Friends of the Earth (US)

In 1999, Friends of the Earth represented residents near the North Tyger River in South Carolina in a case against Laidlaw Environmental Services, Inc. The case addressed the industrial pollution of the river. Although Laidlaw claimed that the case was moot, since the factory responsible for polluting the river had been closed, the Court held that the plaintiff had standing to sue because the residents alleged that they would have used the river for recreational purposes, but could not because of the pollution. Ruth Bader Ginsburg, writing for the majority wrote that the "aesthetic and recreational values of the area" had been lessened because of the defendant's repeated violations of its clean water permit.[10]

Rally against the Keystone XL Pipeline in Washington, DC

This project has several campaigns, all related to reducing pollution and carbon emissions and encouraging the use of renewable energy sources.[11] One campaign protests the extraction of crude oil from the Athabasca tar sands in Canada's Alberta province.[12] The controversial Keystone XL pipeline would carry oil from these tar sands to refineries along the Gulf Coast.[13] Friends of the Earth U.S. opposes the construction of this pipeline.[14] Friends of the Earth also works with the international community to urge countries around the world to support strong, fair and aggressive climate policy. Part of the 75-country Friends of the Earth International federation, the organization is an accredited observer organization within the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). Part of the overall energy program aims to prevent the construction of new nuclear power plants, protest federal subsidies for the nuclear power industry and shut down existing reactors.[15] The campaign is currently trying to shut down the Diablo Canyon nuclear power plant in San Luis Obispo County in southern California.[15] It is located near several active fault lines including the Shoreline, Hosgri, San Luis Bay and Los Osos.[15] Friends of the Earth U.S. was founded to protest the construction of these nuclear reactors.[15]

The biofuels campaign protests the use of and subsidies for ethanol and other biogenic fuels as forms of alternative energy.[16] Friends of the Earth U.S. also opposes the Renewable Fuel Standard, which dictates that increasing quantities of biofuels be used annually, and the Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) approval of high ethanol content E-15 gasoline.[16] The organization is also involved in negotiations for an international climate agreement.[17] Its goals include a reduction in carbon emissions, prevention of deforestation and assisting other countries to cope with the impacts of climate change and support renewable energy initiatives.[17]

This project oversees campaigns related to agriculture and food processing techniques.[18] One campaign is concerned with enacting stricter regulation over the emerging field of synthetic biology.[19] Synthetic vanillin is a product that Friends of the Earth is concerned with, as its production has been associated with the destruction of endangered rainforests.[20] Related efforts advocate for labeling and stricter regulation of genetically engineered food, or GMOs.[21] Friends of the Earth U.S. is campaigning against AquaBounty Technologies’ genetically engineered salmon that is claimed to grow twice as fast as natural salmon.[21] It is the first type of animal genetically engineered specifically for human consumption.[21] The nanotechnology campaign favors more industry regulations intended to protect workers and consumers and minimize the potential environmental impacts of production.[22] The campaign also advocates for the labeling of products that contain nanomaterials such as nano-silver, zinc oxide and titanium dioxide.[22] Additionally, the organization demotes the practice of factory farming, a practice where animals are raised in high stocking densities. The campaign asserts that these intensive farming techniques are unhealthy for the animals and for humans and are not sustainable.[23]

The organization's Bee Action campaign looks to address the causes of the dwindling honey bee population.[24][25] As bees pollinate one third of our food supply, Friends of the Earth and many others view their decrease in number as a serious threat.[24] The organization claims that the major is the widespread use of neonicotinoid pesticides in commercial agriculture.[24] These pesticides became very popular in the past decade, but studies have shown that they can lead to colony collapse disorder in bee hives.[24] Major chemical manufacturers such as Bayer, Syngenta and Monsanto have disputed these claims, asserting that other factors such as mite infestation are to blame.[24] Recently, retailers such as Home Depot and BJ's Wholesale Club have pledged to stop selling plants treated with these pesticides, and neonicotinoids have been banned by the European Union.[24]

The Oceans and Forests program contains a number of campaigns covering topics ranging from international deforestation to marine pollution.[26] The organization's international forests campaign works against the increasing trend of deforestation that is responsible for a significant portion of global greenhouse gas emissions.[27] The palm oil industry has been cited as the driving force behind much of this deforestation, as well as the displacement of local farmers and communities through sometimes secretive land deals between investors and governments, also called land grabs.[27]

The Oceans Program work addresses the pollution produced by cruise ships and other ocean-going vessels.[28] The cruise industry has been criticized for the environmental impacts of their ships such as carbon emissions, air pollution, disposal of sewage and wastewater, and oil spills.[28][29] There have been technological advancements such as dockside electric power that can help reduce a ship's emissions, but they have not been widely adopted in the industry.[28] The shipping industry specifically is said to produce a greater amount of air pollution due to its widespread use of bunker fuel.[30] This campaign has worked to pressure the International Maritime Organization to tighten and enforce international ship emissions standards including the Polar Code.[30][31] There is also a campaign to support and protect National Marine Sanctuaries and a campaign to stop the proposed increase in the export of fossil fuels from the Pacific Northwest.[32]

Friends of the Earth, US rally in Ecuador against Chevron.

This project works to change the United States and international economic policy to be more environmentally friendly and supportive of human rights.[33] The Earth Budget campaign works to revise the U.S. tax code in a way that can benefit the environment.[34] It protests subsidies for fossil fuel industries and other environmentally destructive practices.[34] The campaign also works to divert federal funds for sustainable energy and public health programs.[34] Work in this area also looks at international trade agreements and regulations.[33] The organization is protesting the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) which it claims could result in provisions that could jeopardize the environment as well as consumer rights.[35][36] They are concerned about [deregulation of mining, land use and biotechnology, among other things.[35] The campaign also protests the investment chapters of trade agreements, which in the past has allowed corporations to sue governments if they assert that government regulations hinder their potential profits.[35] Lawsuits of this type include Renco v. Peru, Chevron v. Ecuador and Metalclad v. Mexico.[35] The campaign also targets some World Trade Organization agreements that are said to strike down environmental regulation to encourage profits.[37][38]

There is also a campaign to reduce the role of corporate funding in elections and the corruption it can potentially cause.[39] It is specifically concerned with the contributions of groups like the fossil fuels lobby, who sometimes try to influence environmental legislation.[39] Friends of the Earth U.S. advocates for the use of public funds in the electoral process to lessen the influence of corporate interests.[39] Another campaign advocates for the use of public funds from developed countries to help developing countries cope with the effects of climate change and adopt sustainable practices.[40] The organization suggests the use of a Robin Hood tax, which would tax transactions in the financial sector, to fund this venture.[40] They also support revising the tax code to close offshore tax havens and similar loopholes.[40] The campaign also aims to make sure that the Green Climate Fund, recently established by the UNFCCC, is socially just and sustainable.[41]

In 2012, Friends of the Earth partnered BankTrack to assess the environmental and social standards of the China Development Bank. Because of China's growing role in international development finance, the bank is the world's largest development bank by total assets.[42] The report examines how funds were raised and distributed, includes case studies and outlines best practices for development banks. Although the framework of the report criticized the bank's involvement in environmentally harmful projects, the report also recognized the potential of the bank to finance environmentally beneficial projects.