Government incentives for plug-in electric vehicles

Government incentives for plug-in electric vehicles have been established around the world to support policy-driven adoption of plug-in electric vehicles. These incentives mainly take the form of purchase rebates, tax exemptions and tax credits, and additional perks that range from access to bus lanes to waivers on fees (charging, parking, tolls, etc.).[1] The amount of the financial incentives may depend on vehicle battery size or all-electric range. Often hybrid electric vehicles are included. Some countries extend the benefits to fuel cell vehicles, and electric vehicle conversions.

Plug-in electric vehicles subject to incentives in some countries include battery electric vehicles, plug-in hybrids and electric vehicle conversions. Shown here is a Toyota Prius Plug-in Hybrid recharging

More recently, some government have also established long term regulatory signals with specific target timeframes such as ZEV mandates, national or regional CO
2
emissions regulations, stringent fuel economy standards, and the phase-out of internal combustion engine vehicle sales.[2][3] For example, Norway set a national goal that all new car sales by 2025 should be zero emission vehicles (electric or hydrogen).[4][5] Other countries have announced similar targets for the electrification of their vehicle fleet, most within a timeframe between 2030 and 2050.[2]

Asia

China

BYD e6 all-electric taxi in Shenzhen, China.
Foton BJ6160SHEVCA-3 plug-in hybrid bus in Beijing

The Chinese government adopted a plan in 2009 with the goal of turning the country into one of the leaders of all-electric and hybrid vehicles by 2012. The government's intention was to create a world-leading industry that would produce jobs and exports, and to reduce urban pollution and its oil dependence. However, a study found that even though local air pollution would be reduced by replacing a gasoline car with a similar-size electric car, it would reduce greenhouse gas emissions by only 19%, as China uses coal for 75% of its electricity production.[6]

The Chinese government uses the term new energy vehicles (NEVs) to designate plug-in electric vehicles, and only pure electric vehicles and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles are subject to purchase incentives.[7] On June 1, 2010, the Chinese government announced a trial program to provide incentives up to 60,000 yuan (~US$9,281 in June 2011) for private purchase of new battery electric vehicles and 50,000 yuan (~US$7,634 in June 2011) for plug-in hybrids in five cities.[8][9] The cities participating in the pilot program are Shanghai, Shenzhen, Hangzhou, Hefei and Changchun. The subsidies are paid directly to automakers rather than consumers, but the government has stated that it expected that vehicle prices will be reduced accordingly. The amount of the subsidy is to be reduced once 50,000 units are sold.[8][9] In addition to the subsidy, the Chinese government is planning to introduce, beginning on January 1, 2012, an exemption from annual taxes for pure electric, fuel-cell, and plug-in hybrid vehicles. Hybrid vehicles were eligible for a 50% reduction only.[10]

In 2011, only 8,159 electric cars were sold in China despite a 120,000 yuan subsidy. Unsubsidized lead-acid EVs are produced without government approval at a rate of more than 30,000 per year in Shandong and requires no driving license because the top speed is less than 50 km/h. They cost 31,600 yuan and have been the target of criticism from major car manufacturers.[11]

A mid-September joint announcement in 2013 by the National Development and Reform Commission and finance, science, and industry ministries confirmed that the central government will provide a maximum of US$9,800 toward the purchase of an all-electric passenger vehicle and up to US$81,600 for an electric bus. The subsidies are part of the government's efforts to address China's problematic air pollution.[12]

As a result of the government support and new incentives issued in 2014, production of new energy vehicles between January and August reached 31,137 units, up 328% from the same period of 2013. Domestic production during the first eight months of 2014 includes 6,621 plug-in hybrid sedans and 16,276 all-electric cars.[13]

Additionally, to further electric vehicle production, China passed measures to greatly increase the number of electric vehicles on the road. Original policy declared that companies with vehicles sales of over 30,000 vehicles must comply with new rules around NEVs. Each company was required to fulfill a number of NEV credits, as much as 8% by the year 2018. This target was later pushed to 2019, with a requirement of 12% by 2020. These credits are granted by the fuel efficiency and weight of the vehicles, so more fuel efficient vehicles count for more credits. Originally, these credits were granted according to the vehicles' range, however the final policy provided a more continuous way of determine credits. The breakdown of credits in the original proposal are given below:

Proposed Credit Policy
Electric Range (km) Per-vehicle credit
80-150 2
150-250 3
250-350 4
≥ 350 5

