Chintz

Chintz, woodblock printed, painted, stained or glazed calico textiles, originated in Golconda (present day Hyderabad, India) in the 16th century.[1][2] Cloth is printed with designs featuring flowers and other patterns in different colours, typically on a light plain background. (The name is derived from the Hindi chīnt, meaning 'spotted', 'variegated', 'speckled', or 'sprayed').[3] Since the 19th century the term has also been used for the style of floral decoration developed in those calico textiles, but then used more widely, for example on chintzware pottery and wallpaper. Chintz designs are derived from the style of Indian designs themselves reflecting Mughal art. A white base with floral and animal prints are its basic characteristics.

Chintz jacket and neckerchief with glazed printed cotton petticoat. 1770–1800. MoMu, Antwerp.

Unglazed calico was traditionally called "cretonne". The word calico is derived from the name of the Indian city Calicut (Kozhikkode in native Malayalam), to which it had a manufacturing association. In contemporary language, the words "chintz" and "chintzy" can be used to refer to clothing or furnishings which are vulgar or florid in appearance, and commonly in informal speech, to refer to cheap, low quality, or gaudy things, and similarly, to personal behavior.

History
Chintz fragment with tulips and insects (reportedly found in Japan), Coromandel Coast, India, ca.1700-30.
Chintz Panel (India), 18th century. Shaped cartouche pieced from a palampore. Background of red and white chintz. Green and white braid applied to outline the edges.

Chintz was originally a woodblock printed, painted or stained calico produced in Hyderabad, India[1] from 1600 to 1800 and popular for bed covers, quilts and draperies. After Vasco da Gama successfully reached Calicut in India in 1498, the fabric became known in Europe.[4] Around 1600, Portuguese and Dutch traders were bringing examples of Indian chintz into Europe on a small scale, but the English and French merchants began sending large quantities. By 1680 more than a million pieces of chintz were being imported into England per year, and a similar quantity was going to France and the Dutch Republic. These early imports were probably mostly used for curtains, furnishing fabrics, and bed hangings and covers (Samuel Pepys bought a set for his wife).[5] It has been suggested that wearing them as clothes began when these were replaced and given to maidservants, who made them into dresses, and also that they were first worn as linings.

With imported chintz becoming so popular with Europeans during the late 17th century, French and English mills grew concerned, as they did not know how to make chintz. In 1686 the French declared a ban on all chintz imports. In 1720 England's Parliament enacted a law that forbade "the Use and Warings in Apparel of imported chintz, and also its use or Wear in or about any Bed, Chair, Cushion or other Household furniture".

Even though chintz was outlawed, there were loopholes in the legislation. The Court of Versailles was outside the law and fashionable young courtiers continued wearing chintz. In 1734, French naval officer, M. de Beaulieu, who was stationed at Pondicherry, India, sent home letters along with actual samples of chintz fabric during each stage of the process to a chemist friend detailing the dyeing process of cotton chintz. His letters and samples can be seen today in the Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle in Paris.

In 1742, another Frenchman, Father Coeurdoux, also supplied details of the chintz making process, while he was trying to convert the Indians to Catholicism. In 1759 the ban against chintz was lifted. By this time French and English mills were able to produce chintz.

Europeans at first produced reproductions of Indian designs, and later added original patterns. A well-known make was toile de Jouy, which was manufactured in Jouy, France, between 1700 and 1843. Eventually the word in English came to describe any industrially printed cotton.[4] Modern chintz usually consists of bright overall floral patterns printed on a light background but there are some popular patterns on black backgrounds as well.

The term 'chintzy' is attributed to novelist George Eliot, who in 1851 wrote about muslin fabric to her sister, saying: "The quality of the spotted one is best, but the effect is chintzy." This is believed to have been said about cheap British imitations of real chintz, which became common at the time.[4]

References
  1. Noble, Allen G. (2019). India: Cultural Patterns And Processes. Routledge. p. 1. ISBN 9780429724633. JSTOR 44148394.
  2. Singh, Seema (1988). Golconda Chintz: Manufacture and Trade in The 17th Century. 49. Indian History Congress. p. 301–305. ISBN 9780429724633. Retrieved 23 June 2020.
  3. Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Chintz" . Encyclopædia Britannica. 6 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 235.
  4. Bekhrad, Joobin (2020-04-21). "The floral fabric that was banned". BBC. Retrieved 2020-04-22.
  5. "Saturday 5 September 1663". The Diary of Samuel Pepys. Retrieved 14 December 2018.
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