Aldó and Búlan; the soul of Dápu who does her bidding as Dápu has been weakened when her belly burst; in another, less common, version, Láwû is the ghost of Dápu; while in another, Láwû is the descendant of Dápu, seeking revenge for the deity's mother[74]
  • Batálâ : kingfisher deity, known as the father sky; known as Salaksak, he was swallowed by Dápu, where he dissolved and his two souls came out, bursting out of Dápu's belly[74]
  • Souls of Batálâ
    • Aldó: the white fiery bird[74]
    • Búlan: the red fiery bird[74]
  • Rizal: a culture-hero who will return through resurrection to aid his people in their struggle[57]
  • Felipe Salvador: a hero who will someday return to the people to help them in their struggle; based on a historical person[57]

Mortals

  • Piriang: a prideful maiden who would rather marry a demon than a poor man[75]
  • Guanchiango: a man who was deceived by a demon, who he released from a jar[75]

Tagalog

Immortals

  • Bathala: supreme god and creator deity, also known as Bathala Maykapal, Lumilikha, and Abba; an enormous being with control over thunder, lightning, flood, fire, thunder, and earthquakes; presides over lesser deities and uses spirits to intercede between divinities and mortals;[1][76] referred by Muslims as Anatala;[77] the tigmamanuquin (tigmamanukan) is attributed to Bathala[78]
  • Primordial Kite: caused the sky and the sea to war, which resulted in the sky to throw boulders at the sea, creating islands; built a nest on an island and left the sky and sea in peace[79]
  • Unnamed God: the god of vices mentioned as a rival of Bathala[1]
  • Mayari: goddess of the moon;[80] sometimes identified as having one eye;[1] ruler of the world during nighttime and daughter of Bathala[81]
  • Hanan: goddess of the morning;[80] daughter of Bathala[1]
  • Tala: goddess of stars;[80] daughter of Bathala;[1] also called Bulak Tala, deity of the morning star, the planet Venus seen at dawn[77]
  • Idianale: goddess of labor, good deeds; sometimes referred as a goddess of the rice fields;[1][76] a patron of cultivated lands and husbandry[82]
  • Dumangan: god of good harvest married to Idianale[1]
  • Dumakulem: guardian of created mountains, son of Idianale and Dumangan, married to Anagolay[1]
  • Anitun Tabu: goddess of wind and rain and daughter of Idianale and Dumangan[1]
  • Amanikable: god of the sea who was spurned by the first mortal woman; also a god of hunters[8][1]
  • Lakapati: hermaphrodite deity and protector of sown fields, sufficient field waters, and abundant fish catch;[83] a major fertility deity;[84] deity of vagrants and waifs;[77] a patron of cultivated lands and husbandry[82]
  • Ikapati: goddess of cultivated land and fertility[1]
  • Mapulon: god of seasons married to Ikapati[1]
  • Anagolay: goddess of lost things and daughter of Ikapati and Mapulon[1]
  • Apolake: god of sun and warriors;[80] son of Anagolay and Dumakulem;[1] sometimes referred as son of Bathala and brother of Mayari; ruler of the world during daytime[81]
  • Dian Masalanta: goddess of lovers, daughter of Anagolay and Dumakulem;[1] a patron of lovers and of generation; the Spanish called the deity Alpriapo, as compared with the Western deity Priapus[82]
  • Lakan-bakod: god of the fruits of the earth who dwells in certain plants;[8] the god of crops;[1] the god of rice whose hollow statues have gilded eyes, teeth, and genitals; food and wine are introduced to his mouth to secure a good crop;[85] the protector of fences[86]
  • Sidapa: god of war who settles disputes among mortals[8]
  • Amansinaya: goddess of fishermen[8]
  • Amihan: a primordial deity who intervened when Bathala and Amansinaya were waging a war;[87] a gentle wind deity, daughter of Bathala, who plays during half of the year, as playing together with her brother, Habagat, will be too much for the world to handle[88]
  • Habagat: an active wind deity, son of Bathala, who plays during half of the year, as playing together with his sister, Amihan, will be too much for the world to handle[88]
  • Protectors of the Abode of Souls
    • Balakbak: one of the two guardians of Tanguban, the abode of the souls of the dead[77]
    • Balantay: one of the two guardians of Tanguban, the abode of the souls of the dead[77]
  • Sitan: torturer of souls in the lower world called Kasanaan; has many lower divinities that do his bidding;[1] fought with Bathala for the battle of mortal souls[89]
  • Divinities under Sitan
    • Mangaguay: spreader of disease and suffering; roams the mortal world to induce maladies with her charms[1][90]
    • Manisilat: makes broken homes by turning spouses against each other[1]
    • Mangkukulam: pretends to be a doctor and emits fire[1]
    • Hukloban: can change into any form she desires[1][90]
  • Priestly Agents of the Divinities
    • Silagan: tempt people and eat the liver of those who wear white during mourning; sibling of Mananangal[1]
    • Mananangal: frightens people as she has no head, hands, and feet; sister of Silagan[1]
    • Asuan: flies at night and murder men; one of the five agent brothers[1]
    • Mangagayuma: specializing in charms, especially those which infuses the heart with love; one of the five agent brothers[1]
    • Sunat: a well-known priest; one of the five agent brothers[1]
    • Pangatahuyan: a soothsayer; one of the five agent brothers[1]
    • Bayuguin: tempts women into a life of shame; one of the five agent brothers[1]
  • Sinukan: tasked her lover Bayani to complete a bridge[91]
  • Bayani: lover of Sinukan who failed to complete a bridge; engulfed by a stream caused by the wrath of Sinukan[91]
  • Ulilangkalulua: a giant snake that could fly; enemy of Bathala, who was killed during their combat[73][76]
  • Galangkalulua: winged god who loves to travel; Bathala's companion who perished due to an illness, where his head was buried in Ulilangkalulua's grave, giving birth to the first coconut tree, which was used by Bathala to create the first humans[73][76]
  • Uwinan Sana: the god of the fields and the jungle[85]
  • Haik: the god of the sea who protects travelers from tempests and storms[85]
  • Lakambini: the deity who protects throats and who is invoked to cure throat aches; also called Lakandaytan, as the god of attachment[86]
  • Lakang Balingasay: deity who resides in the poisonous balingasay tree; a feared and powerful spirit of the jungle; compared with the Western divinity Beezlebub, the deity of flies[86]
  • Bighari: the flower-loving goddess of the rainbow; a daughter of Bathala[92]
  • Bibit: deity who is offered food first when somebody is sick[83]
  • Linga: deity invoked by the sick[83]
  • Liwayway: the goddess of dawn; a daughter of Bathala[92]
  • Tag-ani: the god of harvest; a son of Bathala[92]
  • Kidlat: the god of lightning; a son of Bathala[92]
  • Hangin: the god of wind; a son of Bathala[92]
  • Bulan-hari: one of the deities sent by Bathala to aid the people of Pinak; can command rain to fall; married to Bitu-in[93]
  • Bitu-in: one of the deities sent by Bathala to aid the people of Pinak[93]
  • Alitaptap: daughter of Bulan-hari and Bitu-in; has a star on her forehead, which was struck by Bulan-hari, resulting to her death; her struck star became the fireflies[93]
  • Makiling: the kind goddess of Mount Makiling and protector of its environment and wildlife[94]
  • Maylupa: also called Meylupa, the crow master of the earth[95]
  • Alagaka: the protector of hunters[77]
  • Bingsol: the god of ploughmen[77]
  • Biso: the police officer of heaven[77]
  • Bulak Pandan: deity of the cotton of pandanus[77]
  • Dalagang nasa Buwan: the maiden of the moon[77]
  • Ginuong Dalaga: the goddess of crops[77]
  • Dalagang Binubukot: the cloistered maiden in the moon[77]
  • Ginuong Ganay: the lady old maid[77]
  • Hasanggan: a terrible god[77]
  • Kampungan: the god of harvests and sown fields[77]
  • Kapiso Pabalita: the news-giving protector of travelers[77]
  • Lampinsaka: the god of the lame and cripple[77]
  • Makapulaw: the god of sailors[77]
  • Makatalubhay: the god of bananas[77]
  • Matanda: the god of merchants and second-hand dealers[77]
  • Ang Maygawa: the owner of the work[77]
  • Paalulong: the god of the sick and the dead[77]
  • Paglingniyalan: the god of hunters[77]
  • Ginuong Pagsuutan: the protectress of women and travail[77]
  • Lakang Pinay: the old midwife-lord[77]
  • Pusod-Lupa: the earth-navel and a god of the fields[77]
  • Sirit: a servant of the gods with a snake's hiss[77]
  • Sungmasandal: the one that keeps close[77]
  • Pilipit: a divinity whose statuette looks like a cat, where solemn oaths are made in the deity's presence[83]
  • Mangkukutod: protector of palm trees[86]
  • Bernardo Carpio: a giant trapped between two mountains in Montalban, where his movements create earthquakes;[96] will break free from his chains to aid his people in their struggle for freedom[57]
  • Sawa: a deity who assumed the form of a giant snake when he appeared to a priestess in a cave-temple[77]
  • Rajo: a giant who stole the formula for creating wine from the gods; tattled by the night watchman who is the moon; his conflict with the moon became the lunar eclipse[97]
  • Unnamed Moon God: the night watchman who tattled on Rajo's theft, leading to an eclipse[97]
  • Nuno: the owner of the mountain of Taal, who disallowed human agriculture at Taal's summit[91]
  • Hari sa Bukid: a king who disallowed the people from planting at the summit of his kingdom's mountain; unless his people showed their industry and hard work, he remains smoking tobacco in the center of the earth[57]
  • Great Serpent of Pasig: a giant serpent who created the Pasig river after merchants wished to the deity; in exchange for the Pasig's creation, the souls of the merchants would be owned by the serpent[98]
  • Golden Calf of Banahaw: an enormous golden calf who serve as guardian of Mount Banahaw[57]
  • Doce Pares: the twelve brave young men who embarked on a quest to retrieve the Golden Calf of Banahaw, headed by the culture-hero Rizal; said to return to the people as giants, together with the Golden Calf, to aid their people in war[57]
  • Rizal: a culture-hero who led the quest to retrieve the Golden Calf of Banahaw; traditions state that once a world war breaks, he and the Doce Pares will come down from the mountain with the Golden Calf to aid his people in their struggle; another versions states he will aid the people, arriving through a ship[57]

Mortals

  • Pablo Maralit: an epic hero who became the ruler of Lipa; has various powers and amulets[99]
  • Catalina: wife of Pablo Maralit[99]
  • Balo-na: a wise old woman who foresaw the arrival of the warriors of La-ut that would conquer and ransack the land of Pinak[93]
  • Dana: a princess who revered the sun god through dances at the Rock of Bathala; impregnated by the sun god and banished from the kingdom, causing the flowers of the rivers to wither; she was later asked to return and continue her sun worship[98]
  • Loku: a ruler from Quiapo who started to believe in a foreign god; when his people were attacked by foreigners, he was defeated as he could not ask the help of the anitos[98]

Tau-buid Mangyan (Batangan)

Immortals

  • Rawtit: the ancient and gigantic matriarch who wields a huge knife, wears a lycra, and has magical power to leap miles in one bound; she brings peace to the forest and all its inhabitants[100]
  • Quadruple Deities: the four childless naked deities, composed of two gods who come from the sun and two goddesses who come from the upper part of the river; summoned using the paragayan or diolang plates[101]

Buhid Mangyan

Immortals

  • Sayum-ay and Manggat: the ancestral ancient couple who named all trees, animals, lakes, rocks, and spirits[102]
  • Labang: evil spirits which manifests in animal forms whose bites are fatal, as the bite marks on humans can become channels for bad spirits[103]
  • Lahi: spirits which are potential allies and protectors against the Labang[103]
    • Afo Daga: owner of the earth;[102] can cast earthquakes, typhoons, and disease outbreaks when mankind defies the moral codes; appeased though the igluhodan ritual[103]
    • Afo Fungsu: owner of mountain peaks[102]
    • Afo Sapa: owner of rivers[102]
  • Falad: souls of the dead[102]
  • Malawan: spirits that live in the springs in the deep forest[102]
  • Taw Gubat: jungle men who live deep in the forest[102]
  • Bulaw: those who live in mountain peaks; depicted as shooting stars because they fly from one peak to another and lights its way with a torch made from human bone[102]

