Centre-right coalition

The centre-right coalition (Italian: coalizione di centro-destra) is a political alliance of political parties in Italy, active—under several forms and names—since 1994, when Silvio Berlusconi entered politics and formed his Forza Italia party.

Centre-right coalition

Coalizione di centrodestra
LeadersMatteo Salvini
Giorgia Meloni
Silvio Berlusconi
FounderSilvio Berlusconi
Founded18 January 1994
Political positionCentre-right[1][2][3][4][5]
to far-right[6][7][8]
ColoursBlue
Chamber of Deputies[lower-alpha 1]
268 / 630
Senate of the Republic[lower-alpha 2]
137 / 315
European Parliament[lower-alpha 2]
40 / 73
Regional Government
14 / 20
Regional Councils
413 / 897

  1. Including Lega, FI, FdI, C!, NcI, USEI, IDeA, AdC.
  2. Including Lega, FI, FdI.

In the 1994 general election, under the leadership of Berlusconi, the centre-right ran with two coalitions, the Pole of Freedoms in northern Italy and Tuscany (mainly Forza Italia and the Northern League) and the Pole of Good Government (mainly Forza Italia and National Alliance) in central and southern Italy.[9][10] In the 1996 general election, after the Northern League had left in late 1994, the centre-right coalition took the name of Pole for Freedoms. The Northern League returned in 2000, and the coalition was re-formed as the House of Freedoms; this lasted until 2008.[11]

Since 2008, when Forza Italia and National Alliance merged into The People of Freedom, the coalition has not had official names. The new Forza Italia was formed in late 2013; for the 2018 general election it joined forces with the Northern League, the Brothers of Italy and a collection of mainly centrist forces named Us with ItalyUnion of the Centre.

In 2018, the Lega Nord formed a government coalition with the Five Star Movement and without its centre-right allies, which entered the opposition. This led to a deterioration of the centre-right coalition at a national level, although the coalition is still active at the level of local elections.

History

Pole of Freedoms

Silvio Berlusconi during a Forza Italia meeting in May 1994.

In 1994, the media magnate Silvio Berlusconi, previously very close to the Socialist Prime Minister Bettino Craxi and even having appeared in commercials for the Italian Socialist Party, was studying the possibility of making a political party of his own to avoid what seemed to be the unavoidable victory of the left wing at the next elections. Only three months before the election, he presented, with a televised announcement, his new party, Forza Italia. Supporters believe he wanted to avert a communist victory, opponents that he was defending the ancién regime by rebranding it. Whatever his motives, he employed his power in communication (he owned, and still owns, all of the three main private TV stations in Italy) and advanced communication techniques he and his allies knew very well, as his fortune was largely based on advertisement.

Berlusconi managed, in a surprise move, to ally himself both to National Alliance and Northern League, without these being allied with each other. Forza Italia teamed up with the League in the North, where they competed against National Alliance, and with National Alliance in the rest of Italy, where the League was not present. This unusual coalition configuration was caused by the deep hate between the League, which wanted to separate Italy and held Rome in deep contempt, and the nationalist post-fascists; on one occasion, Bossi encouraged his supporters to go find National-Alliance supporters "house by house," suggesting a lynching (which however did not actually take place).

In the 1994 general election, Berlusconi's coalition won a decisive victory over Occhetto's one, becoming the first center-right coalition to win general election since the Second World War. In the popular vote, Berlusconi's coalition outpolled the Alliance of Progressives by over 5.1 million votes. Pole of Freedoms won in the main regions of Italy.

Pole for Freedoms

Pole for Freedoms was formed as a continuation of the Pole of Freedoms and Pole of Good Government coalitions, which had both supported the leadership of Silvio Berlusconi at the 1994 general election: the Pole of Freedom was constituted by Forza Italia and Northern League, the Pole of Good Government by Forza Italia and the National Alliance. After that, Lega Nord left the coalition at the end of 1994, the centre-right was forced to reform itself: in 1995, in occasion of the regional elections, an organic alliance was formed. In 1996 it was officially named "Pole for Freedoms" and debuted in the 1996 general election; however, it was defeated by the centre-left alliance The Olive Tree, whose leader was Romano Prodi.

