College of William & Mary

The College of William & Mary (also known as William & Mary, W&M, and officially The College of William and Mary in Virginia) is a public research university in Williamsburg, Virginia. Founded in 1693 by letters patent issued by King William III and Queen Mary II, it is the second-oldest institution of higher education in the United States, after Harvard University.

College of William & Mary
Latin: "Collegium Gulielmi et Mariae"
TypePublic research university
EstablishedMay 7, 1693 (1693-05-07)[1][2]
Academic affiliations
Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU)
Universities Research Association (URA)
Sea-grant
Space-grant
Endowment$1.023 billion (2019)[3]
ChancellorRobert Gates
PresidentKatherine Rowe
ProvostPeggy Agouris [4]
RectorJohn E. Littel[5]
Academic staff
738 full-time and 183 part-time[6]
Students8,817 (fall 2019)[6]
Undergraduates6,377 (fall 2019)[6]
Postgraduates2,440 (fall 2019)[6]
Location
Williamsburg
,
Virginia
,
United States

37°16′15″N 76°42′30″W
CampusRural / Suburban
1,200 acres (4.9 km2)
ColorsGreen and Gold[7]
   
NicknameTribe
Sporting affiliations
NCAA Division I – Colonial Athletic Association (CAA)
Mascot"The Griffin"[8]
Websitewww.wm.edu

William & Mary educated American presidents Thomas Jefferson (third), James Monroe (fifth), and John Tyler (tenth), as well as other key figures pivotal to the development of the United States, including the first President of the Continental Congress Peyton Randolph of Virginia, the first U.S. Attorney General Edmund Randolph of Virginia, the fourth U.S. Supreme Court Chief Justice John Marshall of Virginia, Speaker of the House of Representatives Henry Clay of Kentucky, sixteen members of the Continental Congress, and four signers of the Declaration of Independence, earning it the nickname "the Alma Mater of the Nation."[9] A young George Washington also received his surveyor's license at the college in 1749, and he would become the college's first American chancellor in 1788.

William & Mary is notable for its many firsts in American higher education. The F.H.C. Society, founded in 1750, was the first collegiate fraternity in the United States, and W&M students founded the Phi Beta Kappa academic honor society in 1776, the first Greek-letter fraternity. W&M was also the first school of higher education in the United States to install an honor code of conduct for students, dating back to 1736. The establishment of graduate programs in law and medicine in 1779 makes it one of the first universities in the United States. The Marshall–Wythe School of Law is the oldest law school in the United States, and the Sir Christopher Wren Building is the oldest academic building in continuous use in the United States.

In addition to its undergraduate program, W&M is home to several graduate programs and four professional schools. In his 1985 book Public Ivies: A Guide to America's Best Public Undergraduate Colleges and Universities, Richard Moll included William & Mary as one of the original eight "Public Ivies". It is classified among "R2: Doctoral Universities – High Research Activity".[10]

History
Main article: History of the College of William & Mary

Colonial era: 1693–1776
James Blair, founder of William & Mary

A school of higher education for both Native American young men and the sons of the colonists was one of the earliest goals of the leaders of the Colony of Virginia. The college was founded on February 8, 1693, under a royal charter (legally, letters patent) to "make, found and establish a certain Place of Universal Study, a perpetual College of Divinity, Philosophy, Languages, and other good arts and sciences...to be supported and maintained, in all time coming."[11] Named in honor of the reigning monarchs King William III and Queen Mary II, the college is the second oldest college in the United States. The original plans for the college date back to 1618 at Henrico but were thwarted by the Indian Massacre of 1622, a change in government (in 1624, the Virginia Company's charter was revoked by King James I and the Virginia Colony was transferred to royal authority as a crown colony), events related to the English Civil War, and Bacon's Rebellion. In 1695, before the town of Williamsburg existed, construction began on the College Building, now known as the Sir Christopher Wren Building, in what was then called Middle Plantation (Virginia). It is the oldest college building in America. The college is one of the country's nine Colonial Colleges founded before the American Revolution. The Charter named James Blair as the college's first president (a lifetime appointment which he held until his death in 1743). William & Mary was founded as an Anglican institution; students were required to be members of the Church of England, and professors were required to declare adherence to the Thirty-Nine Articles.[12]

In 1693, the college was given a seat in the House of Burgesses and it was determined the college would be supported by tobacco taxes and export duties on furs and animal skins. The college acquired a 330 acres (1.3 km2) parcel for the new school,[13] 8 miles (13 km) from Jamestown. In 1694, the new school opened in temporary buildings.

Williamsburg was granted a royal charter as a city in 1722 by The Crown and served as the capital of Colonial Virginia from 1699 to 1780. During this time, the college served as a law center and lawmakers frequently used its buildings. It educated future U.S. Presidents Thomas Jefferson, James Monroe, and John Tyler. The college has been called "the Alma Mater of a Nation" because of its close ties to America's founding fathers. A 17-year-old George Washington received his surveyor's license through the college and would return as its first American chancellor. William & Mary is famous for its firsts: the first U.S. institution with a royal charter, the first Greek-letter society (Phi Beta Kappa, founded in 1776), the first collegiate society in the country (F.H.C. Society, founded in 1750), the first student honor code and the first law school in America.

Revolution and transition
See also: History of the College of William & Mary § Slavery and William & Mary
James Monroe, 5th President of the United States, was a W&M alumnus

During the period of the American Revolution, freedom of religion was established in Virginia notably with the 1786 passage of the Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom. Future U.S. President James Madison was a key figure in the transition to religious freedom in Virginia, and Right Reverend James Madison, his cousin and Thomas Jefferson, who was on the Board of Visitors, helped the College of William & Mary to make the transition as well. In 1779 the college became the first American university with the establishment of the graduate schools in law and medicine. As its president, Reverend Madison worked with the new leaders of Virginia, most notably Jefferson, on a reorganization and changes for the college which included the abolition of the Divinity School and the Indian School and the establishment of the first elective system of study and honor system.[14]

The College of William and Mary is home to the nation's first collegiate secret society, the F.H.C. Society, popularly known as the Flat Hat Club, founded November 11, 1750. On December 5, 1776, students John Heath and William Short (Class of 1779) founded Phi Beta Kappa as a secret literary and philosophical society. Other secret societies known to currently exist at the college include: The 7 Society, 13 Club, Alpha Club, Bishop James Madison Society, The Society, The Spades, W Society, and Wren Society.[15][16]

Thomas R. Dew, professor of history, metaphysics, and political economy, and then President of William & Mary from 1836 until his death in 1846, was an influential academic defender of slavery.[17]:21–47

In 1842, alumni of the college formed the Society of the Alumni[18] which is now the sixth oldest alumni organization in the United States. In 1859, a great fire destroyed the College Building. The Alumni House is one of the few original antebellum structures remaining on campus; notable others include the Wren Building, the President's House, the Brafferton, and Prince George House.

