Erythronium

Erythronium, the fawn lily, trout lily, dog's-tooth violet or adder's tongue, is a genus of Eurasian and North American plants in the lily family,[2][3][4][5][6] most closely related to tulips.[7] The name Erythronium derives from Ancient Greek ἐρυθρός (eruthrós) "red" in Greek, referring to the red flowers of E. dens-canis.[7]

For the chemical element formerly named erythronium, see vanadium.

Erythronium
Erythronium dens-canis
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Monocots
Order: Liliales
Family: Liliaceae
Subfamily: Lilioideae
Tribe: Lilieae
Genus: Erythronium
L.
Type species
Erythronium dens-canis
Synonyms[1]
  • Mithridatium Adans. 1763, illegitimate superfluous name
  • Dens-canis Tourn. ex Rupp. 1745, not validly published

Species

Erythronium includes about 20–30 species of hardy spring-flowering perennial plants with long, tooth-like bulbs. Slender stems carry pendent flowers with recurved tepals in shades of cream, yellow, pink and mauve. Species are native to forests and meadows in temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere.[1][8][9]

Species Common name Distribution
Erythronium albidum Nutt.small white fawn-lily, white fawn-lily, white trout-lilyOntario, east-central United States (MN to CT south to TX, AL)
Erythronium americanum Ker-Gawl.trout-lily, yellow trout-lily, yellow adder's-tongue, yellow dogtooth violetEastern Canada (Ontario to Labrador), Eastern United States (ME to GA, West to Mississippi River)
Erythronium californicum PurdyCalifornia fawn-lilyNorthern California
Erythronium caucasicum WoronowCaucasian dog's tooth violetCaucasus, Iran
Erythronium citrinum S. Wats.cream fawn-lilyOregon, Northern California
Erythronium dens-canis L.dog's-tooth violetSouthern, Central Europe from Portugal to Ukraine
Erythronium elegans Hammond & ChambersCoast Range fawn-lilyOregon
Erythronium grandiflorum Purshdogtooth lily, glacier lily, yellow avalanche-lily, yellow fawn-lilywestern Canada, western United States
Erythronium helenae ApplegatePacific fawn-lilyCalifornia (Sonoma, Napa, Lake Cos.)
Erythronium hendersonii S. Wats.Henderson's fawn-lilyOregon, Northern California
Erythronium howellii S. Wats.Howell's fawn-lilyOregon, Northern California
Erythronium idahoense H.St.John & G.N.Jones -Idaho fawn-lilyMontana, Idaho, Washington state
Erythronium japonicum Decne.katakuriJapan, Korea, Russia (Kuril Islands, Sakhalin), China (Jilin, Liaoning)
Erythronium klamathense ApplegateKlamath fawn-lilyOregon, Northern California
Erythronium krylovii StepanovTuvan trout-lilyRussia (Tuva, Krasnoyarsk)
Erythronium mesochoreum Knerrmidland fawn-lily, white fawn-lilyCentral United States (TX to NE, IN)
Erythronium montanum S. Wats.avalanche lily, white avalanche-lilyBC, Washington state, Oregon
Erythronium multiscapideum (Kellogg) A. Nels. & KennedySierra fawn-lilyCalifornia
Erythronium oregonum Applegategiant white fawn-lilyBC, Washington, California, Oregon
Erythronium pluriflorum Shevock, Bartel & Allenmanyflower fawn-lilyMadera Co in California
Erythronium propullans Graydwarf trout-lilyMinnesota
Erythronium purpurascens S. Wats.purple fawn-lilyCalifornia
Erythronium pusaterii (Munz & J.T. Howell) Shevock, Bartel & AllenKaweah Lakes fawn-lilyTulare Co in California
Erythronium quinaultense G A AllenOlympic fawn-lilyOlympic Peninsula in Washington state
Erythronium revolutum Sm.mahogany fawn-lilyBC, Washington state, Oregon, California
Erythronium rostratum W. Wolfyellow trout-lilysouth-central United States
Erythronium sajanense Stepanov & StassovaKrasnoyarsk in Russia
Erythronium sibiricum (Fisch. & C.A.Mey.) KrylovSiberian fawn-lilySiberia, Kazakhstan, Xinjiang, Mongolia
Erythronium sulevii (Rukšans) StepanovAltay Krai in Russia
Erythronium taylorii Shevock & G A AllenTaylor's fawn-lilyTuolumne Co California
Erythronium tuolumnense ApplegateTuolumne fawn-lilyTuolumne Co in California
Erythronium umbilicatum Parks & Hardindimpled trout-lilysoutheastern United States (Florida to Kentucky, West Virginia, Maryland)
  • Photos
  • Erythronium albidum
  • Erythronium americanum
  • Erythronium californicum
  • Erythronium citrinum
  • Erythronium dens-canis
  • Erythronium grandiflorum
  • Erythronium helenae
  • Erythronium hendersonii
  • Erythronium japonicum
  • Erythronium montanum
  • Erythronium oregonum
  • Erythronium propullans
  • Erythronium purpurascens
  • Erythronium purpurascens, end of blooming
  • Erythronium revolutum
  • Erythronium sibiricum