In the final policy, credits were instead given by the formula: (0.012 × electric range + 0.8) × adjustment factor. These credits were capped at 6. Additionally, these credits can be bought and sold.[14]

In February 2018, to further promote energy-efficient electric vehicles, China raised subsidies for electric vehicles meeting additional range requirements. Electric vehicle incentives for cars with at least 400 km of range increased from 44,000 yuan to 50,000 yuan, while vehicles with less than 150 km of range have been removed from the list of vehicles qualifying for an incentive.[15] Changes were also made to the incentive structure for electric buses and trucks. Buses are now required to have a range of at least 150 km and have energy consumption of less than 0.7 Wh/km·kg.[16]

India

Mahindra e2o which is manufactured in India

In November 2010, the Government of India (GoI), through the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE), announced a subsidy of 950 million for electric vehicles. The subsidy provided benefits up to 20% on the ex-factory price, with a maximum benefit of 100,000 on electric cars, 4,000 on two-wheelers, 5,000 on high speed two-wheelers, 400,000 for electric minibuses, and 60,000 for three-wheelers. To claim the subsidy, manufacturers needed to certify that 30% of the components were made in India. The scheme ended on 31 March 2012.[17][18][19]

In April 2014, the Indian government announced a new plan to provide subsidies for hybrid and electric vehicles. The plan will have subsidies up to 150,000 for cars and 30,000 on two-wheelers. India aims to have seven million electric vehicles on the road by 2020.[20]

There is no subsidy or incentive for hybrids and imported vehicles, which acts as a deterrent to new entrants. To meet the stated GoI objectives under the Paris Accord, the GoI has set deadline for 'Only Electric Vehicle (Manufacturing)' by 2030. Although highly ambitious as it may seem, there is growing recognition among policy makers to incentivise electric vehicle manufacturing under the 'Make In India ' policy, and a new framework policy for this was to be released by year end, 2017. Moreover, infrastructure for electric vehicle charging is also being considered; provided either through existing energy retailers like fuel pumps or by subsidising manufacturers' investments in the field.

Tesla Motors has been offered tax incentives and potential financial backing via Special Purpose Vehicles ('SPV's) to establish a domestic manufacturing unit in India. Although, there are local sourcing norms of 30%, electric vehicle entrants have been exempted. Yet much will depends on governments plan to subsidise the vehicle, due their high upfront cost, that will determine any potential shift in the market.

According to an OECD report, India is regarded as a country providing the least subsidies, compared to other major markets, to renewable energy in electric vehicle and that may hamper the governments target of achieving the all electric target by 2030.

Various state governments and cities provide their own subsidies:[21]

  • Delhi, Rajasthan, Uttarakhand and Lakshadweep don't levy VAT
  • Chandigarh, Madhya Pradesh, Kerala, Gujarat & West Bengal offer partial rebate on VAT
  • Delhi also provides a 15% subsidy of the base price of select electric cars, like REVA. It also exempts such cars from road tax and registration fees.

Japan

The Japanese government introduced the first electric vehicle incentive program in 1996, and it was integrated in 1998 with the Clean Energy Vehicles Introduction Project, which provided subsidies and tax discounts for the purchase of electric, natural gas, methanol and hybrid electric vehicles. The project provided a purchase subsidy of up to 50% the incremental costs of a clean energy vehicle as compared with the price of a conventional engine vehicle.[22] This program was extended until 2003.[23]

In May 2009 the National Diet passed the "Green Vehicle Purchasing Promotion Measure" that went into effect on June 19, 2009, but retroactive to April 10, 2009.[24] The program established tax deductions and exemptions for environmentally friendly and fuel efficient vehicles, according to a set of stipulated environmental performance criteria, and the requirements are applied equally to both foreign and domestic produced vehicles. The program provides purchasing subsidies for two type of cases, consumers purchasing a new passenger car without trade-in (non-replacement program), and for those consumers buying a new car trading an used car registered 13 years ago or earlier (scrappage program).[24][25]

Tonnage and acquisition tax reductions

The cost of the Mitsubishi i MiEV in Japan falls from ¥4 million to ¥2.8 million after all government incentives are discounted from the sales price.[26]

New next generation vehicles, including electric and fuel cell vehicles, plug-in hybrids, hybrid electric vehicles, clean diesel and natural gas vehicles are exempted from both the acquisition tax and the tonnage tax.[25][27] Acquisition taxes on used vehicles were to be reduced by 1.6% to 2.7%, or between 150,000 yen (~US$1,600) and 300,000 yen (~US$3,200), as of 2010. Electric and fuel cell vehicles have a 2.7% reduction while plug-in hybrids have a 2.4% reduction.[25][28]

