Calpurnia gens
The gens Calpurnia was a plebeian family at ancient Rome, which first appears in history during the third century BC. The first of the gens to obtain the consulship was Gaius Calpurnius Piso in 180 BC, but from this time their consulships were very frequent, and the family of the Pisones became one of the most illustrious in the Roman state. Two important pieces of Republican legislation, the lex Calpurnia of 149 BC and lex Acilia Calpurnia of 67 BC were passed by members of the gens.[1]
Bust of Lucius Calpurnius Piso, consul in 15 BC. Found at the Villa of the Papyri in Herculaneum, and now at the National Archaeological Museum in Naples.
Origin
The Calpurnii claimed descent from Calpus, the son of Numa Pompilius, the second King of Rome, and accordingly the head of Numa is found on some of the coins of this gens.[2][3][4][5]
Praenomina
The principal praenomina of the Calpurnii were Lucius, Gaius, Marcus, and Gnaeus. Publius was not a regular name of the Calpurnia gens during the Republic, but was used by the Calpurnii Lanarii.[6]
Branches and cognomina
The family-names of the Calpurnii under the Republic were Bestia, Bibulus, Flamma, Lanarius, and Piso.
Piso was the name of the greatest family of the Calpurnia gens. Like many other cognomina, this name is connected with agriculture, and comes from the verb pisere or pinsere, which refers to the pounding or grinding of corn. The family first rose from obscurity during the Second Punic War, and from that time it became one of the most distinguished in the Roman state. It preserved its celebrity under the empire, and during the first century was second to the imperial family alone. Many of the Pisones bore this cognomen alone, but others bore the agnomina Caesoninus and Frugi.[1]
Of the other surnames of the Republican Calpurnii, Bestia refers to a "beast", "an animal without reason". Bibulus translates as "fond of drinking", or "thirsty", while Flamma refers to a flame.[7]
Members
Denarius of Gnaeus Calpurnius Piso, 2nd Century BC. The obverse features a head of Roma, while the reverse depicts the Dioscuri.
- This list includes abbreviated praenomina. For an explanation of this practice, see filiation.
Early Calpurnii
- Marcus Calpurnius Flamma, one of the military tribunes in 258 BC, during the First Punic War, led a daring mission to relieve the army of the consul Aulus Atilius Calatinus.
Calpurnii Pisones
- Gaius Calpurnius C. f. Piso, praetor in 211 BC.
- Gaius Calpurnius C. f. C. n. Piso, praetor in 186 BC, and consul in 180, triumphed over the Lusitani and Celtiberi.
- Lucius Calpurnius (C. f. C. n.) Piso, sent as ambassador to the Achaeans at Sicyon in 198 BC.[8]
- Lucius Calpurnius C. f. C. n. Piso Caesoninus, originally a member of the gens Caesonia, and adopted by one of the Calpurnii; consul in 148 BC.
- Gnaeus Calpurnius Piso, consul in 139 BC.[9]
- Quintus Calpurnius Piso, consul in 135 BC, sent against Numantia, but instead of attacking the city, plundered the territory of Pallantia.[10][11][12]
- Calpurnius Piso, praetor circa 135, defeated during the slaves.[13]
- Calpurnius Piso, fought successfully against the Thracians circa 104 BC.[14]
- Lucius Calpurnius L. f. C. n. Piso Caesoninus, consul in 112 BC.
- Lucius Calpurnius Piso, quaestor circa 100 BC, might be the same person as the armourer.[15]
- Lucius Calpurnius L. f. L. n. Piso Caesoninus, manufactured arms at Rome during the Social War. [16]
- Lucius Calpurnius L. f. L. n. Piso Caesoninus, consul in 58 BC, and father-in-law of Caesar.
- Calpurnia L. f. L. n., the last wife of Caesar.
- Lucius Calpurnius L. f. L. n. Piso Caesoninus, consul in 15 BC.
- Lucius Calpurnius L. f. L. n. Piso Caesoninus, elder son of the consul of 15 BC.
- Lucius Calpurnius L. f. C. n. Piso Frugi, consul in 133 BC.
- Lucius Calpurnius L. f. L. n. Piso Frugi, praetor in Hispania Ulterior circa 112 BC, where he died in battle.[17]
- Lucius Calpurnius L. f. L. n. Piso Frugi, praetor in 74 BC, frustrated some of the schemes of his colleague, Verres.[18]
- Gaius Calpurnius L. f. L. n. Piso Frugi, quaestor in 58 BC, married Tullia, the daughter of Cicero.
- Gaius Calpurnius Piso, consul in 67 BC.