Civil War, Reconstruction, and the early 20th century
College Building, 1859–1862

At the outset of the American Civil War (1861–1865), enlistments in the Confederate States Army depleted the student body; and on May 10, 1861, the faculty voted to close the college for the duration of the conflict. General Charles A. Whittier reported that "thirty-two out of thirty-five professors and instructors abandoned the college work and joined the army in the field".[19] The College Building was used as a Confederate barracks and later as a hospital, first by Confederate, and later Union forces. The Battle of Williamsburg was fought nearby during the Peninsula Campaign on May 5, 1862, and the city was captured by the Union army the next day. The Brafferton building of the college was used for a time as quarters for the commanding officer of the Union garrison occupying the town. On September 9, 1862, drunken soldiers of the 5th Pennsylvania Cavalry set fire to the College Building,[20] purportedly in an attempt to prevent Confederate snipers from using it for cover. Much damage was done to the community during the Union occupation, which lasted until September 1865.

Following the restoration of the Union, Virginia was destitute from the War. The college's 16th president, Benjamin Stoddert Ewell, finally reopened the school in 1869 using his funds but the college closed in 1882 due to lack of funds. In 1888, William & Mary resumed operations under an amended charter when the Commonwealth of Virginia passed an act[21] appropriating $10,000 to support the college as a teacher-training institution. Lyon Gardiner Tyler (son of US President and alumnus John Tyler) became the 17th president of the college following President Ewell's retirement. Tyler, along with the 18th president J. A. C. Chandler, expanded the college into a modern institution. In March 1906, the General Assembly passed an act taking over the grounds of the colonial institution, and it has remained publicly supported ever since. In 1918, William & Mary became one of the first universities in Virginia to admit women and become coeducational.[22] During this time, enrollment increased from 104 students in 1889 to 1269 students by 1932.

The college, c. 1902

Largely thanks to the vision of a William and Mary instructor, Reverend Dr. W. A. R. Goodwin, the College Building, the President's House and the Brafferton (originally the Indian School) were restored to their 18th-century appearance between 1928 and 1932 with substantial financial support from John D. Rockefeller, Jr. and his wife, Abby Aldrich Rockefeller. Together, they led the establishment and beginnings of Colonial Williamsburg.

1930–present

In 1930, William & Mary expanded its territorial range by establishing a branch in Norfolk, Virginia – The Norfolk Division of the College of William & Mary. This extension would eventually become the independent state-supported institution known as Old Dominion University.

Significant campus construction continued under the college's nineteenth president, John Stewart Bryan. President Franklin D. Roosevelt received an honorary degree from the college on October 20, 1934.[23] In 1935, the Sunken Garden was constructed, just west of the Wren Building. The sunken design is taken from a similar landscape feature at Royal Hospital Chelsea in London, designed by Sir Christopher Wren.

The college has a history of supporting freedom of the press dating back at least to the 1940s. In 1945, for example, the college administration sanctioned the student Marilyn Kaemmerle for an article she had written in The Flat Hat supporting the end of racist policies of segregation, anti-miscegenation laws and white supremacy.[24] According to Time magazine, in response, over one-thousand William & Mary students held "a spirited mass meeting protesting infringement of the sacred principles of freedom of the press bequeathed by Alumnus Thomas Jefferson." She was pardoned by the college Board of Visitors decades later.[25]

The college admitted Hulon Willis into a graduate program in 1951 because the program was unavailable at Virginia State. However, the college did not open all programs to African-American students until around 1970.[26]

In 1960, The Colleges of William & Mary, a short-lived five campus university system, was founded. It included the College of William & Mary, the Richmond Professional Institute, the Norfolk Division of the College of William & Mary, Christopher Newport College, and Richard Bland College.[27] It was dissolved in 1962.

In 1974, Jay Winston Johns willed Highland, the 535-acre (2.17 km2) historic Albemarle County, Virginia estate of alumnus and U.S. President James Monroe, to the college. The college restored this historic presidential home near Charlottesville and opened it to the public.[28]

Jefferson Hall, a student dormitory, was destroyed by fire on January 20, 1983 with no casualties. The building, including the destroyed west wing, was later rebuilt and reopened.[29]

Earl Gregg Swem Library at The College of William & Mary in Virginia.

On July 25, 2012, Eastern Virginia Medical School (EVMS), in nearby Norfolk, Virginia made a joint announcement with William & Mary that the two schools were considering merging so EVMS would become the William & Mary School of Medicine.[30][31] Any such merger would have to be confirmed by the two schools and then confirmed by the Virginia General Assembly and Governor. A pilot relationship, supported by a $200,000 grant in the Virginia budget, was subsequently agreed upon by both universities to examine this possible union in reality.[32]

Throughout the second half of the 20th century, William & Mary has retained its historic ties to the United Kingdom and their royal family. In 1954, Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother visited William & Mary as part of her tour of the United States, becoming the first member of the royal family to visit the college. In 1957, Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh visited the college to commemorate the 350th anniversary of the landing at Jamestown. Elizabeth gave a speech from the balcony of the Wren Building that drew over 20,000 people, the largest crowd ever seen in the city. In 1981, Charles, Prince of Wales visited to commemorate the 200th anniversary of the Battle of Yorktown. In 1988, the United States Congress selected William & Mary to send a delegation to the United Kingdom for the 300th anniversary of the ascension of King William III and Queen Mary II. Prince Charles would return to the college in 1993 for the 300th anniversary of William & Mary, and that same year William & Mary sent a delegation to meet with Queen Elizabeth II. Former Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher would be made the Chancellor of the College of William & Mary that same year. In 2007, Elizabeth II and Prince Philip would visit the college for a second time to recognize the 400th anniversary of the landing at Jamestown.[33]

Campus

The college is on a 1,200-acre (490 ha) campus in Williamsburg, Virginia. In 2011, Travel+Leisure named William & Mary one of the most beautiful college campuses in the United States.[34]

The Sir Christopher Wren Building is the oldest college building in the United States and a National Historic Landmark.[35] The building, colloquially referred to as the "Wren Building", was named upon its renovation in 1931 to honor the English architect Sir Christopher Wren. The basis for the 1930s name is a 1724 history in which mathematics professor Hugh Jones stated the 1699 design was "first modelled by Sir Christopher Wren" and then was adapted "by the Gentlemen there" in Virginia; little is known about how it looked since it burned within a few years of its completion. Today's Wren Building is based on the design of its 1716 replacement. The college's alumni association has suggested Wren's connection to the 1931 building is a viable subject of investigation.[36]

Two other buildings around the Wren Building complete a triangle known unofficially as "Ancient Campus": the Brafferton (built within 1723 and originally housing the Indian School, now the President and Provost's offices) and the President's House (built within 1732). In addition to the "Ancient Campus", which dates to the 18th century, the college also consists of "Old Campus" and "New Campus."

"Old Campus" consists of academic buildings and dormitories built near the Wren Building and matches the Georgian and Anglo-Dutch architecture of the colonial buildings of "Ancient Campus" and Colonial Williamsburg. Located directly to the west of the Wren Building, the majority of "Old Campus" was constructed during the 1920s and 1930s and is dominated by the Sunken Gardens and the college's football stadium, Zable Stadium. Also within "Old Campus" are Sorority Court, the majority of upperclassmen dormitories, and the offices and classrooms of the History, Economics, Government, Philosophy, Religion, Music, Modern Language, and English Departments.

