Espiritu Santo languages

The Espiritu Santo languages (alternatively Santo languages) are a group of North Vanuatu languages spoken on Espiritu Santo Island in northern Vanuatu. Tryon (2010) considers the Espiritu Santo languages to be a coherent group.[1]

Espiritu Santo
Santo
Geographic
distribution		Espiritu Santo Island in northern Vanuatu
Linguistic classificationAustronesian
Glottologespi1234

Languages

Two lists of Espiritu Santo languages from Tryon (2010) and François (2015) are provided below.

Tryon (2010)

Tryon (2010) recognizes 33 living languages and 2 extinct languages. They are:[1]

LanguageSpeakersAreaVillages
Valpei (Tavanlav)300North-West SantoWunpuko, Valpei, Petani, Matalip, Pwar, Molpoe, Hakua, Maroa, Pwat, Pwatmwel (Onmwertev), Mwalovuko, Wunapak
Nokuku (Vevatot)250North-West SantoOlpoe, Nokuku, Lajmoli, Vunon, Penaoru, Petawota
'Oa300North-West SantoTasmate, Sulesal, Vasalea
Vunapu250?North-West SantoVunapu, Pesena
Piamatsina250?North-West SantoPiamatsina, Piamaeto, Peavot
Tolomako (Big Bay)900North-West SantoJureviu, Tuturu, Tavunamalo, Peavot, Vasi, Pialulup, Matantas
Kula350West SantoWusi, Kerepua, Elia 1
Bura300West SantoLinduri, Putonro, Saktui, Maram, Patiare, Mapten, Nukupospos
Kene300West SantoVuimele, Navura, Papaisale, Arumalate, Latavoa, Pilipili, Lepurpuri, Potlavaisevu
Akei4000West SantoToramaori, Lalaolo, Tovotovo, Kerevinumbu, Tasiriki, Ukoro, Malovira, Tasmalum
Daruru100?West SantoPelmol
Retlatur100South SantoTanovusivusi
Ale500South SantoFimele, Wailapa
Aje10South SantoPatunmevu, Nambaka, Wunamoli
Ande500South SantoTanmet, Lotunai, Ipayato, Tasmalum, Morouas
Araki10South SantoAraki Island
Movono370South SantoTangoa Island
Farsav400South SantoNambel, Tanovoli, Narango, Funafosi, Nambauk
Tiale / Merei400Central SantoTavuimoli, Nazaraka, Mataipevu, Patuitano, Morokari, Angoru, Tombet, Navele, Vusvogo
Kiai450Central SantoWailapa, Fortsenale, Namoru
Ko / Mores (Farmores)200?Central SantoTanmet, Lemben, Tsarailan, Namafun, Patmarifu, Sarete, Mavunlif
Moiso100Central SantoMoriuli
Toksiki / Soisoru200Central SantoMorkriv, Pilnuri, Bengie
Tamambo4000East SantoMalo
AoreextinctEast SantoAore
Biliru3East SantoTambotalo, Belnatsa, Beleru, Belembut, Lambue
Farafi300?East SantoButmas, Tur, Maniok, Shark Bay, Naturuk
Ngen250East SantoVanafo (Tanafo), Mon Exil, Palon, Shark Bay
Ati (Meris / Miris)85East SantoFumbak, Naturuk, Nambauk
Se20East SantoVanafo, Butmas
Atin (Farnanatin)120East SantoNambauk (Patunfarambu), Fumatal
Farnanto100East SantoNambauk, Tanmet, Tafua
Mavea (Lonavu)500East SantoMavea, Aissi, Tutuba
NethalpextinctEast SantoLorediakarkar
Nekep4000East SantoHog Harbour, Port Olry, Kole 1

François (2015)

The following list of 38 Espiritu Santo languages is from François (2015:18-21).

No.LanguageOther namesSpeakersEthnologueISO 639-3Region
27TolomakoBigbay900tlmtlmEspiritu Santo
28Piamatsina250ptrptrEspiritu Santo
29Vunapu380vnpvnpEspiritu Santo
30Valpei300vlpvlpEspiritu Santo
31Nokuku250nkknkkEspiritu Santo
32MeriTasmate, Oa300tmttmtEspiritu Santo
33WusiKula350wsiwsiEspiritu Santo
34Bura300Espiritu Santo
35MereiTiale, Lametin400lmb, mnllmb, mnlEspiritu Santo
36MoresKo200mrpmrpEspiritu Santo
37AndeMorouas500Espiritu Santo
38ToksikiSoisoru, Roria200rgargaEspiritu Santo
39KiaiFortsenal450frtfrtEspiritu Santo
40Moiso100Espiritu Santo
41Kene300Espiritu Santo
42Daruru100Espiritu Santo
43AkeiTasiriki4000tsrtsrEspiritu Santo
44Retlatur100Espiritu Santo
45WailapaAle500wlrwlrEspiritu Santo
46FarsafNarango, Nambel400nrgnrgEspiritu Santo
47VaravaraAmblong, Aje300almalmEspiritu Santo
48Narmoris220plbplbEspiritu Santo
49BiliruTambotalo3tlstlsEspiritu Santo
50Atin120Espiritu Santo
51AtiPolonombauk, Meris85Espiritu Santo
52Farnanto100Espiritu Santo
53SeFanafo20Espiritu Santo
54SiniaNavut520nswnswEspiritu Santo
55Butmas-TurAti, Farafi520bnrbnrEspiritu Santo
56NgenShark Bay450ssvssvEspiritu Santo, Litaro
57TholpNethalp0lnnlnnEspiritu Santo
58SakaoHog Harbour, Nkep4000skuskuEspiritu Santo
59MaveaMav̋ea, Mafea34mkvmkvEspiritu Santo, Mavea
60Tutuba500tmitmiEspiritu Santo, Tutuba
61Aore0aoraorEspiritu Santo, Aore
62TamamboMalo, Tamabo4000mlamlaEspiritu Santo, Malo
63TangoaMovono370tgptgpEspiritu Santo, Tangoa
64Araki8akrakrEspiritu Santo, Araki

References
  1. Tryon, Darrell. 2010. The languages of Espiritu Santo, Vanuatu. In John Bowden and Nikolaus P. Himmelmann and Malcolm Ross (eds.), A journey through Austronesian and Papuan linguistic and cultural space: papers in honour of Andrew K. Pawley, 283-290. Canberra: Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, Australian National University.
  • François, Alexandre; Franjieh, Michael; Lacrampe, Sébastien; Schnell, Stefan (2015), "The exceptional linguistic density of Vanuatu" (PDF), in François, Alexandre; Lacrampe, Sébastien; Franjieh, Michael; Schnell, Stefan (eds.), The Languages of Vanuatu: Unity and Diversity, Studies in the Languages of Island Melanesia, Canberra: Asia Pacific Linguistics Open Access, pp. 1–21, ISBN 9781922185235.
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