Mortals

  • Bulang: a man who got stuck underwater during a torrential rain, resulting to his body become a rock called Bato Bulang; his rock serves as a stopper to a hole beneath it at the Binagaw river, where if it is to be removed, the whole area will be submerged in water[102]

Hanunoo Mangyan

Immortals

  • Mahal na Makaako: the supreme deity who gave life to all human beings merely by gazing at them[104]
  • Binayo: owner of a garden where all spirits rest[104]
  • Binayi: a sacred female spirit who is the caretaker of the Kalag Paray; married to Balingabong[104]
  • Balungabong: spirit who is aided by 12 fierce dogs; erring souls are chased by these dogs and are eventually drowned in a cauldron of boiling water; married to Binayi[104]
  • Kalag Paray: rice spirits; appeased to ensure a bountiful harvest[104]
  • Labang: evil spirits who can take the form of animals and humans[104]
  • Apu Dandum: spirit living in the water[104]
  • Apu Daga: spirit living in the soil[104]
  • Daniw: spirit residing in the stone cared for by the healers[104]

Mortals

  • Anay and Apog: the only two humans who survived the great flood which killed every other human; lived on top of Mount Naapog[105]
  • Inabay: wife of Amalahi; met a ghoul, who she requested betel nuts to chew on, as per custom; later turned into a ghoul due to the ghoul's betel nuts[105]
  • Amalahi: husband of Inabay; killed by hus wife who had tunred into a ghoul[105]
  • Daga-daga: eldest child of Inabay and Amalahi; sister of Palyos; called on the help of the Timawa to escape from her mother, and took care of her child brother in the forest[105]
  • Palyos: younger child of Ibanay and Amalahi; brother of Daga-daga; befriended a wild chicken who he became friends with until he became tall; eventually, his friend chicken left the world of the living, leaving on its two wings, which when Palyos planted, sprouted and fruited rice, clothing, beads, and many others, which he and his sister shared with others[105]
  • Timawa: the elves who aided the child Daga-daga and her small brother Palyos to escape from their mother, Inabay, who had turned into a ghoul[105]
  • Amalahi: a grinning man who tricked the giant Amamangan and his family, which led to their death[105]
  • Amamangan: a giant whose entire family were tricked by Amalahi, leading to death[105]
  • Daldali: the fast one, who is always in a hurry, which usually results into deplorable things; cousin of Malway-malway[105]
  • Malway-malway: the slow one, whose acts are normal and proper; cousin of Daldali[105]
  • Monkey and Crocodile: two characters where Monkey always outwits [105]
  • Juan Pusong: a trickster character[105]

Bicolano

Immortals

  • Gugurang: the supreme god; causes the pit of Mayon volcano to rumble when he is displeased; cut Mt. Malinao in hald with a thunderbolt;[106] the god of good[107]
  • Asuang: brother of Gugurang; an evil god who wanted Gugurang's fire, and gathered evil spirits and advisers to cause immortality and crime to reign; vanquished by Gugurang but his influence still lingers[106]
  • Assistants of Gugurang
    • Linti: controls lightning[106]
    • Dalodog: controls thunder[106]
  • Unnamed Giant: supports the world; movement from his index finger causes a small earthquake, while movement from his third finger causes strong ones; if he moves his whole body, the earth will be destroyed[108]
  • Languiton: the god of the sky[108]
  • Tubigan: the god of the water[108]
  • Dagat: goddess of the sea[108]
  • Paros: god of the wind; married to Dagat[108]
  • Daga: son of Dagat and Paros; inherited his father'control of the wind; instigated an unsuccessfully rebellion against his grandfather, Languit, and died; his body became the earth[108]
  • Adlao: son of Dagat and Paros; joined Daga's rebellion and died; his body became the sun;[108] in another myth, he was alive and during a battle, he cut one of Bulan's arm and hit Bulan's eyes, where the arm was flattened and became the earth, while Bulan's tears became the rivers and seas[109]
  • Bulan: son of Dagat and Paros; joined Daga's rebellion and died; his body became the moon;[108] in another myth, he was alive and from his cut arm, the earth was established, and from his tears, the rivers and seas were established[109]
  • Bitoon: daughter of Dagat and Paros; accidentally killed by Languit during a rage against his grandsons' rebellion; her shattered body became the stars[108]
  • Unnamed God: a sun god who fell in love with the mortal, Rosa; refused to light the world until his father consented to their marriage; he afterwards visited Rosa, but forgetting to remove his powers over fire, he accidentally burned Rosa's whole village until nothing but hot springs remained[110]
  • Magindang: the god of fishing who leads fishermen in getting a good fish catch through sounds and signs[111]
  • Okot: the forest god whose whistle would lead hunters to their prey[111]
  • Bakunawa: a serpent that seeks to swallow the moon[111]
  • Haliya: the goddess of the moon[107]
  • Apolaki: a mountain monster[51]
  • Batala: a good god who battled against Kalaon[111]
  • Kalaon: an evil god of destruction[111]
  • Son of Kalaon: son of Kalaon who defied his evil father's wishes[111]
  • Onos: freed the great flood that changed the land's features[112]
  • Oryol: a wily serpent who appeared as a beautiful maiden with a seductive voice; admired the hero Handyong's bravery and gallantry, leading her to aid the hero in clearing the region of beasts until peace came into the land[112]

Mortals

  • Baltog: the hero who slew the giant wild boar Tandayag[112]
  • Handyong: the hero who cleared the land of beasts with the aid of Oryol; crafted the people's first laws, which created a period for a variety of human inventions[112]
  • Bantong: the hero who single-handedly slew the half-man half-beast Rabot[112]
  • Dinahong: the first potter; a pygmy who taught the people how to cook and make pottery
  • Ginantong: made the first plow, harrow, and other farming tools[113]
  • Hablom: the inventor of the first weaving loom and bobbins[114]
  • Kimantong: the first person to fashion the rudder called timon, the sail called layag, the plow called arado, the harrow called surod, the ganta and other measures, the roller, the yoke, the bolo, and the hoe[114]
  • Sural: the first person to have thought of a syllabry; carved the first writing on a white rock-slab from Libong[114]
  • Gapon: polished the rock-slab where the first writing was on[114]
  • Takay: a lovely maiden who drowned during the great flood; transformed into the water hyacinth in Lake Bato[114]
  • Rosa: a sun god's lover, who perished after the sun god accidentally burned her entire village[110]
  • Malinay: a fearless girl who explored the forests and caves filled with spirits; known in the tale of the origin of bananas[114]

Waray

Immortals

  • Makapatag-Malaon: the supreme deity with both male and female aspect; the male aspect is Makapatag, the leveler who is fearful and destructive, while the female aspect is Malaon, the ancient understanding goddess[8][49]
  • Badadum: a guide of the dead; gathers the souls of the newly dead to meet their relatives at the mouth of a river in the lower world[8]
  • Hamorawan Lady: the deity of the Hamorawan spring in Borongan, who blesses the waters with healing properties[115]
  • Berbinota: the beautiful goddess who rules the island of Biri, whose formations were made during the battle of the gods[116]
  • Maka-andog: an epic giant-hero who was friends with the sea spirits and controlled wildlife and fish; first inhabitant and ruler of Samar who lived for five centuries; later immortalized as a deity of fishing[117]
  • Rizal: a culture-hero who is prophesied to someday return to aid his people in their struggle[57]

Mortals

  • Igsabod: one of the 10–11 giant siblings of Maka-andog; friends with the sea spirits[118]
  • Paula Tomaribo: giant wife and, in some tales, the sibling of Maka-andog; in another tale, she was of Moro origin[118]
  • Banogbarigos: brother of Maka-andog; became the first aswang[118]
  • Pagsabihon: one who punishes those who speak of him[118]
  • Delbora: the one who kaingin farmers offer food; wife of Delalaman[118]
  • Sanghid: wove cloth on a gold loom with supernatural speed; has the power to move back the sun[118]
  • Mother of Maka-andog: a gigantic being whose head alone is as large as a hill; lived in Mt. Hurao[118]
  • Father of Maka-andog: lived in Mt. Hurao in the middle of Samar; more powerful than his sons, including Maka-andog[118]
  • Tigalhong: brother of Maka-andog; first inhabitant of Leyte[118]
  • Delalaman: a giant who defeated a priest in a challenge; remained faithful to the old faith, and was never baptised, just like Maka-andog and the other ancestors[118]
  • Dawisan: one of 9–12 children of Maka-andog who inherited his father's strength and magic[118]
  • Yugang: a wife of Maka-andog associated with the gold loom[118]

Eskaya

Immortals

  • Ai Suno: the supreme child deity also called Salvador Suno; later conflated with the Child Jesus due to Christian influence[119]
  • Baroko: the bird who aided in the retrieval of the Lingganay nga Ugis (silver bell), which it dropped at Kamayaan river and can only be retrieved by Ai Suno when he returns on land, free his people from bondage and give them their second bodies; if the bell is retrieved by someones else, a great deluge will occur[119]

Mortals

  • Pinay: the founder of the Eskaya language and script; in some sources, Datahan, a historical person who founded an Eskaya school, is said to be a reincarnation of Pinay[120]
  • Tumud Babaylan: custodian of a sacred silver bell who was stolen by a Spanish priest named Prayleng Vicente; retrieved the stolen by through the aid of a bird called Baroko, who flew with the bell[121]
  • Humabad: a priest-ruler of Opon, known for his treachery of welcoming the foreigner Magellan and conducting a blood compact with him[121]
  • Umanad: the epic hero and ruler of Cortes who refused to be baptized and subjugated by Magellan; he allied himself with Lapu-Lapu of Mactan and bravely waged war against Humanad upon his return to Bohol, which ended with Humabad's death and a mortally wounded Umanad[121]
  • Daylinda: wife of Umanad who was baptized by Magellan; was afterwards gently cast away by Umanad; committed ritual suicide due to the death of her husband[121]
  • Dangko: the ruler of Talibon who refused to be baptized and subjugated by Magellan[121]
  • Iriwan: an aide provided by Lapu-lapu to Umanad; became a good friend of Umanad; aided Umanad in his battle against Humabad; sailed Umanad's mortally-wounded body to Cortes through the mystical snaking river Abatan-Waji[121]