Adjoining "Old Campus" to the north and west is "New Campus." It was constructed primarily between 1950 and 1980, and it consists of academic buildings and dormitories that, while of the same brick construction as "Old Campus", fit into the vernacular of modern architecture. Beginning with the college's tercentenary in 1993, the college has embarked on a building and renovation program that favors the traditional architectural style of "Old Campus", while incorporating energy-efficient technologies. Several buildings constructed since the 1990s have been LEED certified. Additionally, as the buildings of "New Campus" are renovated after decades of use, several have been remodeled to incorporate more traditional architectural elements to unify the appearance of the entire college campus. "New Campus" is dominated by William and Mary Hall, Earl Gregg Swem Library, and Phi Beta Kappa Memorial Hall. It also includes the offices and classrooms of the Mathematics, Physics, Psychology, Biology, and Chemistry Departments, the majority of freshman dormitories, the fraternity complex, the majority of the college's athletic fields and the Muscarelle Museum of Art. The newest addition to "New Campus" is Alan B. Miller Hall, the headquarters of the college's Mason School of Business.

The renovated Matoaka Amphitheater scenically located on the shore of Lake Matoaka.

The recent wave of construction at William and Mary has resulted in a new building for the School of Education, not far from William and Mary Hall. Additionally, new facilities have freed up space in existing structures. The offices and classrooms of the Government, Economics, and Classical Language Departments, which share a building on "New Campus" (Morton Hall), could potentially be separated and some relocated to vacant buildings recently renovated within the "Old Campus".

The vast majority of William and Mary's 1,200 acres (4.9 km2) consists of woodlands and Lake Matoaka, an artificial lake created by colonists in the early 18th century.[37] The college has shown a dedication to the stewardship and preservation of these natural elements, which are accessible via the trails running throughout the campus.

The college also has property and buildings not contiguous to campus, including the William and Mary School of Law and the McCormack-Nagelsen Tennis Center, both on a piece of property approximately four blocks southeast of the Wren Building. Additionally, approximately a mile northwest of "New Campus" is the Dillard Complex (located across from the modern campus of Virginia's Eastern State Hospital), which is home to several offices, two former dormitories, and Plumeri Park, the college's baseball stadium.

Organization and administration
See also: List of presidents of the College of William & Mary and Chancellor of the College of William & Mary
Former president W. Taylor Reveley III

The Board of Visitors is a corporation established by the General Assembly of Virginia to govern and supervise the operation of the College of William & Mary and of Richard Bland College.[38] The corporation is composed of 17 members appointed by the Governor of Virginia, based upon the recommendations made by the Society of the Alumni, to a maximum of two-successive four-year terms. The Board elects a Rector, Vice-Rector, and Secretary and the Board meets four times annually.[38] The Board is responsible for appointing a president, related administrative officers, and an honorary chancellor, approving degrees, admission policies, departments, and schools, and executing the fiduciary duties of supervising the college's property and finances.[39]

The Chancellor of the College of William and Mary is largely a ceremonial role. Until 1776, the position was held by an English subject, usually the Archbishop of Canterbury or the Bishop of London, who served as the college's advocate to the Crown, while a colonial President oversaw the day-to-day activities of the Williamsburg campus. Following the Revolutionary War, General George Washington was appointed as the first American chancellor; later United States President John Tyler held the post. The college has recently had several distinguished chancellors: former Chief Justice of the United States Warren E. Burger (1986–1993), former British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher (1993–2000), former U.S. Secretary of State Henry Kissinger (2000–2005), and former U.S. Supreme Court Justice Sandra Day O'Connor (2005–2012).[40] Former U.S. Secretary of Defense Robert M. Gates, himself an alumnus of the college, succeeded O'Connor in February 2012.[41]

The Board of Visitors delegates to a president the operating responsibility and accountability for the administrative, fiscal, and academic performance of the college as well as representing the college on public occasions such as conferral of degrees.[38] W. Taylor Reveley III, 27th President of the college, served from 2008 to 2018.[42] In February 2018, The Board of Visitors unanimously elected Katherine A. Rowe as Reveley's successor. Rowe is the first female president to serve the College since its founding. The president is assisted by a provost, the senior academic officer of the university, and several vice presidents.

Faculty members are organized into separate faculties of the Faculty of Arts and Science as well as those for the respective schools of Business, Education, Law, and Virginia Institute of Marine Science.[38] Each faculty is presided over by a dean, who reports to the provost, and governs itself through separate by-laws approved by the Board of Visitors. The faculty are also represented by a faculty assembly that serves to advise the president and provost.[38]

The Royal Hospital School, an independent boarding school in the United Kingdom, is a sister institution.[43]

Academics

The College of William & Mary is a medium-sized, highly residential, public research university.[44] The focal point of the university is its four-year, full-time undergraduate program which comprises most of the institution's enrollment. The college has a strong undergraduate arts & sciences focus, with a select number of graduate programs in diverse fields ranging from American colonial history to marine science. The college offers four academic programs in its Washington, DC office, an undergraduate joint degree program in engineering with Columbia University, as well as a liberal arts joint degree program with the University of St Andrews in Scotland.[45]

The graduate programs are dominant in STEM fields and the university has a high level of research activity.[44] For the 2016–17 academic year, 1,591 undergraduate, 652 masters, and 293 doctoral degrees were conferred.[46] William & Mary is accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools.[47]

William & Mary offers exchange programs with 15 foreign schools, drawing more than 12% of its undergraduates into these programs, and receives U.S. State Department grants to further expand its foreign exchange programs.[48]

Academic departments

The college is organized into one faculty and four schools:

Learning environment

William & Mary is committed to ensuring the quality of its undergraduate teaching experience.[49] To advance this mission, W&M provides a "small college environment" and maintains a low student-to-faculty ratio of 12-to-1 (the second lowest among U.S. public universities), thereby fostering student-professor interaction. A notable 99% of all undergraduate classes, excluding labs, are taught by professors (not teaching assistants) and 86% of all classes contain 40 or fewer students.[50]

Student body and admissions
Demographics of student body [46][51]
Undergrad
(Fall 2018)		VirginiaU.S.
Census
African American 7.3%19.4%12.2%
Asian American 7.8%5.5%4.7%
White American 59.4%68.6%63.7%
Hispanic American 9.3%6.2%16.4%
Native American 0.2%0.4%0.7%
International student 6.2%N/AN/A
Two or more races 4.6%2.9%1.9%
Other/unknown 5.1%3.3%0.4%

William & Mary enrolled 6,285 undergraduate and 2,455 postgraduate students in fall 2018.[46] Women made up 57.6% of the undergraduate and 50.7% of the graduate student bodies.[46]

Admission to W&M is considered "most selective" according to U.S. News & World Report.[49] There were 14,644 applications for admission to the class of 2022 (enrolling fall 2018): 5,406 were admitted (36.9%) and 1,555 enrolled (an admissions yield of 28.8%).[52] The average high school GPA of enrolled freshmen was 4.24, and 94.2% had a high school GPA of 3.75 or higher.[52] The middle 50% range on SAT scores was 660–730 for reading and 650–760 for math, while the ACT Composite middle 50% range was 30–33.[52]

Undergraduate tuition for 2016–2017 was $13,127 for Virginia residents and $36,158 for out-of-state students.[53] W&M granted over $20.9 million in need-based scholarships in 2014–2015 to 1,734 undergraduates (27.5% of the undergraduate student body); 37% of the student body received loans, and average student indebtedness was $26,017.[54] William & Mary is making efforts to grant more financial aid to applicants (and has a new plan that promises to freeze tuition hikes upon admission for all 4 years). However, recent studies indicate William & Mary students continue to hail from overwhelmingly wealthy student family backgrounds, even as compared to other elite public institutions.

