Politics of Senegal

Politics in Senegal takes place within the framework of a presidential democratic republic. The President of Senegal is the head of state and government. Executive power in Senegal is concentrated in the president's hands.[1]

While legislative power is technically vested in both the government and the parliament, the parliament rarely introduces legislation or votes down legislation proposed by the government.[2] Similarly, although the Judiciary is theoretically independent of the executive and the legislature, the executive branch seems to exert undue control over the judiciary.[1]

Senegal is one of the few African states that has never experienced a coup d'état or exceptionally harsh authoritarianism. Léopold Senghor, the first president after independence, resigned in 1981, handing over the office of president to his Prime Minister, Abdou Diouf. The present president, Macky Sall, was elected in competitive democratic elections in March 2012.[1]

Senegal has a reputation for transparency in government operations. The level of economic corruption that has damaged the development of the economies in other parts of the world is very low. Today Senegal has a democratic political culture, being part of one of the most successful democratic transitions in Africa.

The Economist Intelligence Unit rated Senegal a "hybrid regime" in 2019.[3]

Introduction

Political system

The President is elected by universal adult suffrage to a 7-year term. The unicameral National Assembly has 150 members, who are elected separately from the President. The Socialist Party dominated the National Assembly until April 2001, when in free and fair legislative elections, President Wade's coalition won a majority (90 of 150 seats).

The Cour Suprême (Highest Appeals Court, equivalent to the U.S. Supreme Court) and the Constitutional Council, the justices of which are named by the President, are the nation's highest tribunals. Senegal is divided into 11 administrative regions, each headed by a governor appointed by and responsible to the President. The law on decentralization, which came into effect in January 1998, distributed significant central government authority to regional assemblies.

Political culture

Senegal's principal political party was for 40 years the Socialist Party (PS). Its domination of political life came to an end in March 2000, when Abdoulaye Wade, the leader of the Senegalese Democratic Party (PDS) and leader of the opposition for more than 25 years, won the presidency. Under the terms of a 2016 amendment to the 2001 constitution, future presidents will serve for 5 years and be limited to two terms. Sall was the last President to be elected to a 7-year term.

President Wade advanced a liberal agenda for Senegal, including privatizations and other market-opening measures. He had a strong interest in raising Senegal's regional and international profile. The country, nevertheless, has limited means with which to implement ambitious ideas. The liberalization of the economy is proceeding, but at a slow pace. Senegal continues to play a significant role in regional and international organizations. President Wade has made excellent relations with the United States a high priority.

There are presently some 72 political parties, most of which are marginal and little more than platforms for their leaders. The principal political parties, however, constitute a true multiparty, democratic political culture, and they have contributed to one of the most successful democratic transitions in Africa, even among all developing countries. A flourishing independent media, largely free from official or informal control, also contributes to the democratic politics of Senegal.

However, the image of Wade as a constitutional democrat has been tarnished by events at the end of his mandate. When faced with internal dissent within his own party his main opponent Idrissa Seck was arrested, accused of treason. Wade refused to go along with holding presidential elections in 2006, arguing that there were economic reasons for wanting to hold the presidential and parliamentary elections simultaneously in 2007.[4]

Initially Wade's government had the support of a broad section of groups opposed to the socialist government, but gradually individual parties have disassociated themselves from the government and joined the opposition efforts led by PS. In 2011, Wade attempted to amend the Constitution to allow him to run for another term in office. Large protests by opponents erupted, throughout the Summer of 2011, as well as large counter-protests by government supporters. The crisis has deepened political rifts within the country, which has long been a rare example of stability in the region.[4]

After Senegal's Constitutional Court approved Wade's bid to run for a third presidential term, street protests broke out. The top court's decision was controversial as the Senegalese constitutional amendment, which places a two-term limit on the presidential office, was established about a year after Wade came into power in 2000.[5]

Executive branch

The president is elected by popular vote for a seven-year term. . The 2001 constitution introduced a two-term limit for the president. The Council of Ministers is appointed by the president.

Legislative branch

The National Assembly (Assemblée Nationale) comprises 165 members elected for five-year terms by parallel voting. Of these, 90 are elected by plurality vote in single and multi-seat constituencies across Senegal, with a further 15 elected from overseas voters. The remaining 60 elected through proportional representation.[6] The Senate, an indirectly elected upper chamber, was abolished in 2012, leaving a unicameral system.