These incentives are effected from April 1, 2009, until March 31, 2012, for the acquisition tax which is paid once at the time of purchase. The tonnage tax reductions are in effect from April 1, 2009, until April 30, 2012, and the incentive is applicable once, at the time of the first mandatory inspection, three years after the vehicle purchase.[25][27] As an example, the amount exempted for the purchase of a new next generation vehicle is 81,000 yen (~US$975) corresponding to the acquisition tax, and 22,500 yen (~US$271) for the tonnage tax, for a total of 103,500 yen (~US$1,246).[25]

Automobile tax reductions

Consumers purchasing new next generation electric vehicles, including fuel cell vehicles, benefited from a 50% reduction of the annual automobile tax. These incentives were in effect from April 1, 2009, until March 31, 2010, applicable only once.[25]

Incentives for purchasing new green vehicles

Subsidies for purchases of new environmentally friendly vehicles without scrapping a used car are 100,000 yen (~US$1,100) for the purchase of a standard or small car, and 50,000 yen (~US$550) for the purchase of a mini or kei vehicle. Subsidies for purchasing trucks and buses meeting the stipulated fuel efficiency and emission criteria vary between 200,000 yen (~US$2,100) to 900,000 yen (~US$9,600).[24][27][28]

Subsidies for purchases of new environmentally friendly vehicles in the case of owners scrapping a 13-year or older vehicle are 250,000 yen (~US$2,700) for the purchase of a standard or small car, and 125,000 yen (~US$1,300) for the purchase of a mini or kei vehicle. Subsidies for purchasing trucks and buses meeting the stipulated fuel efficiency and emission criteria vary between 400,000 yen (~US$4,300) to 1,800,000 yen (~US$19,000).[24][27][28]

All incentives for new purchases with or without trading were applicable in Japan's fiscal year 2009, from April 1, 2009, through March 31, 2010.[27][28]

Philippines

Under President Duterte's administration, the Tax Reform for Acceleration and Inclusion Act was signed into law, which has exemptions made for anyone buying an electric vehicle alongside hybrids.[29]

South Korea

In July 2016, the Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy announced a plan to make electric car batteries run longer, build a network of charging stations and make electric car purchases and ownership more affordable. The government expects that the current and future policy programs will help increase the electric car market share in South Korea to 0.5% in 2017, up from 0.2% in 2015, and to achieve 5.3% in 2020.[30]

The government subsidy has in place a one-time purchase subsidy for electric cars. Effective July 8, 2016, the subsidy was increased to 14 million won (US$12,100) from 12 million won (US$10,400). Also starting in 2016, the purchase tax surcharges of electric cars was planned to be reduced, and all-electric car drivers are projected to benefit from reductions in insurance premiums, expressway tolls and parking fees. The government plan calls for the deployment of fast charging stations in 2020 to be available at an average of one within a two-kilometer radius in the capital city of Seoul. In addition, 30,000 slow charging stations were planned to be strategically located at about 4,000 apartment complexes nationwide by 2020.[30]

The government's plan also includes the development of an electric car battery, beginning in 2016, with energy density high enough to more than double the travel distance on a charge to 400 km (250 mi). The government expects to increase the global market share of South Korean electric cars to match that of South Korean gasoline and diesel cars, which reached 8.5% based on sales by South Korea's two main car exporters, Hyundai Motor Company and Kia Motors.[30]

Europe

Electrification of transport (electromobility) figures prominently in the Green Car Initiative (GCI),[31] included in the European Economic Recovery Plan. DG TREN is supporting a large European "electromobility" project on EVs and related infrastructure with a total budget of around €50 million as part of the Green Car Initiative.[32]

There are measures to promote efficient vehicles in the Directive 2009/33/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 April 2009 on the promotion of clean and energy-efficient road transport vehicles[33] and in the Directive 2006/32/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 5 April 2006 on energy end-use efficiency and energy services.