Public service

William and Mary is the highest-ranked national university for placement of its graduates in public or government service according to Washington Monthly Magazine.[55]

Rankings
University rankings
National
ARWU[56] 191–206
Forbes[57] 47
THE/WSJ[58] 79
U.S. News & World Report[59] 39
Washington Monthly[60] 109
Global
ARWU[61] 901–1000
QS[62] 651–700
THE[63] 251–300
U.S. News & World Report[64] 564

USNWR graduate school rankings[65]

Program Ranking
Business62
Education58
Law31

USNWR departmental rankings[65]

Program Ranking
Biological Sciences159
Computer Science68
History27
Physics71
Public Affairs94

W&M ranks as tied for the 11th best public university, tied for 39th overall best national university in the U.S., and tied for 497th best global university according to the 2021 U.S. News & World Report rankings.[66] U.S. News & World Report also rated William & Mary's undergraduate teaching as the 4th best (tied with Princeton University) among 73 national universities and 13th best for Undergraduate Research/Creative Projects in its 2021 rankings.[66]

For 2019 Kiplinger ranked William & Mary 6th out of 174 best-value public colleges and universities in the U.S.[67]

In the 2019 "America's Top Colleges" ranking by Forbes, W&M was ranked the 9th best public college and 47th out of the 650 best private and public colleges and universities in the U.S.[68]

W&M ranked 3rd for race and class interaction in The Princeton Review's 2018 rankings.

W&M was ranked as the public college with the smartest students in the nation according to Business Insider's 2014 survey.[69]

In 2020, was W&M ranked 4th for "Colleges with the Happiest Students" by The Princeton Review.[70]

The undergraduate business program was ranked 12th among undergraduate programs by the 2016 Bloomberg Businessweek survey.[71]

In 2020, William and Mary was ranked 9th in a list of the public universities that "pay off the most", according to CNBC.[72]

In 2021, W&M's Raymond A. Mason School of Business received a ranking of 15 nationally for the undergraduate degree program, according to "Poets & Quants."

Publications

The Omohundro Institute of Early American History and Culture publishes the William and Mary Quarterly, a scholarly journal focusing on colonial history, particularly in North America and the Atlantic World from the Age of Discovery onward.

In addition to the Quarterly, W&M, by its mission to provide undergraduates with a thorough grounding in research also hosts several student journals. The Monitor is the undergraduate journal of International Studies which publishes on a bi-annual basis. The Lyon Gardiner Tyler Department of History also supports an undergraduate history journal, The James Blair Historical Review, which publishes on an annual basis.

Non-academic publications include The William & Mary Review – the college's official literary magazine – Winged Nation – a student literary arts magazine, Acropolis – the Art and Art History magazine, The Flat Hat – the student newspaper, The Botetourt Squat – the student satirical newspaper, The Colonial Echo – the college's yearbook, Tribe Attaché - the student news blog covering international events, The DoG Street Journal – a daily online newspaper, and ROCKET Magazine – the college's fashion, art, and photography publication.

Faculty

Since the 17th century, many prominent academics have chosen to teach at William & Mary. Distinguished faculty include the first professor of law in the United States, George Wythe (who taught Henry Clay, John Marshall, and Thomas Jefferson, among others); William Small (Thomas Jefferson's cherished mentor); William and Thomas Dawson, who were also presidents of William & Mary. Also, the founder and first president of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology – William Barton Rogers – taught chemistry at William & Mary (which was also Professor Barton's alma mater). Several members of the socially elite and politically influential Tucker family, including Nathaniel Beverley, St. George, and Henry St. George Tucker Sr. (who penned the original honor code pledge for the University of Virginia that remains in use there today), taught at William & Mary.

More recently, William & Mary recruited the constitutional scholar William Van Alstyne from Duke Law School. Professor Benjamin Bolger – the second-most credentialed person in modern history behind Michael Nicholson – teaches at W&M.[73] Lawrence Wilkerson, current Harriman Visiting Professor of Government and Public Policy, was chief of staff for Colin Powell. Susan Wise Bauer is an author and founder of Peace Hill Press who teaches writing and American literature at the college. James Axtell, who teaches history, was inducted into the American Academy of Arts and Sciences as a Fellow in 2004.

Student life

Campus activities

The college enjoys a temperate climate.[74] In addition to the college's extensive student recreation facilities (which include a large gym, a rock climbing wall, and many exercise rooms) and programs (facilitating involvement in outdoor recreation, as well as club and intramural sports),[75] the largely wooded campus has its own lake and outdoor amphitheater. The Virginia Beach oceanfront is 60 miles (97 km) away, and Washington, D.C. is a 150-mile (240 km) drive to the north. Also, the beaches of the Delmarva Peninsula are just a few hours away via the Chesapeake Bay Bridge-Tunnel.

The college's Alma Mater Productions (AMP) hosts concerts, comedians, and speakers on campus and in the 8,600-person capacity Kaplan Arena, as well as putting on many smaller activity-based events.[76] Students produce numerous publications on campus, including the official student newspaper The Flat Hat, arts and fashion magazine ROCKET,[77] and the satirical newspaper The Botetourt Squat.[78] The school's television station, WMTV, produces content in the categories of cuisine, comedy, travel, and sports. Everyday Gourmet, the former flagship production of the station, was featured in USA Today in 2009.[79] WCWM, the college's student-run public radio station, transmits 24 hours a day on 90.9 FM locally and online [80] and features student-curated and created content; they also put on an annual concert, WCWM Fest, featuring local and touring musicians.[81]

The college also hosts several prominent student-run culture- and identity-based organizations. These include the Black Student Organization, Catholic Campus Ministry, Hillel (the college's official Jewish student group), Asian American Student Initiative, Latin American Student Union, Lambda Alliance and Rainbow Coalition, and the Middle Eastern Students Association, among many others.[82]

Honor system
Thomas Jefferson

William & Mary's honor system was first established by alumnus Thomas Jefferson in 1779 and is widely believed to be the nation's first.[83] During the orientation week, every entering student recites the Honor Pledge in the Great Hall of the Wren Building pledging:

As a Member of the William & Mary community I pledge, on my Honor, not to lie, cheat, or steal in either my academic or personal life. I understand that such acts violate the Honor Code and undermine the community of trust of which we are all stewards.