Bisaya

Immortals

  • Kaptan: the supreme god and sky god who fought against Magauayan for eons until Manaul intervened; ruler of the skyworld called Kahilwayan; controls the wind and lightning;[122] in some myths, is married to Maguyaen;[1] also referred as Bathala in one myth;[123] also referred as Abba in one chronicle[124]
  • Maguayan: the god who rules of the waters as his kingdom; father of Lidagat; brother of Kaptan[125]
  • Messengers of Kaptan
    • Dalagan: the swiftest winged giant, armed with long spears and sharp swords[125]
    • Guidala: the bravest winged giant armed with long spears and sharp swords[125]
    • Sinogo: the handsomest winged giant armed with long spears and sharp swords; best loved by Kaptan but betrayed his master and was imprisoned under the sea[125]
  • Maguyaen: the goddess of the winds of the sea[1]
  • Magauayan: fought against Kaptan for eons until Manaul intervened[122]
  • Manaul: the great bird who dropped great rocks upon the battle of Kaptan and Magauayan, creating islands[122]
  • Helpers of Manaul
  • Lidagat: the sea married to the wind; daughter of Maguayan[125]
  • Lihangin: the wind married to the sea; son of Kaptan[125]
  • Licalibutan: the rock-bodied son of Lidagat and Lihangin; inherited the control of the wind from his father; initiated the revolt against one of his grandfathers, Kaptan; killed by Kaptan's rage; his body became the earth[125]
  • Liadlao: the gold-bodied son of Lidagat and Lihangin; killed by Kaptan's rage during the great revolt; his body became the sun[125]
  • Libulan: the copper-bodied son of Lidagat and Lihangin; killed by Kaptan's rage during the great revolt; his body became the moon[125]
  • Lisuga: the silver-bodied son of Lidagat and Lihangin; accidentally killed by Kaptan's rage during her brothers' revolt; her body fragments became the stars[125]
  • Adlaw: the sun deity worshiped by the good[123]
  • Bulan: the moon deity who gives light to sinners and guides them in the night[123]
  • Bakunawa: the serpent deity who can coil around the world; sought to swallow the seven "Queen" moons, successfully eating the six, where the last is guarded by bamboos[123]
  • Divities under Kaptan
    • Makilum-sa-twan: the god of plains and valleys[1]
    • Makilum-sa-bagidan: the god of fire[1]
    • Makilum-sa-tubig: the god of the sea[1]
    • Kasaray-sarayan-sa-silgan: the god of streams[1]
    • Magdan-durunoon: the god of hidden lakes[1]
    • Sarangan-sa-bagtiw: the god of storms[1]
    • Suklang-malaon: the goddess of happy homes[1]
    • Alunsina: the goddess of the sky[1]
    • Abyang: another deity under Kaptan[1]
  • Maka-ako: also called Laon; the creator of the universe[8]
  • Linok: the god of earthquakes[8]
  • Makabosog: a deified chieftain who provides food for the hungry[8]
  • Sidapa: the goddess of death; co-ruler of the middleworld called Kamaritaan, together with Makaptan[1]
  • Makaptan: the god of sickness; co-ruler of the middleworld called Kamaritaan, together with Sidapa; he is a brother of Magyan and Sumpoy[1]
  • Deities under Sidapa and Makaptan
    • Danapolay: the god who supervises the other deities who answer to Sidapa and Makaptan[1]
    • Tagusirangan[1]
    • Duwindihan[1]
    • Dalongdongan[1]
    • Tagabititlakan-ka-adlaw[1]
    • Suta[1]
    • Agta[1]
    • Tabukuun[1]
  • Sappia: the goddess of mercy originating from the island of Bohol who empties the milk from her breasts onto weeds, giving the origin of white rice; when milk ran out, blood came out from her breast, giving the origin of red rice[1]
  • Tan Mulong: guardian of a spirit cave where souls may be imprisoned; has a spirit dog with one mammary gland and two genitals[8]
  • Pandaque: messenger of Sidapa; sacrifice is offered to the deity so that a soul can be admitted to the skyworld, Kahilwayan, from the lower world, Kasakitan; lives in Kasakitan, despite being a messenger of Sidapa, who lives in the middleworld, Kamaritaan;[1] also referred as Pandagoy[124]
  • Magyan: carries the souls of the dead to the lower world, Kasakitan, on his boat called balanday; co-ruler of the lower world Kasakitan, together with Sumpoy; he is a brother of Makaptan and Sumpoy[1]
  • Sumpoy: takes the souls from Magyan's balanday and carries them to a place in Kasakitan called Kanitu-nituhan; co-ruler of the lower world Kasakitan, together with Magyan; he is a brother of Magyan and Makaptan[1]
  • Sisiburanen: ruler of Kanitu-nituhan, a sub-realm of the lower world, Kasakitan; acts as slaver of the souls of those who cannot and have yet go into the skyworld; feeds the souls to Simuran and Siguinarugan after the souls stay in Kanitu-nituhan for years[1]
  • Kuruntang
    • Simuran: one of the two giant guards of the gates of Kanitu-nituhan[1]
    • Siguinarugan: one of the two giant guards of the gates of Kanitu-nituhan;[1] also referred as Siginarugan and Siginarungan[124]
  • Other inhabitants of Kasakitan
    • Abyang Durunuun: the goddess of charms[1]
    • Saragnayan: the god of darkness who protected his wife, Nagmalitong Yawa Sinagmaling, from all adversaries in Panay mythologies; his source of immortality was inputted on a wild boar, and upon the killing of the boar, he became mortal and was killed by Buyung Baranugon[126][1]
    • Pinganun-pinganun: the god of enchanted places[1]
    • Unmagad Palinti[1]
    • Sumpay Pako-Pako[1]
  • Gods of War
  • Lalahon: the goddess of fire, volcanoes, and the harvest;[128] also referred as Laon[124]
  • Santonilyo: a deity who brings rain when its image is immersed at sea;[129] deity of the white men, referring to Spanish colonizers[124]
  • Gunung: a deity of volcanoes[124]
  • Magbibaya: a deity similar to the god Magbabaya of the Bukidnon[124]
  • Lumawig: a deity mentioned in the Aginid[124]
  • Linug: a deity of earthquakes[124]
  • Cacao: the goddess of Mount Lantoy who sells her products through a golden ship which can flood rivers[130]
  • Mangao: husband of Cacao[130]
  • Rizal: a culture-hero who is said to return in favor of his people's struggle for genuine freedom; based on a historical person[57]
  • Leon Kilat: a hero who is said will return to the people together with Rizal and Bonifacio in Cebu; based on a historical person, Pantaleon Villegas[57]
  • Buhawi: also called Kano, a hero who will someday return to aid his people in their struggle in Negros; based on the historical person, Ponciano Elopre[57]

Mortals

  • Sicabay: the first woman[125]
  • Sicalac: the first man[125]
  • Libo: the first child and son of Sicabay and Sicalac; was taken south after the defeat of Pandaguan; became the ancestor of a brown-skinned race[125]
  • Saman: the first daughter and second child of Sicabay and Sicalac; was taken south after the defeat of Pandaguan; became the ancestor of a brown-skinned race[125]
  • Pandaguan: a younger son of Sicabay and Sicalac; a clever man who invented the fish trap which caught a giant shark; father of Arion; challenged to overpower the gods, and was punished by zapping[125]
  • Arion: son of Pandaguan who was taken north after the defeat of Pandaguan; became the ancestor of a white-skinned race[125]
  • Son of Saman and Sicalac: was taken east after the defeat of Pandaguan; became the ancestor of a yellow-skinned race[125]
  • Lapulapu: a ruler of Mactan who is valorous, strong, and noble, as well as driven and fearless especially in times of armed conflict; in one account, he is also a mangatang (pirate); bested Humabon in politics, trade, and ocean territory in most accounts, while in one account, Humabon managed to overcome Lapulapu;[124] defeated the Spanish forces including Magellan with aid from the forces of nature; a verified historical person[131]
  • Humabon: a ruler of Sugbo who is cautious and highly respected, but also brave and courageous especially in times of armed conflict; a verified historical person[124]
  • Sri Lumay Bataugong: the legendary founder of Sugbo who was said to have come from Sumatra[124]
  • Sri Bantug: a ruler of Sugbo[124]
  • Binibini Anduki: sister of Sri Lumay[124]
  • Bulakna: wife of Lapulapu; in other epics, Lapulapu instead has three wives and eleven children[124]
  • Sawili: son of Lapulapu and Bulakna[131]
  • Zula: a ruler that Lapulapu had an enmity with due to both ruler's affection towards Bulakna[124]
  • Datu Mangal: father of Lapulapu in most versions of the story and ruler of Mactan before Lapulapu;[124] in other versions, he is Lapulapu's uncle or friend and right-hand man; has supernatural powers, various amulets of whirlpools and oil, and a flying horse[131]
  • Matang Mataunas: mother of Lapulapu; in another tale, the mother of Lapulapu is instead named Matang Matana;[124] also called Matang Mantaunas or Bauga[131]
  • Malingin: daughter of Datu Mangal and sister of Lapulapu[131]
  • Sri Mohammed: paternal grandfather of Lapulapu in one tale[124]
  • Sri Lamaraw Dula: brother of Humabon[124]
  • Bali-Alho: chief of Bo. Maribago; can break pestles with his bare hands; one of the Mactan chieftains loyally allied to Datu Mangal[131]
  • Tindak-Bukid: chief of Bo. Marigondon; can level a mountain with a kick; one of the Mactan chieftains loyally allied to Datu Mangal[131]
  • Umindig: chief of Bo. Ibo, a champion wrestler; one of the Mactan chieftains loyally allied to Datu Mangal[131]
  • Sagpang-Baha: also called Sampong-Baha; can slap back an onrushing flood; one of the Mactan chieftains loyally allied to Datu Mangal[131]
  • Bugto-Pasan: can snap the sturdiest vines with his hands; one of the Mactan chieftains loyally allied to Datu Mangal[131]
  • Silyo: a chief who borrowed an amulet from Datu Mangal; he never returned the amulet and was caught by Datu Mangal fleeing; was turned into a stone along with his crew by Datu Mangal through a curse; before turning a stone completely, he also uttered a curse to turn Datu Mangal into stone; another tale tells that Matang Mataunas and Malingin were also turned into stone[131]
  • Horned Presidente: a presidente of a town who wanted to continue controlling the people so he wished for horns to frighten them; his wish backfired, with the people withdrawing their support, which later led to his death[53]

Ati

Immortals

  • Magwala: also called Magdili, the supreme spirit[132]
  • Abog: chief herdsman of wild pigs and deer; the daga or diwata ritual is offered to invite the herdsmen spirits, headed by Abog[132]
  • Assistants of Abog
  • Spirits of the Forest: the first-fruits sacrifices of the hunt are offered to them through bits of meat, which would bring good luck to the people[132]
  • Taglugar: also called Tagapuyo; spirits inhabiting certain places[133]

Mortals

  • Polpulan: father of Marikudo, and chief of Panay before the ascension of his son[134]
  • Marikudo: the ruler of Panay who welcomed the ten Bornean datus, who settled on the island through discussions with Marikudo and his people; married to Maniuantiuan and recognized by the ten Bornean datus as their ruler[134]
  • Maniuantiuan: the beautiful and graceful wife of Marikudo and an excellent negotiator; came from a commoner family[134]

Ilonggo (Hiligaynon)

Immortals

  • Laon: the supreme goddess and creator residing in Mount Kanlaon; governs the harvest, pestilence, and locusts;[127] also referred to as the god Lalaon[57]
  • Makaako: the creator and the most powerful god[127]
  • Kaptan: god of the earth[127]
  • Magyawan: god of the sea[127]
  • Manunubo: the good spirit of the sea[127]
  • Sidapa: god who lives in the sacred Mount Madia-as; determines the day of a person's death by marking every newborn's lifespan on a very tall tree on Madya-as[127]
  • Pandaque: god who is given ritual offerings so that a soul of the deceased will not be taken by the gods responsible for torment in the afterlife[127]
  • Gods of Torment
  • Bulalakaw: god who lives in the sacred Mount Madia-as;[127] malevolent deity in the form of a bird with a flaming tail[135]
  • Mama Guayen: a god that carries the souls of the dead in a boat to the ends of the earth;[8] also called Maguayen[127]
  • Sumpoy: god who guides the soul toward a very high mountain[127]
  • Sisiburanen: the god who rules the mountain where Sumpoy drops off the souls of the dead[127]
  • Mangalos: the spirits who eat the insides of children; takes away young lives[127]
  • Hangin: the spirits of the death wind; takes the life of the elderly[127]
  • Sitaho: also called Sibo Malabag; the god of the early migrants from Borneo[136]
  • Cabus-Cabus: deified shaman[136]
  • Dangse: deified shaman[136]
  • Estrella Bangotbanwa: deified shaman from the 19th century[136]
  • Gods of War
  • Canla and Ona: the couple hidden under a clod of earth thrown down by the god Lalaon as punishment to the people who showed malice towards the couple; said to go forth onto the world only after the people become good and envy in the world disappear[57]
  • Hari-sa-Boqued: an emissary of Canla and Ona; Mount Canlaon is said to burst whenever word has been sent from Canla and Ona to Hair-sa-Baqued, asking if the people have become good and envy is no longer in this world; in other versions, he is also a king of a prosperous kingdom, where his followers are humans, but in one case, he also has loyal dwarfs as followers; disallowed the people from planting tobacco near the summit, but was disobeyed, resulting in an eruption[57]

Mortals

  • Polpulan: father of Marikudo, and chief of Panay before the ascension of his son[134]
  • Marikudo: the ruler of Panay who welcomed the ten Bornean datus, who settled on the island through discussions with Marikudo and his people; married to Maniuantiuan and recognized by the ten Bornean datus as their ruler[134]
  • Maniuantiuan: the beautiful and graceful wife of Marikudo who negotiated with Pinampang; came from a commoner family[134]
  • Mambusay: son of Marikudo who first spoke with the ten Bornean datus and hear their plea[134]
  • Makatunao: a tyrant ruler whose actions forced the ten Bornean datus to flee to Panay[134]
  • Puti: the leader of the ten Bornean datus who fled to Panay; returned to Borneo and fought Makatunao[134]
  • Pinampang: wife of Puti who negotiated with Maniusntiuan[134]
  • Lumbay: one of the ten Bornean datus[134]
  • Bankaya: one of the ten Bornean datus; settled at Aklan[134]
  • Sumakuel: one of the ten Bornean datus; settled at Hamtik[134]
  • Damangsil: one of the ten Bornean datus[134]
  • Dalugdog: one of the ten Bornean datus[134]
  • Paiburong: one of the ten Bornean datus; settled at Irong-Irong[134]
  • Padohinog: one of the ten Bornean datus[134]
  • Dumocsol: one of the ten Bornean datus[134]
  • Kalengsusu: one of the ten Bornean datus[134]
  • Horned Presidente: a presidente of a town who yearned to have more power to control the people; he wished for horns to frighten his constituents, which instead led to the people withdrawing their support; died while still wanting to keep his power[53]