Formerly included

Two species names were coined using the name Erythronium but have since been reclassified to other taxa.

Cultivation and uses

Erythroniums are widely grown as ornamental plants, with numerous hybrids and cultivars having been selected for garden use. Popular cultivars include Erythronium 'Pagoda', E. 'Sundisc', E. 'Joanna', E. 'Kondo', E. 'Citronella', E. californicum 'White Beauty', and E. 'Rosalind'. Propagation is best by seed in autumn or by division of bulbs, depending on species. Some species propagate vegetatively. The plant is also great as a ground cover, as it will spread over several years.

The following cultivars, of mixed ancestry, have won the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit:

  • 'Apple Blossom' [10] (white with yellow centre)
  • 'Janice' [11] (pink)
  • 'Joanna' [12] (cream/pale yellow throat)
  • 'Pagoda' [13] (cream yellow)
  • 'Sundisc'[14] (yellow)
  • 'Wildside Seedling' [15] (white/yellow)

The bulb is edible as a root vegetable, cooked or dried, and can be ground into flour. The leaves can also be cooked as a leaf vegetable. In Japan, Erythronium japonicum is called katakuri, and the bulb is processed to produce starch, which is used for food and other purposes.

See also

References
  1. "Erythronium". World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
  2. Hickman, James C., ed. (1993). "Erythronium". The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University and Jepson Herbaria.
  3. Chen, Xinqi; Tamura, Minoru N. "Erythronium". Flora of China. 24 – via eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA.
  4. "Dente di cane, Dog's Tooth Violet, genere Erythronium". Altervista Flora Italiana.
  5. Clennett, J.C.B. (2006). A taxonomic revision of Erythronium L. (Liliaceae): 1-290. Thesis, Open University, Ardingly, U.K..
  6. Clennett, C. (2014). The genus Erythronium: 1-158. Kew Publishing, Kew.
  7. Allen, Geraldine A.; Robertson, Kenneth R. (2002). "Erythronium". In Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.). Flora of North America North of Mexico (FNA). 26. New York and Oxford – via eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA.
  8. RHS A-Z encyclopedia of garden plants. United Kingdom: Dorling Kindersley. 2008. p. 1136. ISBN 1-4053-3296-4.
  9. "Erythronium". County-level distribution maps from the North American Plant Atlas (NAPA). Biota of North America Program (BONAP). 2014.
  10. "Erythronium 'Apple Blossom'". RHS. Retrieved 18 June 2020.
  11. "Erythronium 'Janice'". RHS. Retrieved 18 June 2020.
  12. "Erythronium 'Joanna'". RHS. Retrieved 18 June 2020.
  13. "Erythronium 'Pagoda'". RHS. Retrieved 18 June 2020.
  14. "Erythronium 'Sundisc'". RHS. Retrieved 18 June 2020.
  15. "Erythronium 'Wildside Seedling'". RHS. Retrieved 18 June 2020.

Bibliography
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