Political parties and elections

Presidential elections

Candidate Party Votes %
Macky SallAlliance for the Republic2,555,42658.26
Idrissa SeckRewmi899,55620.51
Ousmane SonkoPatriots of Senegal for Work, Ethics and Fraternity687,52315.67
Issa SallParty for Unity and Rally178,6134.07
Madické NiangIndependent65,0211.48
Invalid/blank votes42,541
Total4,428,680100
Registered voters/turnout6,683,04366.27
Source: Constitutional Council

Parliamentary elections

Party Votes % Seats
Constituency National Total
Benno Bokk Yakaar Coalition1,637,76149.479530125
Manko Wattu Sénégal Coalition552,09516.6891019
Manko Taxawu Sénégal Coalition388,18811.73077
Party for Unity and Rally155,4074.69033
Patriotic Convergence Coalition65,2351.97112
Ndawi Askan Wi37,5351.13011
Manko Yeesal Senegal Coalition33,1301.00011
Patriotic Convergence for Justice and Equity29,5960.89011
Oser l'avenir Coalition24,3420.74011
And Saxal Liggeey Coalition23,1420.70011
Party for Truth and Development22,7690.69011
Alternative Pole Third Voice19,6750.59011
Initiative for a Policy of Development19,2110.58011
Citizen Union18,2680.55011
Union for Federalism and Democracy17,6360.53000
Senegal Can Kanam Coalition16,1420.49000
Manko Wattu Senegal coalition14,6810.44000
Movement for Republican Renewal14,2550.43000
Joyyanti Coalition14,2310.43000
Défar Senegal14,1790.43000
And Défar Sénégal/Group of Support and Renewal of Public Action13,1450.40000
And Suxali Senegal Coalition12,5410.38000
Rally for Dignity and Prosperity11,4150.34000
Democratic Federation of Ecologists of Senegal10,9570.33000
Leeral Coalition9,6890.29000
Party of Peace8,8500.27000
Convergence of the Initiatives for Senegal8,7760.27000
Neneen Citizen Convention8,7270.26000
Mbollo Wade8,0930.24000
Sunu Party for Solidarity and the Development of Senegal7,7580.23000
Alternative Visions for Senegal7,5900.23000
Fal Askan Wi Coalition7,4740.23000
Framework of Reflection for Integral Development7,2950.22000
Soppali Coalition7,2680.22000
The Third Policy Coalition7,0330.21000
National Front6,6050.20000
Party for Citizen Action6,5510.20000
Senegal-Vein Environment6,3980.19000
Senegalese Democratic Rally6,0990.18000
Alliance for Reform and Development5,6640.17000
Citizens for Ethics and Transparency4,9800.15000
Dental Senegal/Patriotic Action4,3000.13000
Movement for Renewal, Freedom and Development4,1930.13000
Patriotic Liberal Convergence3,3010.10000
Republican Patriotic Front3,1560.10000
Bi Nu Begg Assembly Coalition2,9510.09000
Rally for Ethics and Emerging Values2,1480.06000
Invalid/blank votes27,059
Total3,337,49410010560165
Registered voter/turnout6,219,44653.66
Source: Senego

Judicial branch

The nation's highest courts that deal with business issues are the constitutional council, and the Court of Cassation, members of which are named by the president.

Administrative divisions

Senegal is subdivided into 13 regions (régions, singular – région):

Dakar, Diourbel, Fatick, Kaolack, Kédougou, Kolda, Louga, Matam, Saint-Louis, Sédhiou, Tambacounda, Thiès, Ziguinchor. Local administrators are all appointed by and responsible to the President.

International relations

Senegal joined with the Gambia to form the nominal confederation of Senegambia in 1982. However, the envisaged integration of the two countries was never carried out, and the union was dissolved in 1989. Despite peace talks, a separatist group in the southern Casamance region has sporadically clashed with government forces since 1982. Senegal has a long history of participating in international peacekeeping.

Senegal is a member of ACCT, ACP, AfDB, ECA, ECOWAS, FAO, FZ, G-15, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt, ICC, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Inmarsat, Intelsat, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ITU, MIPONUH, NAM, OAU, OIC, OPCW, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNIKOM, UNMIBH, UNMIK, UNTAET, UPU, WADB, WAEMU, WCL, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, and WTrO.

Senegal has acted as a mediator between Sudan and Chad over the crisis in Darfur.[7]

See also

References

  1. Freedom House. "Freedom in the World – Senegal". Retrieved 12 November 2011.
  2. Thomas and Sissokho (2005.) "Liaison legislature: the role of the National Assembly in Senegal" Journal of Modern African Studies 43 (1). p. 106
  3. The Economist Intelligence Unit (8 January 2019). "Democracy Index 2019". Economist Intelligence Unit. Retrieved 13 January 2019.
  4. "Succession debate threatens security in Senegal". Institute for Security Studies. Retrieved 18 August 2011.
  5. Reuters in Dakar (28 January 2012). "Senegal (News),Africa (News),World news". The Guardian. London.
  6. "IFES Election Guide | Elections: National Assembly". www.electionguide.org. Retrieved 22 May 2018.
  7. "Senegal country profile". BBC. 9 July 2011. Retrieved 18 August 2011.

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