Capiznon

Immortals

  • Laon: the supreme deity; a goddess said to reside in the mountain at the neighboring island of Negros[137]
  • Bulalakaw: a bird god who looks like a peacock and can cause illneses; lives in Mount Madja-as[137]
  • Mediators to the Gods
    • Bangutbanwa: ensures good harvests and an orderly universe[137]
    • Mangindalon: intercedes for sick persons; punishes enemies[137]
    • Soliran: one of two performers of the marriage ceremonies[137]
    • Solian: one of two performers of the marriage ceremonies[137]
    • Manunubo: the good spirit of the sea[137]
  • Tungkung Langit: the god of the sky who brings famine, drought, storms, and floods[137]
  • Lulid-Batang: the god of the earth, responsible for earthquakes and volcanic eruptions[137]
  • Linting Habughabug: the god of lightning, whose look kills people and who shouts in anger[137]
  • Launsina: the goddess of the sun, moon, stars, and seas, and the most beloved because people seek forgiveness from her[137]
  • Burigadang Pada Sinaklang Bulawan: the goddess of greed to whom people pray when they want to get rich[137]
  • Saragnayan: the god of darkness who has the power to replace brightness with darkness[137]
  • Lubay-lubyuk Hanginun si Mahuyuk-huyukun: the goddess of the evening breeze; cools people, especially during the summer[137]
  • Suklang Malayun: the guardian of happy homes[137]
  • Maklilum-sa-twan: the god of the plains and valleys.[137]
  • Agurang: the good spirit who fought against Asuwang[138]
  • Asuwang: the malevolent spirit who fought against Asuwang[138]

Aklanon

Immortals

  • Gamhanan: the supreme deity and giver of life, security, and livelihood; lives with many other gods in Mount Daeogdog, where he gives life and punishes errant mortals; used to have a loyal deer-like pet and messenger called Panigotlo, which bleated as a sign of abundance to mortals or foretells floods and despairs to alert the people[139]
  • Bululakaw: lived in the island's sacred mountain called Madya-as[137]
  • Laon: a chief goddess[137]
  • Mediators to the Gods
    • Bangutbanwa: deity who is prayed to for a good harvests and an orderly universe[137]
    • Mangindalon: intercedes for sick persons and punishes enemies[137]
    • Soliran: performs marriage ceremonies[137]
    • Solian: performs marriage ceremonies[137]
    • Manunubo: the good spirit of the sea[137]

Mortals

  • Damhanan: the hunter who killed Panigotlo, the sacred deer-like pet of Gamhanan[139]
  • Daeogdog: a man with violent temper whose name means thunder; married to Mabuot; wanted to force a marriage between his daughter Agahon and a man named Maeopig[140]
  • Mabuot: a woman who was kind and gentle, married to Daeogdog; tried to prevent the marriage of Agahon with the hot-tempered Maeopig[140]
  • Agahon: daughter of Daeogdog and Mabuot; said to be as lovely as the dawn; was to be married to Maeopig even though she rejected the proposal; killed herself before the marriage; from her burial, grew the mango tree[140]
  • Maeopig: suitor of Agahon; had an uncontrollable anger and was chosen by Daeogdog to marry his daughter[140]

Karay-a

Immortals

  • Maka-ako: the supreme deity residing on the uppermost level of the cosmic universe's seven layers[141]
  • Alunsina: the mother goddess of the Hinilawod epic heroes; aided in the battle against Saragnayon[142]
  • Laonsina: a sky goddess and grandmother of Nagmalitung Yawa[143]
  • Unnamed Sky God: a sky god who prevented Balanakon from traveling to Labaw Donggon's territory[143]
  • Tagna-an: the creator god and a busalian shaman; the most powerful and versatile of all ma-aram shamans[141]
  • Hugna-an: the first man; a ma-aram shaman and child of Tagna-an[141]
  • Humihinahon: the first woman; a ma-aram shaman and child of Tagna-an[141]
  • Kapapu-an: the pantheon of ancestral spirits from whom the supernatural powers of shamans originated from; their aid enables specific types of shamans to gush water from rocks, leap far distances, create oil shields, become invisible, or pass through solid matter[141]
  • Papu Estrella Bangotbanwa: a deified shaman who controlled the forces of nature[141]
  • Sidapa: god who establishes a person's lifespan through a very tall tree on Mount Madia-as[127]
  • Pandaque: god who allows the souls of the dead to enter Mount Madya-as, the home of the dead, if a proper mag-anito ritual is held[127]
  • Simuran: a god who takes the souls to the lower regions[127]
  • Siginarugan: a god who takes the souls to the lower regions[127]
  • Bangle: carries the non-liquefied soul across the water; the way he carries the soul differs depending on the soul's answers to his questions[144]
  • Bagubu: deity of the stream which follows after the crossing with Bangle[144]

Mortals

  • Labaw Donggon: an epic hero who journeyed to many lands[142]
  • Gimbitinan: a wife of Labaw Donggon; mother of the hero Asu Mangga[142]
  • Anggoy Doronoon: a wife of Labaw Donggon; mother of the hero Buyung Baranugun[142]
  • Yawa Sinagmaling: the wife of the lord, Saragnayon; Labaw Donggon fell in love with her, leading to the battle between Labaw Donggon and Saragnayon[142]
  • Saragnayon: husband of Yawa Sinagmaling; became a mortal after the wild boar which safeguards his immortality was defeated[142]
  • Asu Mangga: hero son of Gimbitinan and Labaw Donggon; fought Saragnayon for the release of his father[142]
  • Buyung Baranugun: hero son of Anggoy Doronoon and Labaw Donggon; fought Saragnayon for the release of his father[142]
  • Humadapnon: an epic hero; brother of Labaw Donggon and husband of Nagmalitung Yawa;[142] aided by an enchanted tree and three messengers birds in the courting of Nagmaliyung Yawa[143]
  • Nagmalitung Yawa: a powerful binukot who rescued her husband by transforming herself into a man named Buyung Sunmasakay;[142] defeated the thousand army in Tarangban; when her mother Matan-ayon was in old age, a ritual was conducted where Nagmalitung Yawa found out about Humadapnon's promiscuity; Matan-ayon's powers were transferred to her, and she ascended into heaven with the aid of her grandmother Laonsina[143]
  • Malubay Hanginon: a powerful binukot who captured and imprisoned by Humadapnon; defeated by Nagmalitung Yawa under her male form[142]
  • Paglambuhan: a warrior who was keeping the Timpara Alimuon sacred boat in his fortress; defeated by Nagmalitung Yawa, Humadapnon, and Dumalapdap[142]
  • Matan-ayon: mother of Nagmalitung Yawa; thinking that Humadapnon has died, makes Nagmalitung Yawa pregnant to compel to her marriage with the revived Paglambuhan; Humadapnon later kills the couple, but is reunited with the revived Nagmalitung Yawa;[142] in the Sugidanon epic, she married the reluctant Labaw Donggon[143]
  • Dumalapdap: an epic hero; brother of Labaw Donggon[142]
  • Tikim Kadlum: an enchanted dog that rouses the ire of the monster Makabagting[143]
  • Datu Paiburong: owner of Tikim Kadlum[143]
  • Amburukay: married to Labaw Donggon after she consented her golden pubic hair to be used in Labaw Donggon's kudyapi[143]
  • Pahagunon: an underworld being who abducts one of Labaw Donggon's wife, Ayon[143]
  • Ayon: abducted by Pahagunon after Labaw Donggon transformed into a sea turtle[143]
  • Giant Crab Master: a master who has a giant crab follower, who aids in the abduction of one of Labaw Donggon's wives; his loyal crab can transform into an island with betel-nut trees[143]
  • Sanagnayan: a being whose life-force is in an egg in a lion's heart; the sister of Matan-ayon is rescued by Labaw Donggon fom Sanagnayan[143]
  • Balanakon: prevented by the god of the sky from sailing into Labaw Donggon's territory, resulting in a long-drawn battle[143]
  • Polpulan: father of Marikudo, and chief of Panay before the ascension of his son[134]
  • Marikudo: the ruler of Panay who welcomed the ten Bornean datus, who settled on the island through discussions with Marikudo and his people; married to Maniuantiuan and recognized by the ten Bornean datus as their ruler[134]
  • Maniuantiuan: the beautiful and graceful wife of Marikudo who negotiated with Pinampang; came from a commoner family[134]
  • Mambusay: son of Marikudo who first spoke with the ten Bornean datus and hear their plea[134]
  • Makatunao: a tyrant ruler whose actions forced the ten Bornean datus to flee to Panay[134]
  • Puti: the leader of the ten Bornean datus who fled to Panay; returned to Borneo and fought Makatunao[134]
  • Pinampang: wife of Puti who negotiated with Maniusntiuan[134]
  • Lumbay: one of the ten Bornean datus[134]
  • Bankaya: one of the ten Bornean datus; settled at Aklan[134]
  • Sumakuel: one of the ten Bornean datus; settled at Hamtik[134]
  • Damangsil: one of the ten Bornean datus[134]
  • Dalugdog: one of the ten Bornean datus[134]
  • Paiburong: one of the ten Bornean datus; settled at Irong-Irong[134]
  • Padohinog: one of the ten Bornean datus[134]
  • Dumocsol: one of the ten Bornean datus[134]
  • Kalengsusu: one of the ten Bornean datus[134]

Suludnon (Panay-Bukidnon)

Immortals

  • Tungkung Langit: the supreme deity and the most powerful male Diwata; he is of unknown origin, coming from somewhere foreign to the other beings of the Sulod pantheon[145]
  • Assistants of Tungkung Langit
    • Bangun Bangun: the deity of universal time who regulates cosmic movements[145]
    • Pahulangkug: the deity who changes the seasons[145]
    • Ribung Linti: the deity of lightning and thunderstorms[145]
    • Sumalongsong: the deity of the rivers and seas[145]
    • Santonil.vo: the deity of good graces[145]
    • Munsad Burulakaw: the deity who has direct power over men; most respected and feared in the upperworld[145]
  • Bayi: one of the two primordial giants who appeared out of nowhere and were responsible for the creation of many things; caught the primordial earthworm and gave birth to the wild animals that inhabit the earth[146]
  • Laki: one of the two primordial giants who appeared out of nowhere and were responsible for the creation of many things[146]
  • Primordial Earthworm: an ancient earthworm who excreted the earth after it was caught by the primordial giantess, Bayi[146]
  • The Three Brothers Watching Over the Soul
    • Mangganghaw: keeps track over man's affairs immediately after marriage; keeps track of pregnancy; he is the first to come to the house of a laboring mother, peeping in the houses to see the child being born, which he then reports to Manglaegas[147]
    • Manglaegas: enters the house to look for the child to make sure the infant was born alive, then reports to Patag'aes[147]
    • Patag'aes: awaits until midnight then enters the house to have a conversation with the living infant; if he discovers someone is eavesdropping, he will choke the child to death; their conversation creates the fate of the child, on how long the child wants to live and how the child will eventually die, where the child will always get to choose the answers; once done, Patag'aes takes out his measuring stick, computes the child's life span, and then departs, sealing the child's fate[147]
  • Bangla'e: ferries the souls across Lim'awaen, a deep lake in the underworld; asks the soul how many spouses it had on earth, where the soul is ferried and talked to differently, depending on the answer and the gender of the soul; the soul cannot lie to Bangla'e, as he will summon the tuma, a body louse and the incarnation of the soul's conscience[147]
  • Unnamed God: another god that asks questions to the soul[147]
  • Balagu: guards the bridge of a stream called Himbarawen; asks the same question as Bangla'e to the soul[147]