As of April 2011, 15 of the 27 European Union member states provide tax incentives for electrically chargeable vehicles, which includes all Western European countries plus the Czech Republic and Romania. Also 17 countries levy carbon dioxide related taxes on passenger cars as a disincentive. The incentives consist of tax reductions and exemptions, as well as of bonus payments for buyers of PEVs, hybrid vehicles, and some alternative fuel vehicles.[34][35]

Armenia

Armenia advanced an initiative to exempt VAT taxes from the import of electric cars. On January 17, the government approved the draft on the initiative on the draft law, according to which "the import of electric motor vehicles will be exempt from value added tax. The exemption is supposed to be in effect until January 1, 2022".[36]

Armenia is also set to become the first country, the government of which will switch its fleet from petroleum-run cars to all electric cars. As the Minister of Nature Protection has stated, the Armenia has joined the Global Electric Mobility process. The country has already been granted relevant funds for undertaking this project, and as the minister states "in case of everything proceeding swiftly, all Cabinet members will be issued electric cars by year-end".[37]

Austria

Electric vehicles are exempted from the fuel consumption tax, levied upon the first registration, and from the monthly vehicle tax. In addition to tax breaks, hybrid vehicles and other alternative fuel vehicles benefit from a fuel consumption tax that pays bonuses to passenger cars with low carbon dioxide output. Alternative fuel vehicles, including hybrids, qualify for as much as €800 (around US$1,120) in annual bonuses. This bonus was valid from 1 July 2008 until 31 August 2012.[34][35] Additionally, cars with no carbon emissions qualify for a deduction of the VAT (Value-Added Tax), as of January 2016.[38]

Belgium

The Belgian government established a personal income tax deduction of 30% of the purchase price including VAT of a new electric vehicle, up to €9,190. Plug-in hybrids are not eligible.[39][40][41] This tax incentive ended on December 31, 2012.[42] There is also available a tax deduction up to 40% for investments in external recharging stations publicly accessible, to a maximum of €250.[40] The Wallonia regional government has an additional €4,500 eco-bonus for cars registered before December 31, 2011.[43]

Bulgaria

Electric vehicles, including cars, motorbikes and mopeds, are exempt from the annual circulation tax.[44]

Cyprus

Vehicles with emissions less than 120 grams of carbon dioxide per kilometer are exempt from paying registration taxes.[38]

Czech Republic

Electric, hybrid and other alternative fuel vehicles used for business purposes are exempt from the road tax.[35]

The Czech Republic has one of the lowest rates of plug-in electric vehicles on newly registered automobiles among OECD countries (only 0,3 % in 2018). It is becoming relevant topic for the country, especially for the Škoda auto, the Czech greatest representative of the automobile industry.[45]

Hence, an experimentally empirical research on Czech consumers’ preferences was conducted, its aim was to evaluate the efficiency of various incentives that might promote the market with plug-in electric vehicles in the Czech Republic. The research has shown that except the price, the most relevant factors affecting the willingness to pay for the relatively expensive plug-in electric vehicles are: better fuel-efficiency (CZK 52,000 more on average for a reduction in operating costs of CZK 1 per 1 km for a new car), increase in driving range (CZK 28,000 more on average for an increase in driving range of 100 km), battery-charing time, financial support for electrical wiring in households, free parking in cities or environmental factors (26-40 thousand CZK for each 20% emission reduction). On the other hand, free motorway toll sticker or special traffic lane has non-significant effect on the incentives to buy the vehicle.[46]

Denmark

In 2016, battery electric vehicles lost access to their registration tax exemption. The registration tax will gradually be phased back in until 2020.[38] As of 2016 there are only 7,000 electric cars in Denmark.[47] As of late 2018 another push for delay of the gradually phasing beyond the initial 20% of the normal up 150% registration tax is expected to pass with a wide majority resulting to final phase being pushed to 2023:[48] This also includes even larger base registration deduction of 40K DDK in 2019 while keeping the 20% and increasing deduction to ~77K DKK in 2020 together with first big substantial increase to 40% of normal registration tax. This was an agreed minimum deal of improvements most parties could get behind due to the symbolic meaning that cars under 400K DKK including VAT (which itself has deductions for efficient cars) would experience the old full registration tax exception matching 2019-2020 delivers of the cheaper but long range models such as Tesla Model 3 LR, LEAF 60 kWh model and Hyundai Kona Electric 60 kWh model. These models could be argued being the first non-premium cars useful for the people with the longest daily drives which makes the close to or financial positive compared to cheap compacts. Until 2019 only premium cars, under much fuss due to the large per car exemptions, or short range users had a financial incentive alone to buy a full BEV instead of a mild Hybris. This 2018 push was after yet another round of discussions of even further incentives failed - a current split between moving too slowly and losing too much of the 57B DKK yearly income. 2018 law includes backstop moving from 5K to 10K cars sold since start of 2016 under this plan at which point incentives has to be revisited.