The basis of W&M's Honor Pledge was written over 150 years ago by alumnus and law professor Henry St. George Tucker Sr.[84] While teaching law at the University of Virginia, Tucker proposed students attach a pledge to all exams confirming on their honor they did not receive any assistance.[85][86] Tucker's honor pledge was the early basis of the Honor System at the University of Virginia.[87] At W&M, the Honor System stands as one of the college's most important traditions; it remains student-administered through the Honor Council with the advice of the faculty and administration of the college. The college's Honor System is codified such that students found guilty of cheating, stealing or lying are subject to sanctions ranging anywhere from a verbal warning up to expulsion.[88]

Student Code of Conduct

W&M considers the observance of public laws of equal importance to the observance of its particular regulations. William and Mary's Board of Visitors delegates authority for discipline to its president. The President oversees a hierarchy of disciplinary authorities to enforce local laws as it pertains to William and Mary's interest as well as its internal regulatory system.[89]

Traditions
Crim Dell bridge in the heart of W&M's wooded campus

William & Mary has several traditions, including the Yule Log Ceremony, at which the president dresses as Santa Claus and reads a rendition of "How the Grinch Stole Christmas", the Vice-President of Student Affairs reads "Twas the Night Before Finals", and The Gentlemen of the College sing the song "The Twelve Days of Christmas".[90] Christmas is a grand celebration at the college; decorated Christmas trees abound on campus. This popular tradition started when German immigrant Charles Minnigerode, a humanities professor at the college in 1842 who taught Latin and Greek, brought one of the first Christmas trees to America. Entering into the social life of post-colonial Virginia, Minnigerode introduced the German custom of decorating an evergreen tree at Christmas at the home of law professor St. George Tucker, thereby becoming another of many influences that prompted Americans to adopt the practice at about that time.[91]

Incoming freshmen participate in Opening Convocation, at which they pass through the entrance of the Wren Building and are officially welcomed as the newest members of the college. Freshmen also have the opportunity, during orientation week, to serenade the president of the college at his home with the Alma Mater song. The Senior Walk is similar, in that graduating seniors walk through the Wren Building in their "departure" from the college. On the last day of classes, Seniors are invited to ring the bell in the cupola of the Wren Building.

W&M also takes pride in its connections to its colonial past during Charter Day festivities. Charter Day is technically February 8, based on the date (from the Julian Calendar) that the Reverend James Blair, first president of the college received the charter from the Court of William III and Mary II at Kensington Palace in 1693. Past Charter Day speakers have included former US President John Tyler, Henry Kissinger, Margaret Thatcher, and Robert Gates.

Another underground tradition at W&M is known as the "Triathalon". As reported by The Flat Hat, the tradition - normally performed prior to graduation - involves completing three activities;[92] jumping the walls of the Governor's Palace in Colonial Williamsburg, streaking through the Sunken Garden, and finally swimming in the Crim Dell. The tradition has been referred to as an underground one and is not sanctioned by the college, but is still widely practiced.[92]

A unique tradition at William and Mary is the annual Raft Debate. Described by the college as "...a 'delicate balance of comedy and lecture,' the annual Raft Debate features four W&M faculty members from diverse disciplines, stranded on a desolate island with only a one-person life raft for escape to civilization. Based on the volume of applause, the audience chooses the sole survivor as the professors cajole, plead, pontificate, and resort shamelessly to props and costumes. The quirky event originated in the mid-1900s and was revived during the 2000s by the Graduate Center, the A&S Office of Graduate Studies and Research, and the A&S Graduate Student Association. Faculty participants represent the Humanities, the Social Sciences, or the Natural and Computational Sciences. The Devil's Advocate, who argues sarcastically that none of the academic disciplines are worth saving, has on rare occasion emerged victoriously."

Commencement exercises each year begin with the senior class walking through the Wren Building and across the campus, crossing the Crim Dell bridge, and arriving at William & Mary Hall (Kaplan Arena) for the commencement ceremony. The graduating class processes into the arena as the Choir of the College of William & Mary sings the William & Mary Hymn. Since 2018, the venue for graduation ceremony has been changed to Zable Stadium due to the renovation of Kaplan Arena.

Fraternities and sororities
Main article: College of William & Mary fraternity and sorority system

William & Mary has a long history of fraternities and sororities dating back to 1750 and the founding of the F.H.C. Society, the first collegiate fraternity established in what now is the United States. Phi Beta Kappa, the first "Greek-letter" fraternity, was founded at the College in 1776.

Today, various Greek-letter organizations play an important role in the college community, along with such other social organizations as theatre and club sport groups. Overall, about one-third of undergraduate students are active members of one or another of 16 national fraternities and 13 sororities.[93] William & Mary is also home to several unusual fraternal or similar organizations, including the Nu Kappa Epsilon music sorority[94] and its male counterpart, Phi Mu Alpha Sinfonia; the Alpha Phi Omega co-ed service fraternity; gender-inclusive Phi Sigma Pi and other honor fraternities.

The Queen's Guard

The Queen's Guard was established on Feb. 8, 1961 as a special unit of the Reserve Officers' Training Corps. The Guard was described by former President Davis Y. Paschall as "a unit organized, outfitted with special uniforms, and trained in appropriate drills and ceremonies as will represent the College of William and Mary in Virginia on such occasions and in such events as may be approved by the President." The uniform of the Guard loosely resemble that of the Scots Guard of the United Kingdom. The baldric is a pleated Stuart tartan, in honor of Queen Mary II and Queen Anne.[95]

Music

William and Mary has twelve collegiate a cappella groups: The Botetourt Chamber Singers (1975, co-ed); The Christopher Wren Singers (1987, co-ed); The Gentlemen of the College (1990, all-male); The Stairwells (1990, all-male); Intonations (1990, all-female); Reveille (1992, all-female); The Accidentals (1992, all-female); DoubleTake (1993, co-ed); Common Ground (1995, all-female); The Cleftomaniacs (1999, co-ed); Passing Notes (2002, all-female); The Tribetones (2015, all-female);[96] and the Crim Dell Criers (2019, co-ed). Sinfonicron Light Opera Company, founded in 1965, is William and Mary's student run light opera company, producing musicals (traditionally those by Gilbert & Sullivan) in the early spring of each academic year.[97] Music societies at the college include local chapters of the music honor societies Delta Omicron (co-ed) and Phi Mu Alpha (all-male) as well as Nu Kappa Epsilon (all-female). Nu Kappa Epsilon, founded in 1994 at William and Mary, is "dedicated to promoting the growth and development of musical activities at the college as well as in the Williamsburg community".[98]

Large musical ensembles include a symphony orchestra, wind symphony, and choir. Other musical ensembles at the college include an Early Music Ensemble, featuring medieval, renaissance and baroque music, a Jazz combo ensemble, a Jazz ensemble, the Wham Bam Big Band, and a Mixed Ensemble which features chamber music, as well as an Opera workshop, a percussion ensemble, saxophone ensemble, string ensemble, a viol ensemble, and a wind ensemble.[99] In addition to these traditional groups W&M offers a number of non-traditional and world music ensembles such as The Appalachian Music Ensemble, Indonesian Gamelan, Middle Eastern Music Ensemble, and performance art ensemble.[100] Prior to 1996 the college also had a formal Marching Band, however from 1996 to present the college has joined the likes of Columbia University in having a scramble band on campus, known as the William & Mary Pep Band.[101] Additionally, though not formally affiliated with the college, the William and Mary Bookstore hosts an Irish seisiún once a week.