Cuyonon and Agutaynen

Immortals

  • Diwata ng Kagubatan: goddess of the forest honored on top of Mount Caimana in Cuyo island[148]
  • Neguno: the god of the sea that cursed a selfish man by turning him into the first shark[149]

Pala'wan (Palawano)

Immortals

  • Empuq: the supreme deity, lord, and owner; the creator of all things in the world;[150] also referred as Ampu, the master who wove the world and created several kinds of humanity, hence, he is also called Nagsalad (the weaver); he is a protective watching presence who lives in his abode Andunawan[151]
  • Diwata: benevolent and protective deity who stays in the median space called Lalangaw; the mediator between humans and the supreme deity[151]
  • Beljan: the spirits of all beljan (shamans); able to travel to the vertical universe, divided into fourteen different layers, in order to heal the world and to re-establish cosmic balance;[150] also referred to as Balyan[151]
  • Lenggam: demon-like beings of the forest who act as the caretakers of poisonous and biting animals such as scorpions and snakes;[150] also called Langgam or Saytan, they can be harmful to humans but also benevolent bringers of inspiration and knowledge[151]
  • Ampu at Paray: the master of rice[151]
  • Linamin at Barat: the lady-goddess of the monsoon winds[151]
  • Linamin at Bulag: the lady-goddess of the dry season[151]
  • Upu Kuyaw: the grandfather god of thunder[151]

Batak

Immortals

  • Maguimba: the god in the remotests times, lived among the people, having been summoned by a powerful babaylan (shaman); provided all the necessities of life, as well as all cures for illnesses; has the power to bring the dead back to life[152]
  • Diwata: a benevolent god who provides for the needs of women and men, and gives out rewards for good deeds[152]
  • Angoro: a deity who lives in Basad, a place beyond this world, where the souls find out whether they will enter the heavens called Lampanag, or be cast into the depths of Basad[152]
  • Deities of Strength
  • Batungbayanin: spirit of the mountains[152]
  • Paglimusan: spirit of the small stones[152]
  • Balungbunganin: spirit of the almaciga trees[152]
  • Sulingbunganin: spirit of the big rocks[152]
  • Esa’: an ancestor whose movements created the landscapes, which he named during a hunting journey with his dogs, who were after wild pigs[153]
  • Baybay: the goddess and master of rice who originated from Gunay Gunay, the edge of the universe; married to Ungaw[154]
  • Ungaw: the god and master of bees who originated from Gunay Gunay, the edge of the universe; married to Baybay[154]
  • Panya’en: mystic entities who control certain wild trees and various animals[154]
  • Kiudalan: in charge of forest pigs[154]
  • Napantaran: in charge of forest pigs[154]

Tagbanwa

Immortals

  • Mangindusa: also referred as Nagabacaban, the highest-ranking deity who lives in Awan-awan, the region beyond the Langit; the god of the heavens and the punisher of crime;[155] also referred as Magindusa, the deity who gives humans their true souls called the kyaraluwa at birth, through the nose of the baby emerging from the vulva; never descends from Awan awan; he is depicted as sitting and swinging back and forth in a bintayawan[156]
  • Bugawasin: wife of Mangindusa[156]
  • Dibuwatanin: the messengers of Mangindusa[156]
  • Tungkuyanin: deity who sits on the edge of this sky-cover with his feet dangling into the universe; also sits looking down at the earth; if he were to raise his head and look up, he would fall into the nothingness[156]
  • Magrakad: a god found at exactly noontime on the other side of the sun; gives the warmth which sustains life and, when the people are ill, carries away sickness[156]
  • Bangkay: spirits of the cloud region called Dibuwat; spirits of the people who have been killed by violence, poison, or those who died in giving birth[156]
  • Bulalakaw: also called Diwata kat Dibuwat; they fly-travel throughout the cloud regions to help the people[156]
  • Polo: the benevolent god of the sea whose help is invoked during times of illness[155]
  • Sedumunadoc: the god of the earth, whose favor is sought in order to have a good harvest[155]
  • Tabiacoud: the god of the underworld in the deep bowels of the earth[155]
  • Diwata Kat Sidpan: a deity who lives in the western region called Sidpan;[157] controls the rains[156]
  • Diwata Kat Libatan: a deity who lives in the eastern region called Babatan;[157] controls the rain[156]
  • Tumangkuyun: wash and keep clean the trunks of the two sacred cardinal trees in Sidpan and Babatan by using the blood of those who have died in epidemics; the blood he uses causes the colors of the sunrise and sunset[156]
  • Amyan: the hot, dry northeast winds[156]
  • Diwata katamyan: invoked when the wet period lasts too long and these Amyan hot-dry winds are needed[156]
  • Salakap: the spirits of epidemic sickness which arrive on earth through the northwest winds; initially were humans who were forced, thru a discriminatory decree or through their comrade's trick, to consume either the feces or flesh of a dead human, which turned them into Salakap[156]
  • Tumungkuyan: leaders of the Salakap who paint tree trunks the support the sky using the blood of the epidemic-dead[156]
  • Sumurutun: captain of the outrigger which transports the dead to Kiyabusan[156]
  • Fuku: deity of smallpox[156]
  • Lumalayag: warriors who challenge and fight the Salakap[156]
  • Tandayag: a deity who lives in Kiyabusan; sent by the supreme deity to live with the Salakap in order to prevent them from sailing except during the northeast winds, as per an agreement between the Salakap and the supreme deity[156]
  • Taliyakud: chief god of the underworld who tends a fire between two tree trunks; asks the souls of the dead questions, where the soul's louse acts as the conscience that answers the questions truthfully; if the soul is wicked, it is pitched and burned, but if it is good, it passes on to a happier place with abundant food[158]
  • Diwata: general term for deities; they created the first man made from earth and gave him the elements of fire, the flint-like stones, iron, and tinder, as well as rice and most importantly, rice-wine, which humans could use to call the deities and the spirits of their dead[156]

Surigaonon

Immortals

  • God of Animals: the deity of animals who allowed the creatures to speak but forbade them from dancing; when a king heard of an island filled with dogs, he ordered a captain to get some of them; the captain ordered the dogs which they did, angering the god of animals who struck their ship with lightning, killing the captain and turning the dogs and ship into an island called Tagbayanga, which now protects the town of Pilar from strong winds and waves[159]
  • Mount Diwata Deities: a group of deities (diwata) at the Diwata Mountains, whose privacy was subjugated by the noise created by the hornbills (kalaw); the oldest among them used her wooden staff and tapped in on the ground three times, which made their home flew up and became the island of Camiguin; a crater was left, which became Lake Mainit[159]
  • Pikit Octopus: a small octopus at the Pikit river who was raised by the fivider Sario, until grew massive; inflicted illness to anyone who it has stung; when Sario died, the octopus left the river[159]
  • Rizal: a culture-hero who in the future, will return to aid his people in their struggle[57]

Mortals

  • Sario: a diviner who raised the giant octopus in the Pikit river[159]

Mamanwa

Immortals

  • Tahaw: supreme deity who is give prayers of supplications and petitions[160]
  • True: deity of the forest and herder of hunting animals[160]

Subanon

Immortals

  • Diwata Magbabaya: the supreme deity and creator of heaven and earth;[161] also referred to as Diwata-sa-Langit, who lives in the sky;[1] also referred as Bathala; can turn anyone into stone through his lightning[159]
  • Palmot: one of trusted heavenly messenger of the supreme deity; an angel[161]
  • Tagma-sa-Dagat: the god of the sea[1]
  • Tagma-sa-Yuta: the god of the earth[1]
  • Tagma-sa-Manguabungud: the god of the woods[1]
  • Tagma-sa-uba: the god of the rivers[1]
  • Tagma-sa-langit: the god who protects the sick[1]
  • Jobrael: also called Jobraim; son of a human and a supernatural; stayed on earth for a thousand years, and was taken back to heaven by Palmot after he failed to raise the divine kettle provided by the supreme deity[161]

Mortals

  • Son of Jobrael: was to be taken back to heaven seven years after his father, Jobrael, was called back; retained his earthly status due to a seven-year plan initiated by his wife[161]
  • Wife of Jobrael's Son: devised the creation of the entire buklog rituals and its instruments, resulting to her husband's permanent residence on earth[161]
  • Gomotan Raja: an ancient leader who settled at the banks of Lapuyan river[161]
  • Gomotan Sangira: an ancient leader who settled in Megusan[161]
  • Palaganding: son of Gomotan Sangira and twin brother of Rainding; a brave and proficient swordsman[161]
  • Rainding: son of Gomotan Sangira and twin brother of Palaganding; a brave and proficient swordsman[161]
  • Gomeed: son of Gomotan Sangira; a brave and proficient swordsman[161]
  • Bulaw: daughter of Gomotan Sangira; a brave and proficient swordswoman[161]
  • Rajah Humabon: a Subanon who migrated to Cebu and became a ruler there[124]

Manuvu

Immortals

  • Manama: the supreme deity also referred as Sigalungan, meaning all seeing; created the diwatas to assist him in creation; created the earth from his fingernail scrapings[162]
  • Assistants in Manama's creation: all were given katusan (precognition and power); their bodies were life fingernails, smooth and shiny and only their joints have skin[162]
  • Ogassi: brother of Manama; incorporated abaca strans into the clay that would become humans, causing mankind's mortality[8]

Bukidnon

Immortals

  • Diwata na Magbabaya: simply referred as Magbabaya; the good supreme deity and supreme planner who looks like a man; created the earth and the first eight elements, namely bronze, gold, coins, rock, clouds, rain, iron, and water; using the elements, he also created the sea, sky, moon, and stars; also known as the pure god who wills all things; one of three deities living in the realm called Banting;[163] holds up the serpent deities Intumbangol so they won't fall off the world;[164] also referred to as Bathala
  • Dadanhayan ha Sugay: the evil lord from whom permission is asked; depicted as the evil deity with a human body and ten heads that continuously drools sticky saliva, which is the source of all waters; one of the three deities living in the realm called Banting[163]
  • Agtayabun: the adviser and peace maker deity with a hawk-like head, wings, and a human body; tempers the heads of Diwata na Magbabaya and Dadanhayan ha Sugay whenever the two argue; one of the three deities living in the realm called Banting, where he holds the other two in a suspending fashion, while maintaining the balanace of Banting; the beating of his wings produce the wind[163]
  • Incantus: six of the seven original figures initially created by the three supreme deities; became guardian spirits and divinities when they were finished by Dadanhayan ha Sugay; they are both good and evil, but they take care of nature and will give its fruits if given respect through offerings; if offended, they can send droughts, flood, pestilence, or sickness[163]
    • Talagbugta: look after the soil[163]
    • Ibabagsuk: take care of nature and grow plants[163]
    • Bulalakaw: guards the water and all the creatures living in it[163]
    • Mamelig: watch over the forest[163]
    • Lalawig: watch over the bees and honey[163]
    • Mamahandi: guards over the material wealth that men acquire[163]
  • First Human: one of the seven original figures created by the three supreme deities; became the first human when finished by Diwata na Magbabaya; endowed with intelligence, and entrusted with the Haldan ta Paraiso[163]
  • Magbabaya (general): general term for the gods of the universe living at the points where the world's concavities meet; usually referred simply to the supreme deity named Diwata na Magbabaya[164]
  • Intumbangol: a pair of serpent deities who support the earth from the underworld; one is male, the other female; their movement causes earthquakes, their breathing causes winds, and their panting causes violent storms[164]
  • Miyaw-Biyaw: the deity who breathes the makatu (soul) into humans at birth[163]
  • Andalapit: leads the soul from the banquet in Kumbirahan into the foot of Mount Balatucan, where the gods of the seas are assembled to judge the soul[8]
  • Mangilala: god of temptation that haunts the seventh tier of the underworld; brother of Magbabaya, who he aided in the creation of humans, although when Mangilala breathed into the figures, humans became tempted to evil things[8]
  • Assistants of Magbabaya
    • Domalongdong: god of the north wind[1]
    • Ognaaling: god of the south wind[1]
    • Tagaloambung: god of the east wind[1]
    • Magbaya: god of the west wind[1]
  • Agents of Magbabaya
    • Tagumbanwa: guardian of the fields[1]
    • Ibabasag: goddess of pregnant women[1]
    • Ipamahandi: goddess of accidents[1]
    • Pamahandi: protector of carabaos and horses[1]
    • Tao-sa-sulup: god of material goods[1]
    • Tigbas: god of good government[1]
    • Busao: god of calamity[1]
    • Talagbusao: bloodthirsty god of war[1]
  • Camiguin: a mountain goddess who lived peacefully until the noisy kalaw disturbed her; sank and established Lake Mainit, and rose to sea, moving westward until she became the island of Camiguin[159]
  • Python of Pusod Hu Dagat: the gigantic python living at the center of the sea; caused a massive flood when it coiled its body at sea