Estonia

No grants towards the purchase of Plug-In or Electric vehicles as of 2016. Electric vehicles are exempt from the city public parking fees and can use bus lanes.

From 2011 to 2014 Estonia has allocated a total of 9,000,000 in grants towards the purchase of battery electric vehicles (ended 7 August 2014).[49] From 2011 to 2014, KredEx has allocated grants totaling 10,500,000; the average grant per car was 16,500. The grant has helped the purchase of over 650 electric cars in Estonia. At that time, a country-wide quick charging network (CHAdeMO 500 V/120 A and Type2 400 V/32 A) was established.

Finland

For the period of 2018–2021, €6,000,000 annually will be allocated towards the purchase of electric cars and conversion of petrol cars to E85 and gas. An individual registering a new electric car in the period 1.1.2018-30.11.2021 is eligible for a grant of €2,000, if the purchase price of the car is €50,000 or less.[50]

The Prime Minister of Finland (2003–2010) Mr. Matti Vanhanen in 2010 mentioned that he wanted to see more electric cars on Finnish roads as soon as possible[51] and with any cost to the governmental car related tax incomes.[52]

In the end of 2017, there were 1,449 electric cars registered in Finland.[53]

France

Since 2008 France has a bonus-malus system offering a financial incentive, or bonus, for the purchase of cars with low carbon emissions, and a fee, or malus, for the purchase of high-emission vehicles. The bonus applies to private and company vehicles purchased on or after 5 December 2007 and are deduced from the purchase price of the vehicle. The malus penalty applies to all vehicles registered after 1 January 2008, and is added at the time of registration. Since 2009, every family with more than two children receives a deduction from the malus of 20 g of CO
2
per km per child.[54]

2012-2014
Electric cars purchase under a battery leasing contract, such as the Renault Zoe, are eligible for the full €6300 bonus for zero CO
2
emission vehicles.

Until July 31, 2012, a premium up to €5,000, under the bonus-malus system, was granted for the purchase of new cars with CO
2
emissions of 60 g/km or less which benefited all-electric cars and any plug-in hybrid with such low emissions. Vehicles emitting up to 125 g/km or less, such as conventional hybrids and natural gas vehicles, were granted up to €2,000.[41][55] The incentive could not exceed 20% of the sales price including VAT, increased with the cost of the battery if it is rented.[41]

Effective on August 1, 2012, the government increased the bonus for electric cars up to €7,000 but capped at 30% of the vehicle price including VAT. The price includes any battery leasing charges, and therefore, electric cars which need a battery leasing contract also are eligible for the bonus. For example, an electric car sold for €23,333 including VAT was eligible for the maximum bonus of €7000. The emission level for the maximum bonus was raised to 20 g/km or less. Cars with emission levels between 20 and 50 g/km were eligible to a bonus of up to €5,000, and between 50 and 60 g/km were eligible to a bonus of up to €4,500. After this limit, the bonus dropped to €550.[56]

The fee schedule for the bonus-malus was modified in 2013. Effective November 1, 2013, the bonus was reduced from €7,000 to €6300 for all-electrics and any other vehicle with CO
2
emissions of less than 21 g/km. Vehicles emitting between 21 and 60 g/km, such as plug-in hybrids and conventional hybrids, were eligible to a bonus up to €4,000, and for emissions between 61 and 90 g/km up to €150, down from €550. Effective January 1, 2014, the fee schedule for the malus was increased to a maximum penalty of €8,000 from €6,000 for vehicles emitting over 200 g/km. Flex-fuel vehicles remained exempt from the malus fee. A neutral class applies to vehicles emitting between 91-130 g/km.[54][57]

2015-2016

From April 1, 2015, a super-bonus was introduced, increasing the financial incentive to a cumulative total of €10,000, consisting of the regular bonus of €6300 for purchasing a pure electric car, plus up to €3700 for customers scrapping a diesel-powered car in circulation before 1 January 2001. In the case of plug-in hybrids with CO
2
emission levels between 21 and 60 g/km, the purchase bonus was €4000 plus the scrapping premium of €3700. Also a specific €500 grant was introduced for families which are below the income tax threshold who buy an ordinary new or second hand car below certain CO
2
emission thresholds or a hybrid or electric car.[58]

Electric cars equipped with a range extender, such as the BMW i3 REx, are entitled to the €6300 bonus if emitting between 21 and 60 g/km of CO
2
.