- Gnaeus Calpurnius Piso, one of Catiline's conspirators, quaestor pro praetore in Hispania Citerior in 65 BC. He was murdered by mutinous Spanish horsemen.[19]
- Marcus Pupius Piso, originally one of the Calpurnii, adopted by Marcus Pupius.
- Marcus Piso, praetor in 44 BC, opposed Marcus Antonius, for which he was praised by Cicero.[20]
- Gnaeus Calpurnius Cn. f. Cn. n. Piso, a partisan of Pompeius, and subsequently of Brutus and Cassius; subsequently pardoned, and made consul in 23 BC.
- Gnaeus Calpurnius Cn. f. Cn. n. Piso, consul in 7 BC, accused of murdering Germanicus.
- Lucius Calpurnius Piso the Augur, consul in 1 BC.[21]
- Lucius Calpurnius Piso, accused of plotting against the life of Tiberius in AD 24.
- Lucius Calpurnius Piso, praetor in Hispania Citerior in AD 25.[22]
- Lucius Calpurnius Cn. f. Cn. n. Piso, consul in AD 27.
- Marcus Calpurnius Cn. f. Cn. n. Piso, the younger son of the consul of 7 BC, was accused with his father, but pardoned by Tiberius.
- Gaius Calpurnius Piso, consul in AD 41 with the emperor Claudius, and the author of the conspiracy against Nero in AD 65.
- Lucius Calpurnius L. f. Cn. n. Piso, consul in AD 57 with the emperor Nero.
- Lucius Calpurnius Piso Licinianus, named heir by the emperor Galba, and murdered on the orders of Otho in AD 69.
- Calpurnius C. f. Piso Galerianus, son of the consul of AD 41, was murdered by Gaius Licinius Mucianus, a prefect of Vespasian.[23]
- Gaius Calpurnius Piso Crassus Frugi Licinianus, consul in AD 87. Exiled to Tarentum for conspiring against the emperor Nerva; exiled again for conspiring against Trajan; murdered early in the reign of Hadrian.[24][25][26]
- Gaius Calpurnius Piso, consul in AD 111.
- Lucius Calpurnius Piso, consul in AD 175, during the reign of Commodus.[27]
- Lucius Calpurnius Piso Frugi, a 3rd-century usurper described in the Historia Augusta.
Calpurnii Lanarii
- Publius Calpurnius, triumvir monetalis in 133 BC, was perhaps the father of Lanarius, the legate, since the name Publius appears in no other branch of the gens.[28]
- Publius Calpurnius (P. f.) Lanarius, an officer in the staff of Gaius Annius during the war against Sertorius in 81 BC, he defeated Sertorius' legate, Lucius Livius Salinator, in the Pyrenees. Plutarch mistakenly identifies him as a partisan of Sertorius, describing his battle against Salinator as an act of betrayal.[29][30]
- Publius Calpurnius Lanarius, the purchasor of a house from a certain Claudius Centumalus. He might be the same man who fought against Sertorius.[31]
Calpurnii Bestiae
- Lucius Calpurnius Bestia, consul in 111 BC, prosecuted the Jugurthine War, at first with much vigor, but through the payment of a substantial sum of money he was induced to conclude a peace. He was exiled under the Varian law in 90 BC.[32]
- Calpurnia L. f., the wife of Publius Antistius, and mother-in-law of Pompey. Upon her husband's murder, she stabbed herself in the chest.[33]
- Lucius Calpurnius Bestia, tribune of the plebs in 62 BC, was one of Catiline's conspirators.
- Lucius Calpurnius Bestia, perhaps the same man as the tribune of 62, was an unsuccessful candidate for the praetorship in 57 BC.
- Lucius Sempronius Atratinus, consul in 34 BC, was the natural son of a Calpurnius Bestia.[34]
Calpurnii Bibuli
- Marcus Calpurnius C. f. Bibulus, consul in 59 BC, an opponent of Caesar, and a partisan of Pompeius during the Civil War.[35]
- Calpurnius M. f. C. n. Bibulus, the name of two sons of Marcus Bibulus, who in 50 BC were killed by the soldiers of Aulus Gabinius in Egypt.[36][37]
- Calpurnia, daughter of the consul and first wife of Marcus Valerius Messalla Corvinus[38]
- Lucius Calpurnius M. f. C. n. Bibulus, third son of the consul of 59 BC, he was appointed governor of Syria by Augustus.