Mortals

  • Agyu: subdued the Intumbangol[164]
  • Tuluyan: son of Agyu, who gave him the source of traditional authority called Takalub, composed of the boar-tusk bracelet Baklaw and the black stick Gilling, which gave its owner Kalaki (talent and power) to settle disputes[159]
  • Gahemen: a widow who survived the flood caused by the Python of Pusod Hu Dagat[159]
  • Teheban: son of Gahemen after the great flood caused by the Python of Pusod Hu Dagat[159]
  • Pabulusen: son of Gahemen and Teheban; his people became keepers of power[159]
  • A-ayawa-en: son of Gahemen and Teheban; his people became keepers of religious customs[159]
  • Tataun-en: son of Gahemen and Teheban; his people often experienced hunger[159]
  • Bala-ol: brother of Mampolompon; survived the great drought and became an ancestor of the Bukidnon[159]
  • Mampolompon: brother of Bala-ol; survived the great drought and became an ancestor of the Bukidnon[159]
  • Tibolon: survived the great drought and became an ancestor of the Bukidnon[159]
  • Managdau: survived the great drought and became an ancestor of the Bukidnon[159]

Higaonon

Immortals

  • Halangdong Magbabaya: the supreme deity;[165] simply referred as Magbabaya, the creator of all things[166]
  • Diwata: became a friend of the carpenter, David[166]
  • Limokan: a pigeon who when cooed at, ensures a bountiful harvest[166]
  • Ibabasok: the good spirit of the harvest[166]

Mortals

  • Datu Indulum: formulated the laws of Mt. Sinakungan[166]
  • David: a carpenter who gained the ability to design and make houses after he buried a shining stone from the body of a huge spider into his muscles[166]

Talaandig

Immortals

  • Magbabaya: the supreme deity;[167] the sinebugan ritual is offered to the deity for the protection of those who enter the forest[168]
  • Dadagunan hu Suguy: deity who guards of the lawn of the house[167]
  • Anilaw ha Sumagda: deity who guards the door[167]
  • Sinyuda Kahibunan: deity who keeps the hall[167]
  • Diwata ha Manilib: deity who records the activity of people inside the house[167]
  • Diwata Pinatanlay: deity who guards the house at the ridge of the roof[167]
  • Lalawag: deity who safeguards wild pigs[168]
  • Mangumanay: deity who safeguards wild chickens[168]
  • Mangusal: deity who safeguards the honeybees; the palayag ritual is performed to honor the deity[168]
  • Bulalakaw: deity who safeguards the creatures in the rivers; the lalayon ritual is offered to the deity[168]

Manobo

Immortals

  • Tagbusan: the supreme deity who rules over the destinies of all other gods and mortals[1]
  • Dagau: the goddess of creation living at the world's four pillars; established the world according to the version from Argawan and Hibung rivers; when human blood is spilled upon the face of the earth, she makes the great python wrap itself around the pillars, creating earthquakes[169]
  • Makalindung: the god of creation who set up the world on iron posts; lives in the center with a python; created the world according to the version from around Talakogan in Agusan valley[169]
  • Unnamed deities: in a third version of the creation myth, the world is a giant mushroom and unnamed deities are said to shake its core when angered by humans[169]
  • Ibu: the goddess who rulers over the land of the dead, where under her governance, there are no worries or troubles and souls in the underworld continue to eat, work, and marry[169]
  • Diwata: a group of divinities that shamans call to for signs of the future[1]
  • Umli: divinities who assist mortals with help from the Diwata[1]
  • Pamdiya: divinities who have purview over war; initiate war[1]
  • Panaiyung: divinities who have purview over madness; force madness upon men[1]
  • Agkui: divinities who have purview over sexual excess[1]
  • Tagbayaw: the goddess that incites incest and adultery in mortals[1]
  • Sugudun: also called Sugujun; the god of hunters and trappers[1]
  • Apila: the god of wrestling and sports[1]
  • Kakiadan: the goddess of rice[1]
  • Taphagan: the goddess of the harvest who guards rice in the granary[1]
  • Anit: also called Anitan; the guardian of the thunderbolt[1]
  • Inaiyau: the god of storms[1]
  • Tagbanua: the god of rain[1]
  • Umouiri: the god of clouds[1]
  • Libtakan: the god of sunrise, sunset, and good weather[1]
  • Yumud: the god of water[1]
  • Manduyapit: the god who ferries departed souls across the red river before going to the afterworld[1]
  • Datu Ali (Mampuroc): a hero who fought the Spanish and became a deity; his reincarnation, Mampuroc, is a shaman-hero who is said to one day return to the people to aid them in their struggle; based on a historical person[57]

Mandaya

Immortals

  • Unnamed Woman: the woman who pressed the earth, creating mountains[164]
  • Primordial Eel: a great eel whose back holds the earth; its movements cause earthquakes if crabs and small animals annoy it[164]

Mansaka

Immortals

  • Taganlang: the creator god who has a helper bird named Oribig[170] also called Magbabaya, the creator of mankind[171]
  • Oribig: the celestial helper bird of Taganlang; flew to the far corner of the universe under the behest of Taganlang to get soil, which became the materials used by Taganlang to create earth[170]

Kalagan

Mortals

  • Kawlan: an epic hero and baylan (shaman) who defeated the monster Datu Waytiyap; husband of Bodi[159]
  • Ibang: father of Kawlan; a gifted baylan (shaman)[159]
  • Salma: mother of Kawlan[159]
  • Datu Waytiyap: a giant monster who can shapeshift into a human leader; defeated by Kawlan[159]
  • Father of Bodi: an old man who rescued Kawland from a monster monkey[159]
  • Bodi: wife of Kawlan[159]
  • Datu of the East: entered into a pact of equality with the Datu of the West; worked in the morning; allowed the other datu to gain more from harvest season due to the afternoon heat[159]
  • Datu of the West: entered into a pact of equality with the Datu of the East; worked in the afternoon; requested to have more share from the harvest due to the afternoon heat[159]

Bagobo

Immortals

  • Pamulak Manobo: supreme deity and creator of the world, including the land, sea, and the first humans; throws water from the sky, causing rain, while his spit are the showers;[172] controls good harvest, rain, wind, life, and death; in some myths, the chief deity is simply referred as the male deity, Diwata[1]
  • Melu: another name of the supreme deity, who created humans, aided by his brother Fun Tao Tana[8]
  • Manama: another name of the supreme deity who created the world and human beings[159]
  • Fun Tao Tana: aided Melu in the creation of humans; put on the noses of humans upside down, which Melu corrected[8]
  • Assistants of Pamulak Manobo
    • Tigyama: the god of protection;[1] visited Lumabet, which resulted in the hero's journey[159]
    • Malaki t’ohu A’wig: the hero who destroyed sickness[1]
    • Tarabumo: deity for whom the rice ceremony is held[1]
    • Panayaga: the god of brass casters[1]
    • Abog: the god of hunters[1]
    • Tonamaling: a deity who may be benevolent or malevolent[1]
  • Lumbat: a divinity of the skyworld who became a diwata when the chief deity cut out his intestines; eventually became the greatest of all Diwata[1]
  • Diwata (general): a class of deities; also a name associated with the chief deity[1]
    • Salamiwan[1]
    • Ubnuling[1]
    • Tiun[1]
    • Biat’odan[1]
    • Biakapusad-an-Langit[1]
    • Kadeyuna[1]
    • Makali Lunson[1]
    • Tolus ka balakat: the dweller of the ritual hanger[1]
  • Unnamed Gods: gods whose fire create smoke that becomes the white clouds, while the sun creates yellow clouds that make the colors of the rainbow[172]
  • Unnamed Divinities: each realm in the skyrealms are ruled by a lesser divinity[173]
  • Darago: god of warriors married to Mandarangan[8]
  • Mandarangan: god of warriors married to Darago; resides at Mount Apo's summit; human sacrifices to him are rewarded with health, valor in war, and success in the pursuit of wealth[8]
  • Mebuyan: the underworld goddess who governs Banua Mebuyan, a special place reserved for children who died at their mother's breast; she nourishes the souls of dead infants, until they no longer need nursing[8]
  • Taragomi: the god of crops[1]
  • Tolus ka Gomanan: the god of smiths[1]
  • Bait Pandi: the goddess of weavers who taught women weaving[1]
  • Sky Goddess: the sky herself; debated with Lumabet, until an agreement was reached, so that Lumabet and his people may enter the sky, except for the last man[159]
  • Lumabet: a hero who guided his people into the sky, where they became immortals[159]
  • Father of Lumabet: was cut into many pieces many times under Lumabet's order, until he became a small child[159]
  • Tagalion: son of Lumabet and searched for his father in Lumabet's abode underground; aided by white bees in finding his father in the sky[159]
  • Eels of Mount Apo: two giant eels, where one went east and arrived at sea, begetting all the eels of the world; the other went west, and remained on land until it died and became the western foothills of Mount Apo[159]
  • Toglai: one of the two ancestors of mankind; became a spirit after death[22]
  • Toglibon: one of the two ancestors of mankind; became a spirit after death[22]
  • Limocan: a venerated omen bird, who warned a chief about the dangers during the rescue of the chief's kidnapped daughter[174]

Mortals

  • Lakivot: a giant civet who pursued the flowers of gold guarded by the one-eyed ogassi and witches called busaw; turned into a young man after his eyebrows were shaved[159]
  • Girl Companion of Lakivot: requested Lakivot to bring the flowers of gold, which later resulted into their marriage[159]

Blaan

Immortals

  • Melu: the creator deity whose teeth are pure gold and whose skin is pure white; created humans with the god Tau Tana[8]
  • Tau Tana: created humans with the god Melu amidst a great argument; put people's noses upside down, a mistake corrected by Melu;[8] also called Tau Dalom Tana[159]
  • Tasu Weh: creator of humans in another myth, where humans had male sexual organs on one knee, and female sexual organs on the other[175]
  • Fiu Weh: the god who created modern humans by separating the sexual organs;[175] also called Fiuwe[159]
  • Sawe: goddess who joined Melu to live in the world[176]
  • Diwata: goddess who joined Fiuwe to live in the sky[176]
  • Baswit: a primordial bird who lived on the first island as small as a hat called Salnaon; by the order of the gods, it brought earth, a fruit of rattan, and fruits of trees to Melu, who used the materials to create the world[159]
  • Fon Kayoo: spirit of the trees[176]
  • Fon Eel: spirit of water[176]
  • Fon Batoo: spirit of rocks and stones[176]
  • Tau Dalom Tala: spirit who lives in the underworld[176]
  • Loos Klagan: the most feared deity, uttering his name is considered a curse[176]

Mortals

T'boli

Immortals

  • Bulon La Mogoaw: one of the two supreme deities; married to Kadaw La Sambad; lives in the seventh layer of the universe[177]
  • Kadaw La Sambad: one of the two supreme deities; married to Bulon La Mogoaw; lives in the seventh layer of the universe[177]
  • Cumucul: son of the supreme deities; has a cohort of fire, a sword and shield; married to Boi’Kafil[177]
  • Boi’Kafil: daughter of the supreme deities; married to Cumucul[177]
  • Bong Libun: daughter of the supreme deities; married to S’fedat; could not bear children[177]
  • S’fedat: son of the supreme deities; married to Bong Libun; could not bear children; asked Bong Libun to instead kill him, where his body became the land on which plants spout from[177]
  • D’wata: son of the supreme deities; married to both Sedek We and Hyu We; placed the land-body of S’fedat onto the sea[177]
  • Sedek We: daughter of the supreme deities; married to D’wata[177]
  • Hyu We: daughter of the supreme deities; married to D’wata[177]
  • Blotik: son of the supreme deities; married to S’lel[177]
  • S’lel: daughter of the supreme deities; married to Blotik[177]
  • B’lomi: daughter of the supreme deities; married to Mule[177]
  • Mule: son of the supreme deities; married to B’lomi[177]
  • Loos K’lagan: son of the supreme deities; married both La Fun and Datu B’noling[177]
  • La Fun: daughter of the supreme deities; married to Loos K’lagan[177]
  • Datu B’noling: daughter of the supreme deities; married to Loos K’lagan[177]
  • Children of D’wata and Hyu We
  • Children of D’wata and Sedek We
  • Fu: spirits that inhabit and own the natural environment[179]
    • Fu El: the spirit of water[179]
    • Fu El Melel: the spirit of the river[179]
  • D’wata (general): the general term for the gods;[180] guard lives and determine fate and destiny[179]
  • Fu Dalu: the goddess of the abaca; speak and guide weavers on how to create patterns and designs, which are remembered in dreams[181]
  • Muhen: a bird god of fate whose song when heard is thought to presage misfortune; any undertaking is immediately abandoned or postponed when one hears the Muhen sing[182]
  • Glinton: the god of metalwork[182]