Effective January 4, 2016, the €6300 bonus limited to 27% of the purchase price of vehicles emitting up to 20 g/km was kept. This bonus corresponds to pure electric vehicles and those equipped with a range extender. Vehicles emitting between 21 and 60 g/km are entitled to a €1000 bonus. This bonus corresponds to the majority of plug-in hybrids. Conventional hybrid passenger cars emitting between 61 and 110 g/km with sufficient level of hybridization, with an electric motor with an output power of not be less than 10 kW, are entitle to a €750 bonus.[59] Diesel-powered hybrids, such as the PSA Hybrid4, are no longer eligible for the bonus, even if the car emits less than 110 g/km of CO
2
.[60]

The combined €10000 super-bonus for the purchase or lease of a new all-electric car was maintained. To be eligible for the additional scrappage bonus, the old diesel-powered car have to be owned for at least a year and in circulation before 1 January 2006. The new vehicle must not be sold within 6 months of acquisition or have traveled less than 6,000 km (3,700 mi).[59]

The scrappage bonus for the purchase of an all-electric car was maintained at €3700, while the bonus for plug-in hybrid car emitting between 21 and 60 g/km was set at €2500. Only individuals or professionals are eligible for the scrappage bonus. Commercial vehicles are not eligible. Neither demonstration vehicles are eligible to the superbonus unless the vehicles are sold or leased within one year following the date of first registration.[61] As of September 2016, the scrappage bonus of €3700 for trading in old diesel-powered cars has been granted to more than 10,000 purchase transactions.[62]

2017

As of September 2016, the government proposal to be in force from 1 January 2017 provides that the €10,000 super-bonus for scrapping a diesel vehicle over 10 years-old was planned to be renewed. However, the bonus for the purchase of a pure electric car was slated to drop to €6000 from €6300 in 2016, but to compensate, the additional scrappage bonus was to be increased to €4000 from €3700 in 2016. Also, the government plans to introduce a purchase price cap to the vehicles eligible for the bonus, and to introduce a new bonus for two-wheeled motor vehicles. For the more polluting vehicles, the government intends to increase the maximum malus fee to €10000 from €8000 in 2016 for vehicles emitting more than 191 g/km, lowering the limit from 200 g/km in 2016.[63]

The government intended to maintain the €1000 purchase bonus for plug-in hybrids with a CO
2
emission level between 21 and 60 g/km. However, the proposal does not include anything about the conversion premium for scrapping a 10-year-old diesel car for the purchase of a plug-in hybrid. The purchase bonus for non-rechargeable hybrid vehicles was to be eliminated.[63]

2020-2022

The French government has canceled any bonus for car price above €60,000, than for the car that bonus will be €6000 in 2020 and €5000 in 2021; and €4000 in 2020 for the cars priced below €45,000 . For the car that cost between €45,000 and €60,000, the bonus is reduced of 50%,[64] but French government will certainly adapt if to many people bought foreign cars. French ( Zoe, E208, C4, DS-3 ... ) EV will be on Fully supported, but other foreign car and specially Tesla is targeted by this limit of €45,000.

Germany

Chancellor Angela Merkel announced her goal to bring 1 million electric vehicles on German roads at the 2010 Electromobility Summit in Berlin.

"Nationale Plattform Elektromobilität" (NPE)[65] is a German government initiative to develop Germany into a leading market for electric mobility.[66] In May 2010, under its National Program for Electric Mobility, Chancellor Angela Merkel set the goal to bring 1 million electric vehicles on German roads by 2020.[67] However, the government also announced that it would not provide subsidies to the sales of plug-in electric cars but instead it will only fund research in the area of electric mobility.[68] Electric vehicles and plug-ins are exempt from the annual circulation tax for a period of five years from the date of their first registration.[41][69] In 2016, the annual circulation tax exemption was extended from five to ten years, backdated to 1 January 2016.[70]

