Geography of Senegal

Senegal is bordered to the west by the North Atlantic Ocean. On land, the nation's longest border is with Mauritania to the north, an 813 km border along the Senegal River. To the east is the 419 km border with Mali. In the southeast is Guinea (330 km border) and to the south-southwest is Guinea-Bissau (338 km), both borders running along the Casamance River. Senegal is one of only a handful of countries to have a near-enclave within its borders—the small nation of the Gambia in the interior, which has a 740 km border with Senegal.

The Gambia penetrates more than 320 km into Senegal, from the Atlantic coast to the center of Senegal along the Gambia River, which bisects Senegal's territory. In total, Senegal has 2,640 km of land borders, and 531 km of coastline and shoreline. Senegal makes maritime claims of a 24 nmi (44.4 km; 27.6 mi) contiguous zone, a 12 nmi (22.2 km; 13.8 mi) territorial sea, and a 370 km (200 nmi; 230 mi) exclusive economic zone. It also claims a 200 nmi (370.4 km; 230.2 mi) continental shelf, or to the edge of the continental margin.

Another distinctive and well-known feature of the country is the pink-water Lake Retba, near the city of Dakar, which is one of the few lakes in the world with naturally pink or reddish coloured water.

The lowest point in Senegal is the Atlantic Ocean, at sea level. The highest point is an unnamed feature 2.7 km southeast of Nepen Diakha at 648 m (2,126 ft).[2]

Tropical; hot, humid; rainy season (May to November) has strong southeast winds; dry season (December to April) dominated by hot, dry, harmattan wind.[3] Well-defined dry and humid seasons result from northeast winter winds and southwest summer winds. Dakar's annual rainfall of about 600 mm (24 in) occurs between June and October when maximum temperatures average 30 °C (86.0 °F) and minimums 24.2 °C (75.6 °F); December to February maximum temperatures average 25.7 °C (78.3 °F) and minimums 18 °C (64.4 °F).[4]

Interior temperatures are higher than along the coast (for example, average daily temperatures in Kaolack and Tambacounda for May are 30 °C (86.0 °F) and 32.7 °C (90.9 °F) respectively, compared to Dakar's 23.2 °C (73.8 °F) ),[5] and rainfall increases substantially farther south, exceeding 1,500 mm (59.1 in) annually in some areas. Extremes in annual precipitation range from 250 mm (10 inches) in the extreme north, to 1800 mm (71 inches) in extreme southern coastal areas. In the far interior of the country, in the region of Tambacounda, particularly on the border of Mali, temperatures can reach as high as 54 °C (129.2 °F).

Climate change

This section is an excerpt from Climate change in Senegal[edit]

Climate change in Senegal will have wide reaching impacts on many aspects of life in Senegal. Climate change will cause an increase in average temperatures over west Africa by between 1.5 and 4°C (3°F and 7°F) by mid-century, relative to 1986–2005.[6] Projections of rainfall indicate an overall decrease in rainfall and an increase in intense mega-storm events over the Sahel.[7][8] The sea level is expected to rise faster in West Africa than the global average.[9][10] Although Senegal is currently not a major contributor to global greenhouse gas emissions, it is one of the most vulnerable countries to climate change.[11][12]

Senegal map of Köppen climate classification

Extreme drought is impacting agriculture, causing food and job insecurity, with 75% of the population being employed in the agricultural sector. Sea level rise and resulting coastal erosion is expected to cause damage to coastal infrastructure and displace a large percentage of the population living in coastal areas. Climate change also has the potential to increase land degradation that will likely increase desertification in eastern Senegal, leading to expansion of the Sahara.[13]

Climate change adaptation policies and plans are important to help Senegal prepare and adapt. In 2006, Senegal submitted its National Adaptation Programme of Action (NAPA) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change.[14] The NAPA identifies water resources, agriculture, and coastal zones as the country's most vulnerable sectors.[15] In 2015, Senegal released its Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDC's) that indicated climate change would be treated as a national priority.[15]

Senegal has a number of vegetation zones: sahel, Sahel-Sudan, Sudan (region), Sudan-Guinea, tropical rainforest, and Guinean mangroves.[16] Most of the southern Casamance arm of the country has been classified by the World Wildlife Fund as part of the Guinean forest-savanna mosaic ecoregion.

See also:.

• Vegetation zones of Senegal 2
• Vegetation zones of Senegal 3

Terrain: generally low, rolling, plains rising to foothills in the southeast.

Natural resources: fish, phosphates, iron ore

Land use:
arable land: 19.57%
permanent crops: 0.28%
other: 80.15% (2011)

Irrigated land: 1,197 km² (2003)

Total renewable water resources: 38.8 km³

Natural hazards: lowlands seasonally flooded; periodic droughts

Environment - current issues: wildlife populations threatened by poaching; deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion; desertification; overfishing

Senegal is a party to several environmental treaties:

• Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty
• Convention on Biological Diversity
• Convention on Fishing and Conservation of Living Resources of the High Seas
• Convention on the International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna
• International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling
• Montreal Protocol
• United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
• United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification
• United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea
• Ramsar Convention
• 1978 Convention on Ship Pollution

Senegal has signed, but not ratified the Convention on Marine Dumping.

This is a list of the extreme points of Senegal, the points that are farther north, south, east or west than any other location.

• Northernmost point – unnamed location on the border with Mauritania in the Senegal river immediately north-west of the town of Podor, Saint-Louis Region
• Easternmost point – unnamed location on the border with Mali near the confluence of the Balin-Ko river and the Falémé River, Kédougou Region
• Southernmost point – unnamed location on the border with Guinea immediately south of the village of Toile, Kédougou Region
• Westernmost point - Pointe des Almadies, Cap Vert peninsula, Dakar Region*
• *Note: this is also the westernmost point of the mainland African continent

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  Senegalese savanna.
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  Homes in the countryside.
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  Senegalese savanna with goats
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  Senegalese savanna with high grass
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  Grove of baobabs