William and Mary's radio station, WCWM, has been on the air since 1959. Student and faculty DJs broadcast a variety of original programming and organize music performances such as the annual WCWM Fest.[102]

Comedy groups

William & Mary has multiple campus comedy groups. I.T. (short for Improvisational Theatre), was founded in 1986 and is the oldest group on campus.[103] The sketch comedy ensemble 7th Grade Sketch Comedy has been in existence since 1997.[104] In 2012 a new improvisational group, Sandbox Improv, was formed. While I.T. performs short form and long-form improv, Sandbox Improv is the only exclusively long-form improvisational team on campus.[105] Dad Jeans Improv, around since 2016, is an improv troupe that specializes in long-form improvisation with a technical element of some sort in each show.[106] Trippin' On Brix is William & Mary's sketch and improv group.

Athletics
Main article: William & Mary Tribe

Formerly known as the "Indians", William & Mary's athletic teams are now known as the "Tribe". The college fields NCAA Division I teams for men and women in basketball, cross country, golf, gymnastics, soccer, swimming, tennis, and indoor and outdoor track and field. Also, there are women's field hockey, lacrosse and volleyball squads as well as men's baseball and football. In the 2004–05 season, the Tribe garnered five Colonial Athletic Association titles, and it leads the conference with over 80 titles. That same year, several teams competed in the NCAA Championships, with the football team appearing in the Division I-AA national semifinals. The men's cross country team finished 8th and 5th within the Division I NCAA Men's Cross Country Championship in 2006 and 2009, respectively. The William & Mary men's basketball team is one of four original Division I schools that have never been to the NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament.

There have been many recent notable athletes who competed for the Tribe. On the men's soccer team, goalkeeper Adin Brown was a back-to-back NCAA First Team All-American in 1998 and 1999. The track program has produced several All-Americans, including Brian Hyde, an Olympian and collegiate record holder in the 1500-meter run, and Ed Moran, a gold medalist in the 5000-meter run at the 2007 Pan American Games. The baseball program boasts a handful of current MLB players, including relief pitcher Bill Bray with the Cleveland Indians organization, 11 year MLB career Curtis Pride Montreal Expos, New York Yankees, Atlanta Braves, Detroit Tigers, and Colorado Rockies utility infielder Brendan Harris. The football program has also produced numerous NFL players and coaches: All-Pro safety Darren Sharper, current Pittsburgh Steelers head coach Mike Tomlin, current Buffalo Bills head coach Sean McDermott, cornerback Derek Cox, kicker Steve Christie, long snapper Mike Leach, Walter Payton Award-winning quarterback Lang Campbell, wide receiver Dominique Thompson, Pro Football Hall of Fame coaches Marv Levy and Lou Holtz, and Jacksonville Jaguars linebackers coach Mark Duffner.

In May 2006, the NCAA ruled that the athletic logo, which includes two green and gold feathers, could create an environment offensive to the American Indian community, even though the Florida State Seminoles logo and Utah Utes logo were considered unoffensive. The college's appeal regarding the use of the institution's athletic logo to the NCAA Executive Committee was rejected. The "Tribe" nickname, by itself, was found to be neither hostile nor abusive, but rather communicates ennobling sentiments of commitment, shared idealism, community and common cause.[107] The college stated it would phase out the use of the two feathers by the fall of 2007, although they can still be seen prominently painted on streets throughout the campus.[108]

In 2018, athletic director Samantha Huge introduced a new brand kit for the department, officially retiring and de-emphasizing the script "Tribe" logo.[109]

In the fall of 2019, Tribe Athletics presented the "Tribe 2025" plan, a comprehensive plan for the athletics department to raise national prominence, undergo significant facilities upgrades, and achieve higher levels of student involvement and spirit.[110]

Alumni
Main article: List of College of William & Mary alumni

The College of William & Mary counts many famous and historical people among its alumni, including three of the first ten presidents of the United States, four United States Supreme Court justices, dozens of United States senators and representatives and current entertainers.

Former U.S. Secretary of Defense Robert M. Gates (Class of 1965)
Current Pittsburgh Steelers Head Coach Mike Tomlin (Class of 1995)
Former Chair of U.S. Council of Economic Advisors Christina Romer (Class of 1981)
The Daily Show's Jon Stewart (Class of 1984)
NASA astronaut David M. Brown (Class of 1978)
Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs Thomas A. Shannon, Jr. (Class of 1980)
Former Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation James Comey (Class of 1982)
Glenn Close, prolific American actress and producer (Class of 1974)
Minneapolis Mayor Jacob Frey (Class of 2004)

Commencement

The "William & Mary Hymn"[111] is sung at the commencement exercises by the choir of the College of William & Mary as the graduating class processes into Zable Stadium. Commencement speakers at the College of William and Mary have included a variety of notables, including alumni, presidents of the college, students, professors, politicians, journalists, entertainers, and royalty, among others.[112]