The private use of a company car is treated as taxable income in Germany and measured at a flat monthly rate of 1% of the vehicle's gross list price. So plug-in electric cars have been at a disadvantage since their price tag can be as much as double that of a car using a conventional internal combustion engine due to the high cost of the battery. In June 2013 German legislators approved a law that ends the tax disadvantage for corporate plug-in electric cars. The law, backdated to 1 January 2013, allows private users to offset the list price with €500 per unit of battery size, expressed in kilowatt hours (kWh). The maximum offset was set at €10,000 corresponding to a 20 kWh battery. The amount one can offset will sink annually by €50 per kilowatt hour.[71] The range criteria will rise to 40 km (25 mi) starting in 2018.[72] As part of the package of financial incentives approved in 2016, private owners of plug-in electric vehicles that charge their cars in their employer premises are exempted from declaring this perk as a cash benefit in their income tax return. Employers who provide this perk are allowed to discount from their income tax a 25% of the lump sum value of the cash benefit. These two fiscal benefits apply only from 1 January 2017 until the end of 2020.[73]

Smart ED all-electric car (right) and Opel Ampera plug-in hybrid (left) in Germany

In August 2014, the federal government announced its plan to introduce non-monetary incentives through new legislation to be effective by 1 February 2015. The proposed user benefits include measures to privilege battery-powered cars, fuel cell vehicles and some plug-in hybrids, just like Norway does, by granting local governments the authority to allow these vehicles into bus lanes, and to offer free parking and reserved parking spaces in locations with charging points.[74][75] Not all plug-in hybrids will qualify for the benefits, only those with CO
2
emissions of no more than 50 g/km or an all-electric range of over 30 km (19 mi) are eligible.[76]

According to the fourth progress report of the German National Electric Mobility Platform, only about 24,000 plug-in electric cars are on German roads by the end of November 2014, well behind the target of 100,000 unit goal set for 2014. As a result, Chancellor Angela Merkel recognized in December 2014 that the government has to provide more incentives to meet the goal of having 1 million electric cars on the country's roads by 2020. Among others, and based on the recommendations of the report, the federal government is considering to offer a tax break for zero-emission company cars, more subsidies to expand charging infrastructure, particularly to deploy more public fast chargers, and more public funding for research and development of the next generation of rechargeable batteries.[77][78]

In order to meet the climate targets for the transport sector, in 2016 the government set the goal to have from 7 to 10 million plug-in electric cars on the road by 2030, and 1 million charging points available in Germany also by 2030.[79][80]

Purchase incentive

2016-2019

At the beginning of 2016, German politicians from the three parties in Mrs. Merkel's ruling coalition and auto executives began talks to introduce a subsidy for green car buyers worth up to €5000 (US$5,500) to boost sales of electric and plug-in hybrid cars.[81] As of February 2016, the German government proposal is for the auto industry to cover 40% of the cost of the purchase subsidy. Private buyers would get the full €5000 subsidy, while corporate buyers would receive €3000 for each electric car, and the program is expected to run until 2020, the deadline set to achieve the goal of 1 million electric cars on German roads. Incentives will fall by €500 each year.[82] In March 2016, Nissan Europe announced its support to the green car incentive and its commitment to double the government's E-premium incentive when buying a Nissan electric car, with a reduction of the purchase price of the same amount of the subsidy. Nissan Center Europe CEO said "we remain convinced that the goal of one million electric cars by 2020 is still achievable." According to Nissan if from now on electric car sales double every year until 2020, it is still possible to achieve the government goal.[83]

The Tesla Model S, and other premium cars with a purchase price over €60,000 (US$67,800) are not eligible to the purchase bonus.

An incentive scheme to promote plug-in electric vehicle adoption was approved in April 2016 with a budget of €1 billion (US$1.13 billion ). A total of €600 million (US$678 million ) is reserved for the purchase subsidies, which are expected to run until all the money is disbursed, estimated to last until 2019 at the latest. Another €300 million (US$339 million ) are budgeted to finance the deployment of charging stations in cities and on autobahn highway stops. And another €100 million (US$113 million ) would go toward purchasing electric cars for federal government fleets. The program is aimed to promote the sale of 400,000 electric vehicles. The cost of the purchase incentive is shared equally between the government and automakers. Electric car buyers get a €4000 (US$4,520) discount while buyers of plug-in hybrid vehicles get a discount of €3000 (US$3,390). Premium cars, such as the Tesla Model S and BMW i8, are not eligible to the incentive because there is a cap of €60,000 (US$67,800) for the purchase price.[84][85][86] Only electric vehicles purchased after 18 May 2016 are eligible for the bonus and the owner must keep the new electric car at least nine months. The same rule applies for leasing.[70]