House of Freedoms

Silvio Berlusconi at a PdL rally, 2008.

The House of Freedoms was the successor of the Pole of Freedoms/Pole of Good Government and the Pole for Freedoms.

In the run-up of the 2001 general election, after a six-year spell in opposition, which Berlusconi called "the crossing of the desert", he managed to re-unite the coalition under the "House of Freedoms" banner. According to its leader, the alliance was a "broad democratic arch, composed of the democratic right, namely AN, the great democratic centre, namely Forza Italia, CCD and CDU, and the democratic left represented by the League, the New PSI, and the Italian Republican Party.[12][13]

The CdL won the 2001 general election by a landslide and, consequently, the Berlusconi II Cabinet was formed. In government, FI, whose strongholds included Lombardy as well as Sicily, and the LN, which was active only in the Centre-North, formed the so-called "axis of the North", through the special relationship between three Lombards leaders, Berlusconi, Giulio Tremonti and Umberto Bossi; on the other side of the coalition, AN and the Union of Christian and Centre Democrats (UDC), the party emerged from the merger of the CCD and the CDU in late 2002, became the natural representatives of Southern interests.[14][15][16][17]

In 2003 the CdL was routed in local elections by The Olive Tree and the LN threatened to pull out. Also the 2004 European Parliament election were disappointing for FI and the coalition as a whole, even though AN, the UDC and the LN did better than five years before. As a result, Berlusconi and FI were weaker within the CdL.

In 2005 the coalition lost heavily in regional elections, losing six of the eight regions it controlled. The defeat was particularly damaging in the South, while the only two regions which the coalition managed to keep, Lombardy and Veneto, were in the North, where the LN was decisive . This led to a government crisis, particularly after the UDC pulled its ministers out. A few days later, the Berlusconi III Cabinet was formed with minor changes from the previous cabinet.

In the 2006 general election the CdL, which had opened its ranks to a number of minor parties, lost to The Olive Tree.

The People of Freedom

The People of Freedom, launched by Silvio Berlusconi on 18 November 2007, was initially a federation of political parties, notably including Forza Italia and National Alliance, which participated as a joint election list in the 2008 general election.[18] The federation was later transformed into a party during a party congress on 27–29 March 2009. The UDC, now UdC, leaves the centre-right coalition and makes a alliance with The Rose for Italy, the Populars and other centrist parties. UdC joined later the New Pole for Italy in 2010 and With Monti for Italy in 2012.

The PdL formed Italy's government from 2008 to 2011 in coalition with the Northern League. In 2010 the Future and Freedom (FLI) movement, led by the former MSI/AN leader Gianfranco Fini, split from PdL. FLI joined UdC and other parties to form the New Pole for Italy, but they kept supporting the government.

After Berlusconi's resignation during the European debt crisis, the PdL supported Mario Monti's technocratic government in 2011–2012, and after the 2013 general election, it became part of Enrico Letta's government of grand coalition with the Democratic Party, Civic Choice and the Union of the Centre. Angelino Alfano, then party's secretary, functioned as Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of the Interior.

Centre-right coalition

In June 2013 Berlusconi announced Forza Italia's revival and the PdL's transformation into a centre-right coalition.[19][20] On 16 November 2013 the PdL's national council voted to dissolve the party and start a new Forza Italia; the assembly was deserted by a group of dissidents, led by Alfano, who had launched the alternative New Centre-Right party the day before.[21]

After the 2016 constitutional referendum, UdC left the centre-left coalition and approached the centre-right coalition again. In 2017 Civic Choice also joined the centre-right coalition. UdC and Civic Choice ran with the centre-right coalition in the 2017 Sicilian regional election.

Following the 2018 general election, the centre-right coalition, led by Matteo Salvini's League, emerged with a plurality of seats in the Chamber of Deputies and in the Senate, while the anti-establishment Five Star Movement led by Luigi Di Maio became the party with the largest number of votes. The centre-left coalition, led by former Prime Minister Matteo Renzi, came third.[22][23] However, no political group or party won an outright majority, resulting in a hung parliament.[24]

After three months of negotiation, a coalition was finally formed on 1 June between the M5S and the League, whose leaders both became Deputy Prime Ministers in a government led by the M5S-linked independent Giuseppe Conte as Prime Minister.