References
  1. "About William and Mary". Archived from the original on July 15, 2008. Retrieved January 28, 2020.
  2. The College gives its founding date as 1693, but it has not operated continuously since that time, having closed at two separate periods, 1861–1869 (during and following the American Civil War and later during 1882–1888; see Post-colonial history).
  3. As of June 30, 2019. "2019 William & Mary Financial Report" (PDF). 2019 William & Mary President's Report. 2019. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 31, 2019. Retrieved February 20, 2020.
  4. Archived December 5, 2019, at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved on December 4, 2019.
  5. "W&M Board elects John E. Littel rector". wm.edu. Archived from the original on August 14, 2019. Retrieved February 20, 2020.
  6. "College Navigator - College of William & Mary". nces.ed.gov. Retrieved January 28, 2020.
  7. "University Colors – University Guidelines". Archived from the original on February 4, 2018. Retrieved November 19, 2014.
  8. "Get me the Griffin: William & Mary Announces New Mascot". The College of William & Mary. April 6, 2010. Archived from the original on April 8, 2010. Retrieved April 6, 2010.
  9. "William & Mary – History of the College". www.wm.edu. Archived from the original on December 9, 2015. Retrieved October 31, 2015.
  10. "Carnegie Classifications Institution Lookup". carnegieclassifications.iu.edu. Center for Postsecondary Education. Retrieved September 12, 2020.
  11. "Earl Gregg Swem Library Special Collections". Swem.wm.edu. Archived from the original on September 19, 2008. Retrieved September 26, 2008.
  12. Webster, Homer J. (1902) "Schools and Colleges in Colonial Times", The New England Magazine: An Illustrated Monthly, v. XXVII, p. 374, Google Books entry Archived May 6, 2016, at the Wayback Machine
  13. GmbH, Sedo. "williamsburgpostcards.com". Archived from the original on January 20, 2012.
  14. "Virginia Vignettes » What Was the Brafferton School?". Virginiavignettes.org. August 2007. Archived from the original on November 11, 2007. Retrieved September 26, 2008.
  15. Shhh! The Secret Side to the College's Lesser Known Societies – The DoG Street Journal Archived September 28, 2011, at the Wayback Machine
  16. "Peeking Into Closed Societies – The Flat Hat". Archived from the original on September 30, 2011. Retrieved January 28, 2020.
  17. Brophy, Alfred L. (2016). University, Court, and Slave: Prolsavery Thought in Southern Courts and Colleges and the Coming of Civil War. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0190625931.
  18. Barnes, II, F. James. "William & Mary Alumni > History". Alumni.wm.edu. Archived from the original on September 24, 2008. Retrieved September 26, 2008.
  19. Gordon, John Brown (1903). Reminiscences of the Civil War. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. p. 422.
  20. "1850–1899 | Historical Facts". Historical Chronology of William and Mary. Wm.edu. Archived from the original on July 4, 2008. Retrieved September 26, 2008.
  21. "Earl Gregg Swem Library Special Collections". Swem.wm.edu. Archived from the original on October 11, 2008. Retrieved September 26, 2008.
  22. Women at UVa: Graduate and Professional Schools Archived February 16, 2015, at the Wayback Machine. .lib.virginia.edu. Retrieved on August 9, 2013.
  23. Roosevelt's Address at William and Mary – Article – NYTimes.com Archived June 8, 2013, at the Wayback Machine. Select.nytimes.com (October 21, 1934). Retrieved on August 9, 2013.
  24. Education: Jefferson's Heirs Archived August 26, 2013, at the Wayback Machine, TIME Magazine, February 26, 1945
  25. "Marilyn Kaemmerle". wm.edu. Archived from the original on March 9, 2012.
  26. Wallenstein, Peter. "Desegregation in Higher Education in Virginia". Archived from the original on July 10, 2014. Retrieved June 28, 2014.
  27. Godson; et al. (1993). The College of William and Mary: A History. King and Queen Press. ISBN 0-9615670-4-X.
  28. "Ash Lawn-Highland, Home of James Monroe". Ashlawnhighland.org. Archived from the original on April 14, 2016. Retrieved September 26, 2008.
  29. Special Collections Research Center (2013). "Jefferson Hall Fire: 30th Anniversary". libraries.wm.edu. William & Mary Libraries. Archived from the original on October 25, 2018. Retrieved February 4, 2021.
  30. Whitson, Brian (July 25, 2012). "W&M and EVMS to explore School of Medicine". The College of William & Mary. Archived from the original on April 2, 2015. Retrieved March 26, 2015.
  31. Reveley, Taylor (July 25, 2012). "President's message on W&M and EVMS". The College of William & Mary. Archived from the original on April 2, 2015. Retrieved March 26, 2015.
  32. Whitson, Brian (January 16, 2013). "W&M report recommends pilot partnership with EVMS". The College of William & Mary. Archived from the original on April 2, 2015. Retrieved March 26, 2015.
  33. Langley, Cortney (March 13, 2015). "Great Britain's royalty is at home at William & Mary". The College of William & Mary. Archived from the original on February 16, 2019. Retrieved March 21, 2020.
  34. ""America's most beautiful college campuses", Travel+Leisure (September 2011)". Travel + Leisure. Archived from the original on December 2, 2014. Retrieved November 26, 2014.
  35. "Wren Building, College of William and Mary". National Park Service. Archived from the original on February 13, 2009. Retrieved December 21, 2008.
  36. Larson, Chiles T.A. (Fall 2005). "Did Wren Design the Building and William and Mary Bearing His Name?" (PDF). William & Mary. W&M Alumni Association. 71 (1): 59. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 13, 2015. Retrieved April 14, 2015.
  37. "Facts about Lake Matoaka". The College of William and Mary. Archived from the original on May 13, 2011. Retrieved May 16, 2011.
  38. "Faculty Handbook" (PDF). 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 7, 2009. Retrieved December 21, 2008.
  39. "Members of the Board". Board of Visitors, The College of William & Mary. Archived from the original on February 18, 2009. Retrieved December 21, 2008.
  40. "Duties and History, Chancellor". The College of William and Mary. Archived from the original on February 18, 2009. Retrieved December 21, 2008.
  41. Ukman, Jason (September 6, 2011). "Gates takes chancellor's post at William and Mary". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on November 13, 2012. Retrieved September 6, 2011.
  42. "W. Taylor Reveley, President". The College of William and Mary. Archived from the original on March 2, 2013. Retrieved December 21, 2008.
  43. "Greenwich Hospital School: A Brief History of The Royal Hospital School". Mariners. March 5, 2003. Archived from the original on February 10, 2009. Retrieved February 9, 2009.
  44. "Carnegie Classifications: College of William and Mary". The Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching. Archived from the original on February 10, 2009. Retrieved December 21, 2008.
  45. William & Mary – St Andrews William & Mary Joint Degree Programme Archived April 5, 2012, at the Wayback Machine. Wm.edu. Retrieved on August 9, 2013.
  46. "Common Data Set 2018–2019, Part B". Office of Institutional Research, College of William & Mary. Archived from the original on May 12, 2019. Retrieved February 20, 2020.
  47. "SACS at William & Mary". The College of William and Mary. Archived from the original on February 18, 2009. Retrieved December 21, 2008.
  48. "Topic Galleries – dailypress.com". Dailypress.com. September 26, 2008. Retrieved September 26, 2008.
  49. "College of William and Mary – Best College – Education – US News". Archived from the original on February 16, 2009. Retrieved January 28, 2020.
  50. "William & Mary – Apply". Archived from the original on February 5, 2009. Retrieved January 28, 2020.
  51. See Demographics of Virginia and Demographics of the United States for references.
  52. "Common Data Set 2018–2019, Part C". Office of Institutional Research, College of William & Mary. Archived from the original on May 12, 2019. Retrieved February 20, 2020.
  53. "Common Data Set 2015–2016, Part G". Office of Institutional Research, College of William & Mary. Archived from the original on August 20, 2018. Retrieved February 20, 2020.
  54. "Common Data Set 2015–2016, Part H". Office of Institutional Research, College of William & Mary. Archived from the original on August 20, 2018. Retrieved February 20, 2020.
