Central Vanuatu languages
The Central Vanuatu languages form a linkage of Southern Oceanic languages spoken in central Vanuatu.
| Central Vanuatu | |
|---|---|
| Geographic distribution | Vanuatu |
| Linguistic classification | Austronesian
|
| Glottolog | cent2269 |
Languages
Clark (2009)
Clark (2009) provides the following classification of the Central Vanuatu languages, divided into geographic areas.[1] Outlier (aberrant) languages identified by Clark (2009) are in italics. Clark's Central Vanuatu branch is wider in scope, including not only the Shepherd–Efate languages, but also the Malakula and Ambrym–Paama–Epi languages.
- Central Vanuatu
- Malakula languages
- Ambrym–Paama–Epi area
- Shepherd–Efate area
According to Thieberger, Efatese is an artificial mixture of the languages of Efate.
François (2015)
The following list of 19 Central Vanuatu languages (excluding the Malakula languages) is from François (2015:18-21).
| No. | Language | Other names | Speakers | Ethnologue | ISO 639-3 | Region |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 107 | North Ambrym | 5250 | mmg | mmg | Ambrym | |
| 108 | Orkon | Fanbak | 30 | fnb | fnb | Ambrym |
| 109 | Southeast Ambrym | 3700 | tvk | tvk | Ambrym | |
| 110 | Daakie | Port Vato | 1300 | ptv | ptv | Ambrym |
| 111 | Daakaka | South Ambrym, Baiap | 1200 | bpa | bpa | Ambrym |
| 112 | Dalkalaen | 1000 | Ambrym | |||
| 113 | Raljago | West Ambrym, Lonwolwol | <10 | crc | crc | Ambrym |
| 114 | Paama | Paamese | 6000 | paa | paa | Paama |
| 115 | Lamen | Lamenu, Varmali | 850 | lmu | lmu | Epi, Lamen |
| 116 | Lewo | Varsu | 2200 | lww | lww | Epi |
| 117 | Bierebo | Bonkovia-Yevali | 900 | bnk | bnk | Epi |
| 118 | Baki | Burumba, Paki | 350 | bki | bki | Epi |
| 119 | Mkir | Maii | 180 | mmm | mmm | Epi |
| 120 | Bieria | Bieri, Vovo, Wowo | 25 | brj | brj | Epi |
| 121 | Namakura | Makura, Namakir | 3750 | nmk | nmk | Efate, Shepherd Islands (Tongoa, Tongariki) |
| 123 | Nakanamanga | 9500 | llp | llp | Efate, Shepherd Islands (Nguna, Tongoa) | |
| 124 | Lelepa | Havannah Harbour | 400 | lpa | lpa | Efate, Lelepa |
| 125 | Eton | 500 | etn | etn | Efate | |
| 126 | South Efate | Erakor | 6000 | erk | erk | Efate |
Additionally, the extinct Sowa language was formerly spoken in central Vanuatu.
References
- Clark, Ross (2009). Leo Tuai: A comparative lexical study of North and Central Vanuatu languages. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.
- François, Alexandre; Franjieh, Michael; Lacrampe, Sébastien; Schnell, Stefan (2015), "The exceptional linguistic density of Vanuatu" (PDF), in François, Alexandre; Lacrampe, Sébastien; Franjieh, Michael; Schnell, Stefan (eds.), The Languages of Vanuatu: Unity and Diversity, Studies in the Languages of Island Melanesia, Canberra: Asia Pacific Linguistics Open Access, pp. 1–21, ISBN 9781922185235.
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