1994 general election

In the 1994 general election the Pole of Freedoms ran only in northern Italy and Tuscany. It was composed of four parties:

Party Ideology Leader
Forza Italia (FI) Liberal conservatism Silvio Berlusconi
Northern League (LN) Regionalism Umberto Bossi
Christian Democratic Centre (CCD) Christian democracy Pier Ferdinando Casini
Union of the Centre (UdC) Liberalism Raffaele Costa

The Pole of Good Government ran only in central Italy (except Tuscany) and southern Italy. It was composed of six parties:

Party Ideology Leader
Forza Italia (FI) Liberal conservatism Silvio Berlusconi
National Alliance[lower-alpha 1] (AN) National conservatism Gianfranco Fini
Christian Democratic Centre (CCD) Christian democracy Pier Ferdinando Casini
Union of the Centre (UdC) Liberalism Raffaele Costa
Liberal Democratic Pole (PLD) Liberalism Adriano Teso
Pannella List (LP) Liberalism Marco Pannella
  1. Including also the Italian Liberal Right.

1996 general election

In the 1996 general election the Pole for Freedoms was composed of four parties:

Party Ideology Leader
Forza Italia[lower-alpha 1] (FI) Liberal conservatism Silvio Berlusconi
National Alliance[lower-alpha 2] (AN) National conservatism Gianfranco Fini
Christian Democratic Centre[lower-alpha 3] (CCD) Christian democracy Pier Ferdinando Casini
United Christian Democrats[lower-alpha 3] (CDU) Christian democracy Rocco Buttiglione
Federalist Italian League (LIF)[25] Federalism Luigi Negri
Federalist Party (PF) Federalism Gianfranco Miglio
Liberal Democratic Greens[26] Green liberalism Silvano Vinceti
  1. Including also the List for Trieste (see below), the Liberal Democratic Foundation and the Union of the Centre.
  2. Including also the Italian Liberal Right.
  3. The two parties contested the election in a joint list, including also the Federalist Greens.

The coalition also had an electoral agreement with:

Party Ideology Leader
Pannella–Sgarbi List (LPS) Liberalism Marco Pannella

The coalition had one regional partner:

Party Region Ideology Leader
List for Trieste (LpT) Friuli-Venezia Giulia Social liberalism Roberto Antonione

2001 general election

In the 2001 general election the House of Freedoms was composed of seven parties:

Party Ideology Leader
Forza Italia[lower-alpha 1] (FI) Liberal conservatism Silvio Berlusconi
National Alliance[lower-alpha 2] (AN) Conservatism Gianfranco Fini
Northern League[lower-alpha 3] (LN) Regionalism Umberto Bossi
Christian Democratic Centre[lower-alpha 4] (CCD) Christian democracy Pier Ferdinando Casini
United Christian Democrats[lower-alpha 4] (CDU) Christian democracy Rocco Buttiglione
New Italian Socialist Party (NPSI) Social democracy Gianni De Michelis
Italian Republican Party[lower-alpha 5] (PRI) Liberalism Giorgio La Malfa
Scorporo Abolition[lower-alpha 6] (AS) Single-issue politics
  1. Including also the Christian Democratic Party, the Christian Democrats for Freedom, the List for Trieste and The Liberals–Sgarbi.[27]
  2. Including also the Liberal Right – Liberals for Italy.
  3. Including also the Trentino Tyrolean Autonomist Party and the Lega Sud Ausonia (see below).
  4. The two parties contested the election in a joint list, including also the Federalist Greens.
  5. The party was included in Forza Italia's lists.
  6. Scorporo Abolition was a lista civetta.