- Calpurnius Bibulus, fourth son of the consul, stepson of Marcus Junius Brutus[39]
- Gaius (Calpurnius) Bibulus, aedile in AD 22.[40]
Others
- Calpurnius, standard-bearer of the first legion in Germania at the accession of Tiberius in AD 14, he prevented the soldiers of Germanicus from murdering Munatius Plancus, the envoy of the senate.[41]
- Gaius Calpurnius Aviola, consul in AD 24, perhaps one of the Pisones.[42]
- Calpurnius Salvianus, accused Sextus Marius in AD 25, but was rebuked by Tiberius and banished by the senate.[43]
- Calpurnia, a favorite concubine of the emperor Claudius, despatched by Narcissus to inform the emperor of the marriage of Messalina and Gaius Silius.[44]
- Calpurnia, a woman of high rank, exiled due to the jealousy of Agrippina, the wife of Claudius, but recalled by Nero in AD 60, after Agrippina's murder.[45]
- Calpurnius Fabatus, an eques accused of various crimes during the reign of Nero; he was grandfather of Calpurnia, the third wife of Pliny the Younger.[46]
- Calpurnia, the third wife of Pliny the Younger.[47]
- Calpurnius Asprenas, appointed governor of Galatia and Pamphylia by the emperor Galba, induced the partisans of the false Nero to put the usurper to death.[48]
- Marcus Calpurnius [...]icus, consul suffectus in AD 96.[49][50][51]
- Calpurnius Flaccus, a rhetorician in the time of Hadrian.[52][53]
- Marcus Calpurnius Rufus, the father of Longus, the consul of 144.[54][55]
- Lucius Marcius Celer Marcus Calpurnius M. f. Longus, consul suffectus in AD 144. This family was from Attaleia.[54][55]
- Sextus Calpurnius Agricola, consul suffectus in AD 154, and subsequently governor of Germania Superior and Britain. In the late 160s, he was imperial legate in Dacia, and governor of Lower Moesia.[56][57][58]
- Titus Calpurnius Siculus, a poet, who probably flourished in the latter half of the third century.
- Calpurnius, a fourth century Christian deacon, and the father of St. Patrick.
See also
References
- Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol. I, p. 582 ("Calpurnia Gens").
- Plutarch "The Life of Numa", 21.
- Horace, Ars Poetica, 292.
- Festus, s. v. Calpurni.
- Eckhel, v. p. 160.
- Syme, "Missing Senators", p. 59.
- Cassell's Latin & English Dictionary, s. v. Bestia, Bibulus, Flamma.
- Livy, xxxii. 19.
- Valerius Maximus, i. 3. § 2.
- Appian, Hispanica, 83.
- Orosius, v. 6.
- Obsequens, 85.
- Florus, iii. 19.
- Florus, iii. 4. § 6, iv. 12. § 17.
- Broughton, vol. I, pp. 576, 578 (note 5).
- Cicero, In Pisonem, 36, 23, 26, 27.
- RE, vol. III, part 1, col. 1395 ("Calpurnius, no. 97").
- Cicero, In Verrem, i. 46.
- RE, vol. III, part 1, coll. 1379–1380 ("Calpurnius, no. 69").
- Cicero, Philippicae, iii. 10.
- Cassius Dio, index lib. lv.
- Tacitus, Annales, iv. 45.
- Tacitus, Historiae, iv. 11.
- Aurelius Victor, Epitome de Caesaribus (attributed), 12.
- Cassius Dio, lxviii. 3, 16.
- Grainger, Nerva and the Roman Succession Crisis of AD 96-99, pp. 69 ff.
- Aelius Lampridius, "The Life of Commodus", 12.
- Crawford, Roman Republican Coinage, p. 278.
- Plutarch, "The Life of Sertorius", 7.
- Syme, "Missing Senators", pp. 58, 59.
- Cicero, De Officiis, ii. 16.
- PW, vol. III, part 1, cols. 1366, 1367 ("Calpurnius, No. 23")
- Velleius Paterculus, ii. 26.
- RE, supplement III, col. 230 ("Calpurnius, no. 25").
- RE, vol. III (1), cols. 1368–1370 ('Calpurnius 28').
- Caesar, De Bello Civili, iii. 110.
- Valerius Maximus, iv. 1. § 15.
- Holland, Tom, Rubicon: The Triumph and Tragedy of the Roman Republic (2004) London: Abacus. ISBN 978-0-349-11563-4 p. 339
- Tarrant, R. J. (1987). Harvard Studies in Classical Philology. 91. Harvard University Press. p. 198. ISBN 9780674379398.
- RE, vol. III (1), col. 1367 ('Calpurnius 26').
- Tacitus, Annales, i. 39.
- Syme, "Piso Frugi and Crassus Frugi", p. 19.
- Tacitus, Annales, iv. 36.
- Tacitus, Annales, xi. 30.
- Tacitus, Annales, xii. 22, xiv. 72.
- Tacitus, Annales, xvi. 8.