Teduray (Tiruray)

Immortals

  • Tulus: referred as the Great Spirit, who was neither male nor female and created all things, including the forest, those that we see (such as humans), and those that we can't see (such as spirits) from mud; created and re-created humans four times, first due to the non-existence of humans, second due to birthing issues, the third due to Lageay Lengkuos's initiation of the ascending of mankind into the Great Spirit's realm which resulted into the absence of humans on earth, and the last due to another initiation of mankind's ascending to the sky world which made the same effect as the third;[183] another name for Meketefu, but also a general term used to apply to the highest deity in each of the layers of the upper regions[184]
  • Minaden: creator of mankind, which was made from mud; creator of the earth put at the middle of daylight; provided mankind with their clothes and languages; her house welcomes living women who managed to arrive in the upper most level of the upper worlds[184]
  • Meketefu: the unapproachable brother of Minaden; also called Tulus, he corrected the sexual organs and noses of mankind; gave one group of people the monkey clothing which can turn anyone into monkeys, while gave another group bows and arrows[184]
  • Monkey Leader: also called Little Moneky, he is a culture hero who went to Tulus to intercede for his people, which resulted in his group to ascend the upper regions; two non-believer of his group were left on earth, but he returned to give them earth and a piece of iron which extended from earth to sky, which became the source of all iron[184]
  • Biaku: the magic bird who furnished the clothes and beads initiated by Minaden; when a neighboring people attacked the Teduray to take wealth, Biaku fled[184]
  • Metiatil: married to the hero Lageay Lengkuos;[184] also referred to as Metiyatil Kenogan[185]
  • Lageay Lengkuos: the greatest of heroes and a shaman (beliyan) who made the earth and forests; the only one who could pass the magnet stone in the straight between the big and little oceans; inverted the directions where east became west, inverted the path of the sun, and made the water into land and land into water;[184] also known as Lagey Lengkuwos, was impressed by the beauty of the region where the Great Spirit lives, and decided to take up his people there to live with the Great Spirit, leaving earth without humans[183]
  • Matelegu Ferendam: son of Lageay Lengkuos and Metiatil, although in some tales, he was instead birthed by Metiatil's necklace, Tafay Lalawan, instead[185]
  • Lageay Seboten: a poor breechcloth-wearing culture hero who carried a basket of camote and followed by his pregnant wife; made a sacred pilgrimage to Tulus, and awaits the arrival of a Teduray who would lead his people[184]
  • Mo-Sugala: father of Legeay Seboten who did not follow his son; loved to hunt with his dogs, and became a man-eater living in a cave
  • Saitan: evil spirits brought by foreign priests[184]
  • Guru: leader of the Bolbol, a group of humans who can change into birds or whose spirits can fly at night to hunt humans[184]
  • Damangias: a spirit who would test righteous people by playing tricks on them[185]
  • Male Beliyan (Shamans)
  • Female Beliyan (Shamans)
  • Segoyong: guardians of the classes of natural phenomena; punishes humans to do not show respect and steal their wards; many of them specialize in a class, which can be water, trees, grasses, caves behind waterfalls, land caves, snakes, fire, nunuk trees, deers, and pigs;[184] there were also Segoyang of bamboo, rice, and rattan; caretakers of various aspects of nature[183]
    • Segoyong of Land Caves: take the form of a feared snake known a humanity's grandparent; cannot be killed for he is the twin of the first people who was banished for playfully roughly with his sibling[184]
    • Segoyong of Pigs: takes its share of butterflies in the forest; feared during night hunts[184]
    • Segoyong of Deers: can change humans into deers and man-eaters; feared during night hunts[184]
    • Segoyong of Sickness: sends sickness to humans because in the early years, humans were not nice to him; talking about him is forbidden and if one should refer to him, a special sign of surrender is conducted[184]
  • Woman at Bonggo: the woman at Bonggo who gathers the spirits at the land of the dead in the sky; keeps the spirit of the body[184]
  • Woman beyond Bonggo: the woman beyond Bonggo who keeps the spirit of the umbilical cord[184]
  • Brother of Tulus: lives in the highest abode in the land of the dead, where those who died in battle reside[184]
  • Maginalao: beings of the upper regions who can aid someone to go up in the upper worlds without dying, where usually a female aids a person first, followed by her brother; they sometimes come to earth to aid the poor and the suffering[184]
  • Giant of Chasms: the first one to guard the chasms between the layers of the upper regions; a man-eating giant[184]
  • Spirit of Lightning and Thunder: advises humans about good and bad, to not tease animals, and to respect elders and ancestors[184]
  • Spirit Who Turns Earth into Water: advises humans about good and bad, to not tease animals, and to respect elders and ancestors[184]
  • One Who Forces the Truth[184]
  • One of Oratory[184]
  • Settlers of the Mountains: each of the eight layers of the upper regions have eight spirits referred as Settlers of the Mountains; they are four men and four women who are appealed to for pity in order to get to the highest ranking spirit in a layer[184]
  • Spirit of the Stars: a spirit higher in rank than the Settlers of the Mountains[184]
  • Spirit of the Umbilical Cord: the woman beside the deity Meketefu (Tulus); hardest to get pity from as the people were once unkind to her[184]
  • Malang Batunan: a giant who had a huge house; keep the souls of any false shamans from passing through the region of the Great Spirit[183]
  • Major constellation deities: six constellations asked by the hero Lagey Lingkuwus to remain in the sky to aid in the people's farming[186]
    • Fegeferafad: the leader of the constellations; actual name is Keluguy, the fatherly figure for the cousins Kufukufu, Baka, and Seretar; shaped like a human, the deity has a headcloth and chicken wings on his head, symbolizing courage[186]
    • Kufukufu: one of the three cousins who view both Fegeferafad and Singkad as their fatherly figures[186]
    • Baka: one of the three cousins who view both Fegeferafad and Singkad as their fatherly figures[186]
    • Seretar: one of the three cousins who view both Fegeferafad and Singkad as their fatherly figures[186]
    • Singkad: spouse of Kenogon; another fatherly figure for the cousins Kufukufu, Baka, and Seretar[186]
    • Kenogon: spouse of Singkad; has a comb, which is always near Singkad[186]

Mortals

  • Flood Couple: after the great flood, a Teduray boy and Dulungan girl survived and married; their offspring who took after their father became the Teduray, while those who took after their mother became the Dulungan, who were later absorbed by the Manobo[184]
  • Mamalu: an ancestor of the Teduray; the elder sibling who went into the mountains to remain with the native faith; brother of Tambunaoway, ancestor of the Maguindanao[184]
  • Tambunaoway: an ancestor of the Maguindanao; the younger sibling who went remained in the lowlands and welcomed a foreign faith; brother of Mamalu, ancestor of the Teduray[184]
  • First Humans: the first couple's child died and from the infant's body, sprouted various plants and lime[184]
  • Pounding Woman: a woman who was pounding rice one day that she hit the sky with her pestle, which shamed the sky, causing it to go higher[184]
  • Alagasi: giant humans from western lands who eat smaller humans[184]
  • Tigangan: giants who take corpses, and transform these corpse into whatever they want to eat[184]
  • Siring: dwarfs of the nunuk trees[184]

Maguindanao

Immortals

  • Supreme Being: the supreme deity who is far way, and so lesser divinities and spirits hear people's prayers instead; was also later called as Allah by Muslim converts[187]
  • Malaykat: each person is protected by these angelic beings from illness; they also guide people in work, making humans active, diligent, and good; they do not talk nor borrow a voice from humans, and they don't treat sick persons[187]
  • Tunung: spirits who live in the sky, water, mountain, or trees; listens to prayers and can converse with humans by borrowing the voice of a medium; protects humans from sickness and crops from pests[187]
  • Cotabato Healer Monkey: a monkey who lived near a pond outside Cotabato city; it heals those who touch it and those who give it enough offerings[187]
  • Patakoda: a giant stallion whose presence at the Pulangi river is an omen for an unfortunate event[159]
  • Datu na Gyadsal: the chief adversary, who was also later called as Satan by Muslim converts;[187] also called as Iblis by Muslim converts; offering are given to this spirit to appease and prevent it from performing calamities[188]
  • Saitan: possessing spirits[187]
  • Spirit of the Rainbow: a spirit who may cut the finger of those who use their index finger to point at the rainbow[187]
  • Jinn: a group of celestial beings[188]
  • Bantugen: an epic hero-god and the god of forefathers who the masses look up to and trust[187]
  • Leping: the twin-spirit of an infant[187]
  • Apo: anestral spirits who take the role of intermediaries who overcome evil spirits[187]
  • Pagari: also called Inikadowa, the twin-spirit who is sometimes in the form of a crocodile; if a person is possessed by them, the person will attain the gift of healing[187]

Mortals

  • Tarabusao: a half-man, half-horse giant monster who rules Mindanao and feasted on male human flesh, which caused many to escape into the island of Mantapuli; beheaded by Skander[159]
  • Skander: the ruler of Mantapuli and an epic hero who went on a quest to slay the monster Tarabusao[159]
  • Bai Labi Mapanda: the fairest lady of Mantapuli who is married to Skander[159]
  • Kalanganan Kapre: a good giant who provided the people of Kalanganan I with security, guarding them against bad elements; eventually left Kalanganan when his home near the Pulangi river was cut down due to a surge in human population[159]
  • Rajah Indarapatra: brother of Rajah Solayman; gave his ring and sword called Jurul Pakal to his brother, who went on a quest to defeat the monsters in Maguindanao; also planted a tree which would only die if Rajah Solayman dies; searched for his brother, who he revived using heaven-sent waters at Mount Gurayn; he afterwards went into his own quest, where he slayed a seven-headed monster; he eventually returned to Mantapoli[159]
  • Rajah Solayman: brother of Rajah Indarapatra; went on a quest to defeat various monsters; slayed Kurita, Tarabusar, and Pah, but died when Pah's weight crushed him; revived when Rajah Indarapatra poured heaven-sent waters onto his bones, where afterwards, Rajah Solayman returned to Mantapoli[159]
  • Kurita: an amphibious animal with several limbs and lived on land and sea; haunts Mount Kabalalan, and slayed by Rajah Solayman;[159] sometimes depicted as an octopus[187]
  • Tarabusar: a humongous human-like creature who lived in Mount Matutum; slayed by Rajah Solayman[159]
  • Pah: a bird of prey as big as a house and whose wings caused darkness on the ground; lives in Mount Bita and slayed by Rajah Solayman at Mount Gurayn[159]
  • Monster of Mount Gurayn: a seven-headed monster at Mount Gurayn, who was slayed by Rajah Indarapatra[159]
  • Wife of Rajah Indarapatra: daughter of a local ruler who hid in a cave due to the number of monsters in Maguindanao; married to Rajah Indarapatra and gave birth to their children; they were entrusted to her father, the local ruler, after Rajah Indarapatra returned to Mantapoli[159]
  • Tambunaoway: an ancestor of the Maguindanao; the younger sibling who went remained in the lowlands and welcomed a foreign faith; brother of Mamalu, ancestor of the Teduray[184]
  • Mamalu: an ancestor of the Teduray; the elder sibling who went into the mountains to remain with the native faith; brother of Tambunaoway, ancestor of the Maguindanao[184]