The coalition had five regional partners:

Party Region Ideology Leader
Trentino Tyrolean Autonomist Party (PATT) Trentino Regionalism Giacomo Bezzi
List for Trieste (LpT) Friuli-Venezia Giulia Social liberalism Roberto Antonione
Southern League Ausonia (LSA) Campania Regionalism Gianfranco Vestuto
New Sicily (NS) Sicily Regionalism Bartolo Pellegrino
Sardinian Reformers (RS) Sardinia Regionalism Massimo Fantola

    The coalition also had an electoral agreement with:

    Party Ideology Leader
    Tricolour Flame (FT) Neo-fascism Pino Rauti

    2006 general election

    In the 2006 general election the House of Freedoms was composed of seventeen parties:

    Party Ideology Leader
    Forza Italia[lower-alpha 1] (FI) Liberal conservatism Silvio Berlusconi
    National Alliance (AN) Conservatism Gianfranco Fini
    Union of Christian and Centre Democrats[lower-alpha 2] (UDC) Christian democracy Pier Ferdinando Casini
    Northern League[lower-alpha 3] (LN) Regionalism Umberto Bossi
    Movement for Autonomy[lower-alpha 3] (MpA) Regionalism Raffaele Lombardo
    Christian Democracy for the Autonomies[lower-alpha 4] (DCA) Christian democracy Gianfranco Rotondi
    New Italian Socialist Party[lower-alpha 4] (NPSI) Social democracy Gianni De Michelis
    Social Alternative[lower-alpha 5][lower-alpha 1] (AS) Neo-fascism Alessandra Mussolini
    Tricolour Flame[lower-alpha 6] (FT) Neo-fascism Luca Romagnoli
    United Pensioners (PU) Pensioners' interests Filippo De Jorio
    Italian Republican Party[lower-alpha 7] (PRI) Liberalism Francesco Nucara
    No Euro Movement (MNE) Euroscepticism Renzo Rabellino
    Italian Liberal Party (PLI) Liberalism Stefano De Luca
    Extended Christian Pact (PACE) Christian democracy Gilberto Perri
    Liberal Reformers[lower-alpha 7] (RL) Liberalism Benedetto Della Vedova
    S.O.S. Italy (SOS) Consumer protection Diego Volpe Pasini
    Federalist Greens[lower-alpha 8] (VF) Green liberalism Laura Scalabrini
    1. Negotiations with the Social Idea Movement failed.
    2. The list included also the Sardinian Reformers (see below).
    3. The two parties formed a joint list. The list included also the Sardinian Action Party (see below).
    4. The two parties contested the election in a joint list and including the Autonomist People's Union (see below).
    5. Including Social Action, New Force and the National Front.
    6. Including CasaPound.[28]
    7. The two parties were included in Forza Italia's lists.
    8. Including the Greens Greens (see below).

    The coalition had eight regional partners:

    Party Region Ideology Leader
    Autonomist People's Union (UPA) Trentino Christian democracy Renzo Gubert
    Greens Greens (VV) Piedmont Green conservatism Maurizio Lupi
    Apulia First of All (PPT) Apulia Regionalism Raffaele Fitto
    List for Trieste (LpT) Friuli-Venezia Giulia Social liberalism Giulio Camber
    Freedom and Autonomy (LeA) Social liberalism Ferruccio Saro
    New Sicily (NS) Sicily Social democracy Bartolo Pellegrino
    Pact for Sicily (PpS) Christian democracy Nicolò Nicolosi
    Sardinian Action Party (PSd'Az) Sardinia Sardinian nationalism Giacomo Sanna
    Sardinian Reformers (RS) Regionalism Massimo Fantola

    The coalition had one regional partner in foreign constituencies:

    Party Region Ideology Leader
    For Italy in the World Abroad Conservatism Mirko Tremaglia

    The House of Freedoms was also supported by Unitalia, by Italy Again and by the National Democratic Party and talks with Sicilian Alliance failed.