- Pliny the Younger, Epistulae, viii. 10.
- Tacitus, Historiae, ii. 9.
- Fasti Ostienses, CIL XIV, 244.
- CIL XVI, 40.
- Gallivan, "The Fasti for A. D. 70-96", pp. 192, 218.
- Pithou, Declamations of Calpurnius Flaccus.
- Pliny the Younger, Epistulae, v. 2.
- Eck, "L. Marcius Celer M. Calpurnius Longus".
- Camodeca, "Una nuova coppia di consoli del 148".
- AE 1980, 760.
- Southern, Roman Britain, pp. 27, 28.
- Birley, Marcus Aurelius, p. 145.
Bibliography
- Marcus Tullius Cicero, De Officiis, In Pisonem, In Verrem, Philippicae.
- Gaius Julius Caesar, Commentarii de Bello Civili (Commentaries on the Civil War).
- Quintus Horatius Flaccus (Horace), Ars Poëtica (The Art of Poetry).
- Titus Livius (Livy), History of Rome.
- Marcus Velleius Paterculus, Compendium of Roman History.
- Valerius Maximus, Factorum ac Dictorum Memorabilium (Memorable Facts and Sayings).
- Gaius Plinius Caecilius Secundus (Pliny the Younger), Epistulae (Letters).
- Publius Cornelius Tacitus, Annales, Historiae.
- Lucius Mestrius Plutarchus (Plutarch), Lives of the Noble Greeks and Romans.
- Lucius Annaeus Florus, Epitome de T. Livio Bellorum Omnium Annorum DCC (Epitome of Livy: All the Wars of Seven Hundred Years).
- Appianus Alexandrinus (Appian), Hispanica (The Spanish Wars).
- Sextus Pompeius Festus, Epitome de M. Verrio Flacco de Verborum Significatu (Epitome of Marcus Verrius Flaccus' On the Meaning of Words).
- Lucius Cassius Dio Cocceianus (Cassius Dio), Roman History.
- Aelius Lampridius, Aelius Spartianus, Flavius Vopiscus, Julius Capitolinus, Trebellius Pollio, and Vulcatius Gallicanus, Historia Augusta (Augustan History).
- Julius Obsequens, Liber de Prodigiis (The Book of Prodigies).
- Paulus Orosius, Historiarum Adversum Paganos (History Against the Pagans).
- Sextus Aurelius Victor (attributed), Epitome de Caesaribus.
- Pierre Pithou (Petrus Pithoeus) Declamations of Calpurnius Flaccus, Paris, 1580.
- Joseph Hilarius Eckhel, Doctrina Numorum Veterum (The Study of Ancient Coins, 1792–1798).
- Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, William Smith, ed., Little, Brown and Company, Boston (1849).
- Theodor Mommsen et alii, Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum (The Body of Latin Inscriptions, abbreviated CIL), Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften (1853–present).
- René Cagnat et alii, L'Année épigraphique (The Year in Epigraphy, abbreviated AE), Presses Universitaires de France (1888–present).
- August Pauly, Georg Wissowa, et alii, Realencyclopädie der Classischen Altertumswissenschaft (Scientific Encyclopedia of the Knowledge of Classical Antiquities, abbreviated RE or PW), J. B. Metzler, Stuttgart (1894–1980).
- T. Robert S. Broughton, The Magistrates of the Roman Republic, American Philological Association (1952–1986).
- Ronald Syme,"Missing Senators", Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte, Bd. 4, H. 1 (1955), pp. 52–71; "Piso Frugi and Crassus Frugi", in Journal of Roman Studies, vol. 50 (1960).
- D.P. Simpson, Cassell's Latin and English Dictionary, Macmillan Publishing Company, New York (1963).
- Anthony R. Birley, Marcus Aurelius, B. T. Batsford, London (1966).
- Michael Crawford, Roman Republican Coinage, Cambridge University Press (1974, 2001).
- Paul A. Gallivan, "The Fasti for A.D. 70–96", in Classical Quarterly, vol. 31, pp. 186–220 (1981).
- Werner Eck, "L. Marcius Celer M. Calpurnius Longus Prokonsul von Achaia und Suffektkonsul unterHadrian", in Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik, vol. 86, pp. 97–106 (1991).
- Giuseppe Camodeca, "Una nuova coppia di consoli del 148 e il proconsul Achaiae M. Calpurnius Longus", in Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik, vol. 112, pp. 235–240 (1996).
- John D. Grainger, Nerva and the Roman Succession Crisis of AD 96–99, Routledge, London (2004).
- Patricia Southern, Roman Britain: A New History 55 BC–AD 450, Amberley (2011).
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