Casamance

Casamance (/ˈkæzəˌmæns, ˈkæsə-/; French: Casamance [kɑ.za.mɑ̃s]; Wolof and Fula: Kasamansa; Portuguese: Casamansa[1] [kɐzɐˈmɐ̃sɐ]) is the area of Senegal south of the Gambia including the Casamance River. It consists of the Lower Casamance (Basse Casamance, Baixa Casamança—i.e. Ziguinchor Region) and the Upper Casamance (Haute Casamance, Alta Casamança—i.e. Kolda Region and Sédhiou Regions). The largest city of Casamance is Ziguinchor.

Casamance

Portuguese: Casamansa
Geographical region
Casamance in Senegal
Flag
CountrySenegal
PartsKolda Region, Sédhiou Region and Ziguinchor Region

History
Main article: Jola people

The Casamance was subject to both French and Portuguese colonial efforts before a border was negotiated in 1888 between the French colony of Senegal and Portuguese Guinea (now Guinea-Bissau) to the south. Portugal lost possession of Casamance, then the commercial hub of its colony. Casamance, to this day, has preserved the local variant of Upper Guinea Creole known as Ziguinchor Creole, and the members of the deep-rooted Creole community carry Portuguese surnames like Da Silva, Carvalho and Fonseca. The historical ties to Portugal were a factor in Senegal's decision to seek membership of the Community of Portuguese Language Countries (CPLP), becoming an associate observer in 2008.[2] Interest in Portuguese heritage has been revived in order to exert a distinct identity, particularly in Baixa Casamança.

Bissau-Guinean people are also present in the region, as expatriates, immigrants, and refugees from the poverty and instability that since long affects the neighbouring country, including the 1998—1999 Guinea-Bissau Civil War.

Separatist movement
Further information: Casamance conflict
Flag used by several separatist organisations

Though the Jola are the dominant ethnic group in the Casamance, they represent only 4% of the total population of Senegal. The Wolof dominate the nation as a whole. The Jola's sense of economic disenfranchisement within greater Senegal[3] contributed to the founding of a separatist movement advocating the independence or autonomous administrative division of the Casamance, the Movement of Democratic Forces of Casamance (MFDC), in 1982.[4]

The MFDC's armed wing was established in 1985, and since 1990, the Casamance conflict, a low-level insurgency led by the MFDC against the government of Senegal that has been characterized by sporadic violence and frequent but unstable ceasefire agreements. An illegal shipment of weapons hailing from Iran was seized in Lagos, Nigeria in October 2010, and the Senegalese government suspected the MFDC of having been the intended recipients of the weapons. Senegal recalled its ambassador to Tehran over the incident.[5]

Climate
Women working in a paddy field.

The climate is low-lying and hot, with some hills to the southeast. The Region has average rainfall greater than the rest of Senegal, with most areas receiving over 50in/1270mm annually, and as high as 70in/1780mm in some places. The entire Casamance region experiences a tropical savanna climate.

Economy

The economy of the Casamance relies largely on rice cultivation and tourism. It also has excellent beaches along its coastline, particularly at Cap Skirring.

Ecology
Further information: environmental issues in Senegal and Basse Casamance National Park

Tree cover in Casamance is severely threatened by illegal logging.[6][7]

References
  2. "OBSERVADORES ASSOCIADOS" (in Portuguese). CPLP. 10 July 2008. Retrieved 14 November 2016.
  3. Programs, United States Congress House Committee on Appropriations Subcommittee on Foreign Operations, Export Financing, and Related (2006). Foreign Operations, Export Financing, and Related Programs Appropriations for 2007: Hearings Before a Subcommittee of the Committee on Appropriations, House of Representatives, One Hundred Ninth Congress, Second Session. U.S. Government Printing Office.
  4. "New clashes between the Senegalese army and Casamance pro-independence militias". Nationalia. 2010-03-23. Retrieved 2010-04-11.
  5. "Senegal recalls Tehran ambassador over arms shipment". BBC News. December 15, 2010. Retrieved December 15, 2010.
  6. AfricaNews (2016-06-19). "Senegal govt warns against Casamance deforestation". Africanews. Retrieved 2018-03-15.
  7. "Trafic de bois au Sénégal: la Casamance menacée de déforestation d'ici deux ans". Sciences et Avenir (in French). 2016-05-26. Retrieved 2018-03-15.

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