    Berlusconi launched The People of Freedom in late 2007; this was joined by FI, AN and minor parties,[29] and continued its alliance with the LN.[30]

    2008 general election

    In the 2008 general election the coalition was composed of three parties:

    Party Ideology Leader
    The People of Freedom[lower-alpha 1] (PdL) Liberal conservatism Silvio Berlusconi
    Northern League (LN)[lower-alpha 2] Regionalism Umberto Bossi
    Movement for Autonomy[lower-alpha 3] (MpA) Regionalism Raffaele Lombardo
    1. The list, which would be transformed into a party in 2009, included Forza Italia, National Alliance, the Liberal Populars, Christian Democracy for the Autonomies, the New Italian Socialist Party, the Italian Republican Party, Freedom and Autonomy (see below), the Liberal Reformers, the Pensioners' Party, the Liberal Democrats, Federation of Christian Populars,[31] Decide!, Italians in the World, Social Action (formerly part of Social Alternative), the Libertarian Right, the Reformist Socialists and Fortza Paris (see below). Not all of these parties would be officially merged into the joint party in 2009. The PdL was also supported by Christian Democracy, after excluded by the Ministry of the Interior from the electoral competition because of the similarity of its symbol with that of the UDC and the Italian Democratic Socialist Party in Lombardy. The Sardinian Reformers tried to form an alliance, but talks failed. Also the Union of the Centre refused to join forces[32][33][34] (and was joined by the Sardinian Reformers).
    2. Including also the Federalist Alliance.
    3. The party was based in Sicily, but fielded lists everywhere the LN was not present. It included minor parties, like Third Pole[35] and the Southern Action League (see below), and was supported by the Italian Democratic Socialist Party in Sicily.

    The coalition had four regional partners:

    Party Region Ideology Leader
    Greens Greens (VV) Piedmont Green liberalism Maurizio Lupi
    Apulia First of All (PPT) Apulia Regionalism Raffaele Fitto
    Southern Action League (LAM) Regionalism Giancarlo Cito
    Freedom and Autonomy (LeA) Friuli-Venezia Giulia Social liberalism Ferruccio Saro
    Fortza Paris (FP) Sardinia Sardinian nationalism Silvestro Ladu

    2013 general election

    In the 2013 general election[36] the coalition was composed of nine parties.

    Party Ideology Leader
    The People of Freedom[lower-alpha 1] (PdL) Liberal conservatism Silvio Berlusconi
    Northern League[lower-alpha 2] (LN) Regionalism Roberto Maroni
    Brothers of Italy (FdI) National conservatism Giorgia Meloni
    The Right (LD) National conservatism Francesco Storace
    Great SouthMpA[lower-alpha 3][lower-alpha 4] (GS–MpA) Regionalism Gianfranco Micciché
    Moderates in Revolution (MIR) Liberal conservatism Gianpiero Samorì
    Pensioners' Party (PP) Pensioners' interests Carlo Fatuzzo
    Popular Agreement[lower-alpha 5] (IP) Christian democracy Giampiero Catone
    Stop Taxes (BT)[43][44] Anti-tax Luciano Garatti
    1. The list was supported by the Italian Democratic Socialist Party and the Christian Democratic Party[37] and included the Union of Democrats for Europe,[38][39] the New Italian Socialist Party, Christian Democracy, Popular Construction, the Movement for the Autonomies, Fortza Paris (see below) and the Federation of Christian Populars.[40]
    2. The list included the Labour and Freedom List and was supported by Fassa Association.[41]
    3. Both parties were based in Sicily, but ran in several regions.
    4. Including Force of the South, I the South and We the South.
    5. Including Social Justice[42] and Christian Democracy.

    The coalition had eight regional partners:

    Party Region Ideology Leader
    Valdostan Union (UV)[45][46] Aosta Valley Regionalism Ennio Pastoret
    Edelweiss (SA) Regionalism Maurizio Martin
    Autonomist Federation (FA) Regionalism Giorgio Lavoyer
    Apulia First of All (PPT) Apulia Regionalism Raffaele Fitto
    Popular Construction (CP) Sicily Regionalism Francesco Saverio Romano
    Party of Sicilians (PdS) Regionalism Raffaele Lombardo
    Fortza Paris (FP) Sardinia Sardinian nationalism Silvestro Ladu
    Free for a Fair Italy (LIE)[47][48] Campania Liberalism Angelo Pisani

    Negotiations with Alto Adige in the Heart (AAC) failed.[49]

    2018 general election

    In the 2018 general election the coalition was composed of five parties:

    Party Ideology Leader
    League[lower-alpha 1] (Lega) Right-wing populism Matteo Salvini
    Forza Italia[lower-alpha 2] (FI) Liberal conservatism Silvio Berlusconi
    Brothers of Italy[lower-alpha 3] (FdI) National conservatism Giorgia Meloni
    Us with Italy[lower-alpha 4][lower-alpha 5] (NcI) Liberal conservatism Raffaele Fitto
    Union of the Centre[lower-alpha 5] (UdC) Christian democracy Lorenzo Cesa
    1. Running as "League – Salvini for Prime Minister" and including the National Movement for Sovereignty (MNS), the Italian Liberal Party (PLI), Us with Salvini (NcS) and the Sardinian Action Party (PSd'Az) (see below) and was supported by the Citizens' Union for South Tyrol (BUfS)[50][51] and the Popular Autonomists[52]
    2. Including Energies for Italy, The Liberals, Christian Revolution, the Pensioners' Party, the Animalist Movement, Renaissance, the Italian Reformists, the Moderates in Revolution, the New Italian Socialist Party, Veneto for Autonomy (see below),[53] Fassa Association (see below),[54] dissidents of the Italian Republican Party and supported by the Italian Democratic Socialist Party and the Greens Greens.
    3. Including also Alto Adige in the Heart (see below),[55] Social Right, Diventerà Bellissima, Making Front, National Freedom, Right Renewal, National Flame and Long Live Italy.[56][57][58]
    4. Including Direction Italy (including Responsible Autonomy and the Sardinian Reformers, see below), Civic Choice, Act!, Popular Construction (see below), the Movement for the Autonomies (see below), splinters from Popular Alternative, the Union of the Centre, Identity and Action and the New CDU – United Christian Democrats and was supported by the Autonomist People's Union[59].[60]
    5. The two parties contested the election in a joint list.

    The coalition had ten regional partners:

    Party Region Ideology Leader
    New Aosta Valley Movement (MNVdA) Aosta Valley Regionalism Roberto Di Francesco
    Alto Adige in the Heart (AAC) South Tyrol Conservatism Alessandro Urzì
    Fassa Association (AF) Trentino Christian democracy Elena Testor
    Veneto for Autonomy (VpA) Veneto Regionalism Maurizio Conte
    Responsible Autonomy (AR) Friuli-Venezia Giulia Centrism Renzo Tondo
    Popular Construction[lower-alpha 1] (CP) Sicily Regionalism Francesco Saverio Romano
    Movement for the Autonomies[lower-alpha 1] (MpA) Regionalism Giuseppe Maria Reina
    Diventerà Bellissima (DB) Regionalism Nello Musumeci
    Sardinian Action Party (PSd'Az) Sardinia Sardinian nationalism Christian Solinas
    Sardinian Reformers (RS) Regionalism Michele Cossa
    1. Both parties were formerly active nationally, but now only in Sicily.

    Electoral results

    Italian Parliament

    Chamber of Deputies
    Election year Votes % Seats +/− Leader
    1994 17,947,445 (1st) 46.4
    366 / 630
    Silvio Berlusconi
    1996 16,475,191 (1st) 44.0
    246 / 630
    120
    Silvio Berlusconi
    2001 18,569,126 (1st) 50.0
    368 / 630
    122
    Silvio Berlusconi
    2006 18,995,697 (2nd) 49.7
    281 / 630
    87
    Silvio Berlusconi
    2008 17,064,506 (1st) 46.8
    344 / 630
    43
    Silvio Berlusconi
    2013 9,923,109 (2nd) 29.2
    126 / 630
    218
    Silvio Berlusconi
    2018 12,152,345 (1st) 37.0
    265 / 630
    139
    Matteo Salvini[lower-alpha 1]
    Senate of the Republic
    Election year Votes % Seats +/− Leader
    1994 14,110,705 (1st) 42.5
    156 / 315
    Silvio Berlusconi
    1996 12,694,846 (2nd) 38,9
    117 / 315
    39
    Silvio Berlusconi
    2001 17,255,734 (1st) 50.4
    176 / 315
    60
    Silvio Berlusconi
    2006 17,359,754 (1st) 49.8
    156 / 315
    20
    Silvio Berlusconi
    2008 15,508,899 (1st) 47.3
    174 / 315
    18
    Silvio Berlusconi
    2013 9,405,679 (2nd) 30.7
    118 / 315
    56
    Silvio Berlusconi
    2018 11,327,549 (1st) 37.5
    135 / 315
    17
    Matteo Salvini[lower-alpha 1]
    1. Salvini became the candidate for Prime Minister of the centre-right coalition after the results of the 2018 general election, being the leader of the party that won more votes within the coalition.