  55. Barshay, Jill. "Selective Service by Zach Wenner, Jonny Dorsey, and Fagan Harris". The Washington Monthly. Archived from the original on May 18, 2014. Retrieved August 21, 2014.
  56. "Academic Ranking of World Universities 2020: National/Regional Rank". Shanghai Ranking Consultancy. Retrieved August 15, 2020.
  57. "America's Top Colleges 2019". Forbes. Retrieved August 15, 2019.
  58. "Wall Street Journal/Times Higher Education College Rankings 2021". Wall Street Journal/Times Higher Education. Retrieved October 20, 2020.
  59. "2021 Best National University Rankings". U.S. News & World Report. Retrieved September 24, 2020.
  60. "2020 National University Rankings". Washington Monthly. Retrieved August 31, 2020.
  61. "Academic Ranking of World Universities 2020". Shanghai Ranking Consultancy. 2020. Retrieved August 15, 2020.
  62. "QS World University Rankings® 2021". Quacquarelli Symonds Limited. 2020. Retrieved June 10, 2020.
  63. "World University Rankings 2021". THE Education Ltd. Retrieved September 2, 2020.
  64. "2021 Best Global Universities Rankings". U.S. News & World Report LP. Retrieved October 20, 2020.
  65. "College of William and Mary Graduate School Rankings". U.S. News & World Report. Archived from the original on August 1, 2019. Retrieved August 2, 2019.
  66. "College of William & Mary". U.S. News & World Report. Archived from the original on August 1, 2019. Retrieved September 11, 2019.
  67. "Kiplinger's College Finder". Kiplinger's Personal Finance. July 2019. Archived from the original on August 23, 2019. Retrieved February 20, 2020.
  68. "America's Top Colleges: College of William & Mary". Forbes. August 15, 2019. Archived from the original on January 8, 2020. Retrieved February 20, 2020.
  69. Education (March 24, 2014). "20 Public Colleges With Smartest Students". Business Insider. Archived from the original on February 21, 2016. Retrieved February 1, 2016.
  70. "Colleges with the Happiest Students". The Princeton Review. Retrieved August 19, 2020.
  71. "Best Undergraduate Business Schools 2016". Businessweek.com. April 19, 2016. Archived from the original on April 26, 2016. Retrieved May 28, 2016.
  72. https://www.cnbc.com/2020/07/28/the-top-50-us-colleges-that-pay-off-the-most-in-2020.html
  73. "Twenty-seven degrees and counting: Kalamazoo man enjoys the 'freedom' of intellectual pursuits". MLive.com. Archived from the original on August 20, 2018. Retrieved December 2, 2009.
  74. "KeckWeather". Wm.edu. Archived from the original on June 23, 2008. Retrieved September 26, 2008.
  75. "William & Mary Recreation". Archived from the original on May 11, 2019. Retrieved May 10, 2019.
  76. "The Flat Hat". Flat Hat News. Archived from the original on August 7, 2007. Retrieved November 26, 2014.
  77. "ROCKET Magazine". Archived from the original on May 11, 2019. Retrieved May 10, 2019.
  78. "The Botetourt Squat". Archived from the original on May 11, 2019. Retrieved May 10, 2019.
  79. Harpaz, Beth J. (July 24, 2009). "Ramen noodles no more? College students go gourmet". USA Today. Education. Archived from the original on August 30, 2009. Retrieved August 17, 2009.
  80. "WCWM, 90.9 FM, Richmond, VA". Archived from the original on May 11, 2019. Retrieved May 10, 2019.
  81. "WCWM 90.9 FM". Archived from the original on May 11, 2019. Retrieved May 10, 2019.
  82. "Organizations - TribeLink". Retrieved May 10, 2019.
  83. Olsen, Patricia R. (January 6, 2008). "And Out of the Corner of My Eye... – New York Times". The New York Times. Archived from the original on April 25, 2009. Retrieved September 26, 2008.
  84. "Tucker, Henry St. George, (1780–1848)". Biographical Dictionary of the United States Congress. Archived from the original on July 16, 2011. Retrieved December 12, 2008.
  85. Barefoot, Coy (Spring 2008). "The Evolution of Honor: Enduring Principle, Changing Times". The University of Virginia Magazine. Charlottesville, Virginia: University of Virginia Alumni Assn. 97 (1): 22–27. Archived from the original (– Scholar search) on March 29, 2008. Retrieved March 4, 2008.
  86. Smith, C. Alphonso (November 29, 1936). "'I Certify On My Honor--' The Real Story of How the Famed 'Honor System' at University of Virginia Functions and What Matriculating Students Should Know About It". Richmond Times Dispatch. Archived from the original on July 25, 2013. Retrieved December 12, 2008.
  87. Bruce, Philip Alexander (1921). History of the University of Virginia: The Lengthened Shadow of One Man. III. New York: Macmillan. pp. 68–69. Archived from the original on August 20, 2018. Retrieved February 20, 2020.
  88. "Judicial Affairs |". Wm.edu. Archived from the original on June 9, 2008. Retrieved September 26, 2008.
  89. "Student Code of Conduct". Wm.edu. Archived from the original on April 10, 2016. Retrieved April 26, 2016.
  90. "Holiday Traditions Fill The Season In Williamsburg". Chattanoogan.com. Archived from the original on February 14, 2009. Retrieved September 26, 2008.
  91. Minnigerode, Charles (1814–1894) Archived August 1, 2016, at the Wayback Machine. Encyclopedia Virginia. Retrieved on August 9, 2013.
  92. Hat, The Flat. "The College's very own triathlon tradition | Flat Hat News". Retrieved May 28, 2020.
  93. "Chapters". Wm.edu. February 4, 2013. Archived from the original on December 16, 2014. Retrieved June 28, 2014.
  94. "What Exactly is Nu Kappa Epsilon?". Retrieved February 12, 2008.
  95. "The Queens' Guard Homepage and Pershing Rifles Co. W-4". The College of William and Mary. Archived from the original on August 30, 2008. Retrieved February 13, 2008.
  96. "W&M a cappella council homepage". Archived from the original on August 5, 2012. Retrieved November 26, 2014.
  97. Cleverly, Casey (January 25, 2007). "Sinfonicron Presents The Mikado" Archived March 7, 2014, at the Wayback Machine. The DoG Street Journal
  98. Thompson, Camille (2005). College of William and Mary Archived May 28, 2016, at the Wayback Machine, p.159. College Prowler Inc. ISBN 1-59658-031-3
  99. "Classical & Jazz Ensembles". College of William & Mary. College of William & Mary. Archived from the original on February 26, 2015. Retrieved February 26, 2015.
  100. "Non-Traditional & World-Music Ensembles". College of William & Mary. College of William & Mary. Archived from the original on February 26, 2015. Retrieved February 26, 2015.
  101. "The William & Mary Pep Band". William & Mary Pep Band. Archived from the original on February 26, 2015. Retrieved February 26, 2015.
  102. "WCWM Fest". WCWM Fest. Archived from the original on March 26, 2017. Retrieved March 25, 2017.
  103. "Improvisational Theatre at the College of William & Mary". Archived from the original on September 15, 2011. Retrieved January 28, 2020.
  104. "7th Grade Sketch Comedy". Archived from the original on July 19, 2011. Retrieved November 26, 2014.
  105. "Sandbox Improv: New group on campus adds to comedy community". Flat Hat News. January 17, 2013. Archived from the original on November 14, 2014. Retrieved August 21, 2014.
  106. "Comedy at the College: Various college comedy groups hold the VCCIs". Flat Hat News. January 17, 2013. Archived from the original on August 20, 2018. Retrieved August 21, 2014.
  107. "'Tribe' refers to community Nichol states in a report sent to the NCAA | University Relations". Wm.edu. Archived from the original on February 18, 2009. Retrieved September 26, 2008.
  108. "William and Mary to change athletic logo before Fall 2007 | University Relations". Wm.edu. Archived from the original on February 18, 2009. Retrieved September 26, 2008.
  109. "William & Mary Athletics Reveals Revitalized Brand and Logo". William & Mary Athletics. Archived from the original on October 30, 2019. Retrieved January 28, 2020.
  110. William & Mary Athletics sets ambitious goals in strategic plan 'Tribe 2025' https://www.wm.edu/news/stories/2019/william-mary-athletics-sets-ambitious-goals-in-strategic-plan-tribe-2025.php Archived January 1, 2020, at the Wayback Machine
  111. "William and Mary Hymn". Special Collections Research Center. Archived from the original on January 4, 2016. Retrieved November 7, 2015.
  112. "Commencement Speakers". Special Collections Research Center. Archived from the original on January 1, 2009. Retrieved March 5, 2009.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.