Fort Rock

Fort Rock is a tuff ring located on an ice age lake bed in north Lake County, Oregon, United States.[3] The ring is about 4,460 feet (1,360 m) in diameter and stands about 200 feet (60 m) high above the surrounding plain.[4] Its name is derived from the tall, straight sides that resemble the palisades of a fort. The region of Fort Rock-Christmas Lake Valley Basin contains about 40 such tuff rings and maars and is located in the Brothers Fault Zone of central Oregon's Great Basin. William Sullivan, an early settler in the area, named Fort Rock in 1873 while searching for lost cattle.[5][6]

This article is about the natural feature in Oregon. For the community in Oregon, see Fort Rock, Oregon. For the cave, see Fort Rock Cave. For the temple and fort in India, see Rock Fort.
Fort Rock
Aerial view of Fort Rock from the northeast.
Highest point
Elevation4,699 ft (1,432 m)  NAVD 88[1]
Prominence345 ft (105 m)
Coordinates43°22′20″N 121°04′26″W [1]
Geography
LocationLake County, Oregon, U.S.
Parent rangeBasin and Range
Geology
Age of rock50,000 to 100,000 years[2]
Mountain typeTuff ring[2]
Climbing
Easiest routeTrail
Designated1976

Geology

Fort Rock was created when basalt magma rose to the surface and encountered the wet muds of a lake bottom. Powered by a jet of steam, molten basalt was blown into the air, creating a fountain of hot lava particles and frothy ash. The pieces and blobs of hot lava and ash rained down around the vent and formed a saucer-shaped ring of lapilli tuff and volcanic ash sitting like an island in the lake waters. Steam explosions also loosened angular chunks of black and red lava rock comprising the valley floor. These blocky inclusions are incorporated into the fine-grained tuff layers at Fort Rock. Waves from the lake waters eroded the outside of the ring, cutting the steep cliffs into terraces 66 feet (20 m) above the floor of Fort Rock Valley.[4]

The wave-cut terraces on the south side of the ring mark former lake levels of this now-dry lakebed. Southerly winds, which are still predominant in this region, apparently drove waves against the south side of the ring, eroding the soft ash layers, breaching it, and creating a large opening on the south side.[4]

Age estimates
Fort Rock looking east from the Fort Rock Road
Winter view looking northwest into open side

Previous age estimates of Fort Rock ranged upwards to 1.8 million years. Recently, the age of Fort Rock has been estimated at 50,000 to 100,000 years. This coincides with a period of time when large pluvial lakes filled the valleys of central Oregon and much of the Great Basin of the western United States. At its maximum, the water in Fort Rock Lake was estimated to cover nearly 900 square miles (2,300 km2) and was about 150 feet (46 m) deep where the Fort Rock tuff ring formed.

The extensive terrace on the side of Fort Rock marks one lakeshore about 14,000 years ago. Even higher water levels are recorded on the tuff cliffs and at one point only the tops of the tuff ring were exposed as rocky islands in this inland sea. An age of about 21,000 years ago has been found for this highest lake level.

Fort Rock State Natural Area

Fort Rock is designated as Fort Rock State Natural Area[7] (formerly Fort Rock State Park).[8]

Other geological features

A nearby tuff ring has a water-formed cave, called Fort Rock Cave, where in 1938 Luther Cressman from the University of Oregon discovered sagebrush sandals and human artifacts dated approximately 9,000 to 10,000 years ago.[9][10] Hole-in-the-Ground and Big Hole are two nearby maars nearly one mile in diameter formed by steam explosion. They resemble impact craters formed by meteorites, but lack the heavy metal signature residues of space objects. Crack in the Ground[11] and Fossil Lake[12] are two more nearby Ice Age geological features.

South Ice Cave is a lava tube. Derrick Cave is estimated to be 1,200 feet (370 m) long. Devil's Garden Lava Field and East Lava Field are other geological oddities northeast of Fort Rock a few miles. Inflated lava, kīpuka, and lava ponds are found here, plus both ʻaʻā and pāhoehoe flows. Fort Rock Valley Historical Homestead Museum[13] and the small community of Fort Rock are one mile south of Fort Rock State Natural Area.[14]

References
  1. "E=Fort Rock". NGS data sheet. U.S. National Geodetic Survey. Retrieved 2008-11-14.
  2. "Oregon Volcanoes - Fort Rock Volcano". Deschutes & Ochoco National Forests - Crooked River National Grassland. United States Forest Service. 2003-12-24. Archived from the original on 2010-11-09. Retrieved 2008-09-09.
  3. "Fort Rock". National Scenic Byways Online. 2007. Retrieved 2006-08-06.
  4. Heiken, G. H.; Fisher, R. V.; Peterson, N. V. (1981). "Geological Survey Circular 838 - Guides to Some Volcanic Terrances in Washington, Idaho, Oregon, and Northern California - A Field Trip to The Maar Volcanoes of the Fort Rock - Christmas Lake Valley Basin, Oregon". United States Geological Survey. Retrieved 2008-09-16. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  5. McArthur, Lewis A.; McArthur, Lewis L. (2003) [1928]. Oregon Geographic Names (7th ed.). Portland, Oregon: Oregon Historical Society Press. p. 372. ISBN 978-0875952772.
  6. "Lake Pioneer Condon Guide". The Bulletin. June 20, 1925. Retrieved December 7, 2014.
  7. "Fort Rock State Natural Area". Oregon Parks and Recreation Department: State Parks. Oregon.gov. Retrieved 2008-11-14.
  8. "Fort Rock State Park". Retrieved 2006-06-09.
  9. "World's Oldest Shoes". University of Oregon. Archived from the original on 2012-04-04. Retrieved 2007-04-09.
  10. Tucker, Kathy (2002). "Fort Rock Sandals". Oregon Historical Society. Retrieved 2007-04-09.
  11. "Crack in the Ground, Lake County". SouthernOregon.com. Retrieved 2010-08-16.
  12. "Southern Oregon: Outback Scenic Byway". Oregon.com. Archived from the original on 2006-08-23. Retrieved 2006-06-09.
  13. "Homestead Village Museum, OR". America's Byways. Retrieved 2006-06-09.
  14. "Fort Rock Museum". Fort Rock Valley Historical Society. Retrieved 2011-01-08.

Further reading
  • Bishop, Ellen Morris; Allen, Eliot (2004). Hiking Oregon's Geology. Seattle, WA: The Mountaineers Books. ISBN 0-89886-847-5.
  • Alt, David D.; Hyndman, Donald W. (1998). Roadside Geology of Oregon. Montana: Mountain Press. ISBN 0-87842-063-0.
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