Emirate of Şirvan
Şirvan Emirate[1] (1264-1840s, Kurdish: Mîrektiya Şêrwanê) was a Kurdish beylik centered around Şirvan after the fall of the Ayyubid dynasty in 1264. The founder of Şirvan was Emir Hasan who was a relative of Emir Kor of the Soran Emirate.[2] The emirate ultimately lost its autonomy due to the Ottoman centralization policies in the mid-1840s and its Kurdish leaders were driven out.[3] At its peak, the emirate included much of the area from Bitlis to Hakkâri including Kurtalan and its rulers were loyal to Bohtan Emirate to the south and its leader Bedir Khan Beg.[3][4] Although removed from power, the descendants of the former rulers of Şirvan still commanded respect in the area towards the end of the 19th century.[3]
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History
The ancestors of the rulers of Şirvan were viziers for the Ayyubids and is said to either have originated from nearby Hasankeyf or from kings in Şirvan which they inherited the principality from. Under Emir Hasan, the territory was divided into three feudal domains being Şirvan (center), Kafra and Irvan. Hasan was succeeded by his son Emir Shah Mohammed while his four other sons were sent to different fortresses to govern Kafra and Irvan. After the death of all of Shah Mohammed's brothers and without any male heir to govern the two domains, they were handed over to Emir Shah Mohammed.[5]
When Timur swept the region in 1394, he also captured Şirvan which he handed over to Qara Osman of the Aq Qoyunlu in 1402. After shortly being under Kara Koyunlu reign, Uzun Hasan recaptured the region for the Aq Qoyunlu again in 1468. The region was captured by the Ismail I 1508.[6][7] After the Ottoman win in the Battle of Chaldiran in 1514 and the supportive stance among the local Kurds, Selim I chose to let Idris Bitlisi and Bıyıklı Mehmed Pasha administer the area until Constatinople centralized its power in the mid 1840s.[6]
References
- Çiftçi, Erdal (April 2018). "Fragile alliances in the Ottoman East: the Heyderan Tribe and the empire, 1820 - 1929". 48. Bilkent University.
- Zeki Bey, Mehmet Emin (1945). Kürd ve Kürdistan Ünlüleri (in Turkish). Spånga: Apec. p. 126. ISBN 91-89014-45-6.
- Verheij, Jelle (30 March 2018). ""The year of the firman:" The 1895 massacres in Hizan and Şirvan (Bitlis vilayet)". Études arméniennes contemporaines (10): 125–159. doi:10.4000/eac.1495. ISSN 2269-5281. Retrieved 24 May 2020.
- Sumeli, Yusuf. "Özpınar Köyu - Tarihçe" (in Turkish). Retrieved 24 May 2020.
- Barb, Alfred (1857). Sitzungsberichte der Philosophisch-Historischen Klasse der kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften: Geschichtliche Skizze der in der Chronik von Scheref behandelten dreiunddreissig verschiedenen kurdischen Für stengeschlechter (in German). 22. Vienna: K. K. Hof- und Staatsdruckerei. pp. 16–17.
- Çelik, Abdurrezzak (2019). "XIX. Yüzyılın İkinci Yarısında Siirt Sancağının İdari ve Sosyo Ekonomik Durumu" (PDF) (in Turkish). Siirt University: 14. Cite journal requires
|journal=(help) - Facts On File, Incorporated (2009). Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Africa and the Middle East. Infobase Publishing. p. 31. ISBN 9781438126760.
Further reading
- Budaq, Salihê Kurê Xan; Kerem Soylu (2005). Dîroka nijada Şêrwan (in Kurdish). Aksaray, Istanbul: Kurdish Institute in Istanbul. ISBN 9789756282335.
- Kılıççıoğlu, Cumhur (1992). Her yönüyle Siirt: tarihçe, örf ve adetler, mahalli bayramlar, yemekler, atasözleri, familya lakapl (in Turkish). ISBN 9789759567507.