Maranao

Immortals

  • Tohan: the supreme deity who is perfect, having no defect; can cause and stop earthquakes and pestilence; later also called as Allah by Muslim converts[189]
  • Sun Deity: divine being depicted in an anthropomorphic form as a flaming young man; angels serve as his charioteers[189]
  • Moon Deity: divine being depicted in an anthropomorphic form as a beautiful young woman; angels serve as her charioteers[189]
  • Jinn: beings who live in the atmosphere which serves as a buffer zone between the skyworld and the earth, called Oraonan a Lantoy, known for possessing a garden of flowers and vegetables[189]
  • Walain sa Letingan: the princess-goddess living in a skyworld region called Magoyeda a Selegen[190]
  • Papanok sa Aras: children who died prematurely and were transformed into birds of paradise living in the skyworld region called Sorga[189]
  • Houris: heavenly maidens blessed with eternal beauty and perpetual virginity[191]
  • Lumpong: a large animal who carries the earth; accompanied by a small shrimp that sometimes claws on the earth-holder from time to time, causing the phenomena of earthquakes[192]
  • Sakar: a monster in the underworld where disrespectful children are trapped in its belly[189]
  • Walain Katolosan: the goddess who owns the amulet Sikag a Makaombaw[189]
  • Tonong: divine spirits who often aid heroes; often lives in nonok trees, seas, lakes, and the sky realm[189]
    • Apo: benign tornado and waterspout spirits; a classification of tonong; they are the ancestral spirits tasked to kill or drive away evil spirits[189]
    • Sakit: maligant harmful spirits responsible for diseases; a classification of tonong[189]
    • Saitan: malignant possessing spirits; a classification of tonong[189]
    • Inikadowa: the benign spirit double or guardian of a person, who is with the person when the baby is born; a classification of tonong; the placenta is their manifestation[189]
    • Tolos: a class of tonong who inhabit the sky realms; prayed to, especially in times of battle and protection for quests; referred to as gods[189]
  • Pinatola’ a Tonong: the ancestor of all unseen benevolent spirits; a tonong who takes the form of a gigantic crocodile at sea, a garuda in air, and a giant on land; a guardian spirit of Diwata Ndaw Gibon[189]
  • Pinatoli i Kilid: a tonong who takes the form of a gigantic crocodile; the guardian spirit of the king of Bemberan, Diwata Ndaw Gibon; clashed with Ladalad a Madali, grandson of Gibon; later gave valuable information to Madali; during the battle of Madali and Pirimbingan, Madali was aided by Pinatoli i Kilid against Pirimbingan's spirit guardian, Magolaing sa Ragat[189]
  • Magolaing sa Ragat: a tonong of the enchantress Walain Pirimbangan; took the form of a gigantic crocodile[189]
  • Sikag a Makaombaw: the intelligent and independent tonong (spirit) living within the Sikag a Makaombaw amulet, regarded as the most powerful amulet of all due to its ability to grant its wielder authority over all tonong[189]
  • Salindagaw Masingir: a tonong of the hero Awilawil o Ndaw; acts as the guardian-spirit of the kingdom of Kaibat a Kadaan[189]
  • Walain sa Lekepen: a goddess courted by the hero Bantogen[189]
  • Diwata ko sa Magaw: spirit of destruction; a tolos or deity[189]
  • Mino’aw a Minepen: powerful spirit of the sky; a tolos or deity[189]
  • Naga: dragons who repel evil spirits; a specific huge Naga is said to encircle the world[189]
  • Sarimanok: sacred omen birds[189]
  • Arimaonga: a giant lion who causes lunar eclipses[189]
  • Gabriel: an angel who reported to the supreme deity the overpopulation of the kingdom of Mantapoli, which resulted in its transfer and the creation of Lake Lanao[189]
  • Malakal Maut: the angel of death; takes the souls of someone after three to seven days from the falling of the person's leaf from the sacred Sadiarathul Montaha tree in the realm called Sorga; appears either a handsome prince or a grotesque monsters, depending if the soul he is getting comed from a sinner or a virtuous person; punishes the souls of sinners until final judgment, while lifting up the souls of the good onto heaven[189]
  • Tonong of Lake Lanao: there are many tonong of Lake Lanao, who are invoked during certain rituals such as the kashawing rice ritual[189]

Mortals

  • Aya Diwata Mokom sa Kaadiong a Lopa: father of the three rulers of the three kingdoms from the Darangen; a half-tonong and a half-human[189]
  • Daromoyod an Olan: mother of the three rulers of the three kingdoms from the Darangen; a half-jinn and a half-human[189]
  • Rulers of the Three Main Kingdoms from the Darangen: all three are siblings[189]
    • Diwata Ndaw Gibon: a semi-divine hero who ruled the kingdom of Iliyan a Bembaran, which was a favord abode of the tonong; had two sons with his head-wife Aya Panganay Bai, and a total of five daughters from five other wives[189]
    • Awilawil o Ndaw: a semi-divine hero who ruled the kingdom of Kaibat a Kadaan[189]
    • Dalondong a Mimbantas: a semi-divine hero ruled the kingdom of Gindolongan Marogong, which possessed the enchanted river Pagayawan that refuses to flow without the presence of thunder[189]
  • Aya Panganay Bai: married to Diwata Ndaw Gibon, who she has two sons; came from a place known as Minango’aw a Ronong[189]
  • Tominaman sa Rogong: firstborn son of Diwata Ndaw Gibon and Aya Panganay Bai; succeeded his father as ruler of Iliyan a Bembaran[189]
  • Magondaya’ Boisan: secondborn son Diwata Ndaw Gibon and Aya Panganay Bai; expanded the kingdom of Bembaran together with his brother-king, Tominaman sa Rogong[189]
  • Pasandalan a Rogong: son of Tominaman sa Rogong[189]
  • Bantogen: son of Tominaman sa Rogong; he courted the goddess Walain sa Lekepen, and was assumed missing by his people, leading to a search journey; returned with Madali to their kingdom[189]
  • Ladalad a Madali: son of Magondaya’ Boisan; went into a journey to rescue his cousin Bantugen, and all those who first came to find Bantugen; ccan become invisible with the aided of his guardian spirits; aided by his grandfather's guardian spirit Pinatoli i Kilid who clashed with the Walain Pirimbangan's guardian spirit; shapeshifted into a woman to take the amulet of the goddess Walain Katolosan, foiling the plan of Pirimbangan[189]
  • Walain Pirimbangan: an enchantress from Danalima’ a Rogong who imprisoned Bantugen and all the leaders of Bembaran who rescued him; aided by her guardian spirit, Magolaing sa Ragat[189]
  • Maharadia Lawana: a man with eight heads who was banished for his bad mouth; tried to kill himself, but failed upon the intervention of the angel Gabriel[189]
  • Kapmadali: a hero who battled Pinatola’ a Tonong[189]
  • Pilandok: a cunning man who tricked various people from a blind man to a kingdom's ruler[159]
  • Rajah Indarapatra: ancestor of both tonong and the Maranao; a child of heaven who chose to be reincarnated as a mortal son of the ruler Nabi Bakaramat;[189] brother of Rajah Solaiman; before Rajah Solaiman went into a journey, Rajah Indarapatra planted a kilala sapling whose vitality is interpreted as Rajah Solaiman's life; when the plant died, Rajah Solaiman avenged his brother's death and slayed Omakaan without cutting the monster[159]
  • Rajah Solaiman: went into a journey to slay Omakaan, but was killed by Omakaan[159]
  • Laughing Woman: a woman who told Rajah Indarapatra what not to do to kill Omakaan[159]
  • Omakaan: a man-eating monster who multiplies when cut into pieces[159]
  • Kalalanagan: also called Princess Condor; all her previous husbands except Inodang died because she is the source of mosquitoes, which come from her nose[159]
  • Inodang: the last husband of Kalalanagan; burned Kalalanagan to prevent more deaths, but some of Kalalanagan's mosquitoes escaped, which means Kalalanagan still lives[159]
  • Turtle and Snake: friends who went into a race, where the patient turtle won[159]
  • Lapindig: husband of Orak and Odang; upon finding his wives' death, he tightened his waist to stave off hunger and became the wasp[159]
  • Orak: wife of Lapindig, killed herself after Odang's death[159]
  • Odang: wife of Lapindig, accidentally died due to a quarrel with Orak about cooking and transporting food for Lapindig[159]
  • Semsem sa Alongan: a magician; husband of Anak[159]
  • Anak: wife of Semsem sa Alongan and youngest daughter of Sultan sa Agamaniyog; died due to a plan of Potre Bunso, where Anak was grounded by stone doors due to her failure to ask permission from Ring of Fire, Sharp and Pointed Metals, and Flowing River; her long hair became the leaves of the sapinit[159]
  • Potre Bunso: jealous sister of Anak's good fortune[159]
  • Tingting a Bulawan: sister of Anak[159]

Sama-Bajau

Immortals

  • Dayang Dayang Mangilai: the goddess of the forest and one of the two supreme deities; married to Umboh Tuhan[193]
  • Umboh Tuhan: also called Umboh Dilaut, the god of the sea and one of the two supreme deities; married to Dayang Dayang Mangilai;[193] creator deity who made humans equal with animals and plants;[194] also simply called as Tuhan[195]
  • Umboh: a term sometimes used to encompass Umboh, Saitan, and Jinn spirits[196]
    • Umboh: ancestral spirits[196]
    • Saitan: nature spirits[196]
    • Jinn: familiar spirits[196]
  • Umboh Baliyu: spirits of wind and storms[197]
  • Umboh Payi: also called Umboh Gandum, the spirits of the first rice harvest[197]
  • Umboh Summut: totem of ants[197]
  • Umboh Kamun: totem of mantis shrimp[197]
  • Sumangâ: spirit of sea vessels; the guardian who deflects attacks[198]
  • Bansa: ancestral ghosts[193]
  • Kasagan: unseen spirits[199]
  • Omboh Adam: later associated as the highest male spirit of dead ancestors due to Muslim influences; messenger of the supreme deity[199]
  • Awa: later associated as the highest female spirit of dead ancestors dye to Muslim influences[199]
  • Niyawa: spirits[195]

Mortals

  • Abak: the king of a people who inhabited Balabac; led his people's migration to Capul island, where their descendants now reside[200]

Footnotes

  1. Jocano, F. L. (1969). Philippine Mythology. Quezon City: Capitol Publishing House Inc.
  2. Barton, R. F. (1946). The Religion of the Ifugaos, Volumes 65–68. American Anthropological Assn.
  3. Zaide, S. M. (1999). The Philippines: A Unique Nation. All-Nations Publishing.
  4. Guillermo, A. R. (2012). Historical Dictionary of the Philippines. Scarecrow Press.
  5. Scott, W. H. (1994). Barangay: Sixteenth Century Philippine Culture and Society. Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press.
  6. Hislop, S. K. (1971). Anitism: a survey of religious beliefs native to the Philippines. Asian Studies.
  7. Halili, M. C. N. (2004). Philippine History. Rex Bookstore, Inc.
  8. Demetrio, F. R., Cordero-Fernando, G., & Zialcita, F. N. (1991). The Soul Book. Quezon City: GCF Books.
  9. Garcia, J. N. C. (2008). Precolonial Gender-Crossing and the Babaylan Chronicles. Philippine Gay Culture: Binabae to Bakla, Silahis to MSM. The University of the Philippines Press.
  10. Limos, M. A. (2019). The Fall of the Babaylan. Esquire.
  11. Kenno, L. W. V. (1901). The Katipunan of the Philippines. The North American Review.
  12. Hornedo, F. H. (1994). Philippine Studies Vol. 42, No. 4: Death and After Death: Ivatan Beliefs and Practices. Ateneo de Manila University.
  13. Hornedo, F. H. (1980). Philippine Studies Vol. 28, No. 1: The World and The Ways of the Ivatan Añitu. Ateneo de Manila University.
  14. Vanoverbergh, M. (1941). The Isneg Farmer. Catholic Anthropologist Conference. Vol. III, No. 4.
  15. Casal, G. (1986). Kayamanan: Ma’i—Panoramas of Philippine Primeval. Manila: Central Bank of the Philippines and Ayala Museum.
  16. Eugenio, D. L. (1989). Philippine Folk Literature: The Folktales. Quezon City: The University of the Philippines Folklorists Inc.
  17. Vanoverbergh, M. (1955). Isneg Tales. Asian Folklore Studies. Vol. XIV. Washington: Catholic Anthropological Conference.
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