    Regional Councils

    Region Election year Votes % Seats +/−
    Aosta Valley 2020 TBA TBA
    0 / 35
    Piedmont 2019 1,027,886 (1st) 53.5
    33 / 51
    11
    Lombardy 2018 2,686,610 (1st) 51.3
    49 / 80
    South Tyrol[lower-alpha 1] 2018 39,218 14.0
    5 / 35
    3
    Trentino 2018 120,906 (1st) 47.4
    21 / 35
    11
    Veneto 2020 1,582,405 (1st) 77.0
    42 / 51
    11
    Friuli-Venezia Giulia 2018 264,769 (1st) 62.7
    29 / 49
    12
    Emilia-Romagna 2020 981,787 (2nd) 45.4
    19 / 50
    7
    Liguria 2020 354,111 (1st) 56.5
    19 / 31
    3
    Tuscany 2020 659,058 (2nd) 40.6
    14 / 41
    5
    Marche 2020 325,140 (2nd) 52.1
    20 / 31
    13
    Umbria 2019 245,879 (1st) 58.8
    13 / 21
    7
    Lazio 2018 922,664 (1st) 36.4
    15 / 50
    1
    Abruzzo 2019 294,879 (1st) 49.2
    18 / 31
    11
    Molise 2018 71,677 (1st) 49.3
    13 / 21
    7
    Campania 2020 450,856 (2nd) 19.1
    11 / 51
    2
    Apulia 2020 694,536 (2nd) 41.4
    18 / 51
    5
    Basilicata 2019 122,548 (1st) 42.4
    13 / 21
    8
    Calabria 2020 444,818 (1st) 57.1
    20 / 30
    9
    Sicily 2017 809,121 (1st) 42.0
    36 / 70
    15
    Sardinia 2019 370,354 (1st) 51.9
    36 / 60
    12
    1. In South Tyrol the centre-right coalition ran divided.

    See also

    References

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    2. Quaglia, Lucia (July 2005). "The Right and Europe in Italy: An Ambivalent Relationship". South European Society and Politics. 10 (2): 281–295. doi:10.1080/13608740500134978.
    3. Conti, Nicolò; Cotta, Maurizio; Verzichelli, Luca (2016). "The Economic Crisis and its Effects on the Attitudes of Italian Political Elites Towards the EU". Historical Social Research. 41 (4): 129–149. doi:10.12759/hsr.41.2016.4.129-149. ISSN 0172-6404.
    4. Squires, Nick (6 November 2017). "Berlusconi is back after centre-Right sweeps to victory in Sicily elections". The Telegraph.
    5. Momigliano, Anna (5 March 2018). "League's Salvini: Center right ready to run Italy". POLITICO. Retrieved 23 October 2019.
    6. Salvini seeks to unite Italian right with Roma rally, The Local
    7. Italy's far-right leader Salvini pledges return to power at Rome rally, DW
    8. Right-wing parties hold rally in Italy, NWA Online
    9. Mark Donovan (2004). "The Italian State: No Longer Catholic, no Longer Christian". In Zsolt Enyedi; John T.S. Madeley (eds.). Church and State in Contemporary Europe. Routledge. p. 102. ISBN 978-1-135-76141-7.
    10. Andrej Zaslove (2011). The Re-invention of the European Radical Right: Populism, Regionalism, and the Italian Lega Nord. McGill-Queen's Press – MQUP. p. 65. ISBN 978-0-7735-3851-1.
    11. Vittorio Vandelli (2014). 1994–2014 Berlusconi's new ventennio. Vittorio Vandelli. p. 189. ISBN 978-605-03-2890-5.
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