As of September 2016, BMW, Citroën, Daimler, Ford, Hyundai, Kia, Mitsubishi, Nissan, Peugeot, Renault, Toyota, Volkswagen, and Volvo had signed up to participate in the scheme.[70][87] In May 2016, Nissan announced the company decided to raise the bonus with an additional €1000 (US$1,130) to €5000 (US$5,650) for customers of its all-electric Leaf car and e-NV200 utility van.[88] The online application system to claim the bonus went into effect on 2 July 2016.[89] As of September 2016, a total of 26 plug-in electric cars and vans are eligible for the purchase bonus.[87] According to the Federal Office of Economics and Export Control (BAFA), a total of 4,451 applications have been made for the government subsidy for the purchase of a plug-in electric model as of 30 September 2016, consisting of 2,650 all-electrics and 1,801 plug-in hybrids.[87] As of 30 September 2016, the federal states with the most claims are Bayern (1,130), Baden-Württemberg (873), and Nordrhein-Westfalen (726).[87]

As of 1 September 2016, the following 26 plug-in electric cars and vans are eligible for the purchase bonus: Audi A3 e-tron, BMW 225xe, BMW 330e, BMW i3, Citroën Berlingo Electric, Citroën C-Zero, Ford Focus Electric, Kia Soul EV, Mercedes-Benz B-Class Electric Drive (B 250e), Mercedes-Benz C350 e, Mitsubishi i-MiEV, Mitsubishi Outlander P-HEV, Nissan e-NV200 5- and 7-seater Combi, Nissan Leaf, Peugeot iOn, Peugeot Partner Electric, Renault Kangoo Z.E., Renault Zoe, Smart Fortwo electric drive, Tesla Model 3, Toyota Prius Plug-in Hybrid, Volkswagen e-Golf, Volkswagen e-Up!, Volkswagen Golf GTE, Volkswagen Passat GTE, and Volvo V60 Plug-in Hybrid.[87]

2020-2021

Annual registration of plug-in electric cars in Germany by type of powertrain between 2010 and 2020. The economic incentives issued in 2020 as part of the COVID-19 recovery plan increased plug-in car sales significantly.[90][91][92][93][94][95][96][97][98][99]

As a result of the economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, the government approved in June 2020 a economic recovery plan with a budget of €130, which included €8 billion to promote electric vehicle adoption and deployment of charging infrastructure.[100]

As part of the stimulus plan, the purchase bonus for plug-in electric cars was raised by temporarily doubling the federal contribution of the environmental bonus until the end of 2021. The so-called "innovation bonus" increased the subsidy for new cars costing less than €40,000 from €6,000 to €9,000 for fully electric cars, and for plug-in hybrids from €4,500 to €6,750. This became the highest economic incentive granted in any European country, but there is a holding period, the vehicle must be registered in Germany for at least six months.[80][100][101]

There are also lower bonuses available for leasing; new cars costing between €40,000 and €65,000; and also for used cars, provided no environmental bonus was granted in a previous purchase. In addition, other tax incentives for electric vehicles were introduced. In November 2020 the government decided to keep the innovation bonus until the end of 2025, but for plug-in hybrid cars to be eligible they must have a minimum electric range of 60 km (37 mi) from 2022 and at least 80 km (50 mi) from 2025.[101]

Greece

From 2011 to June 2016, all electric vehicles were exempt from the registration tax.[35] From 1 July 2016 onwards the registration tax for hybrid vehicles was reduced to 50%.[102]

In June 2020, Greek Prime Minister Kyriakos Mitsotakis announced the government's plan to support the adoption of new battery electric vehicles (BEV) and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEV) by individuals and corporations, with the aim for one-in-three new vehicles in Greece to be electric by 2030. The plan includes purchase subsidizing, exemption from the road tax and any parking fees, as well as incentives for setting up charging stations, for pure electric private passenger cars and motorbikes, as well as for pure electric or plug-in hybrid taxis and light commercial vehicles. The government's subsidy covers the purchase of new BEVs and PHEVs with a total of 100 million euros for 18 months in the first phase, which is estimated to cover 25% of the cost of about 14.000 new electric vehicles.[103][104][105]

The government will subsidize the purchase of each new electric vehicle, covering 15% of its cost (up to 5.500) for private passenger and light commercial vehicles, 20% of the cost (up to 800) for motorbikes and 25% of the cost (up to 8.000) for taxis. Vehicle owners that will concurrently retire their old vehicle will receive an additional bonus of up to 2.500.[106] Furthermore, expenses for charging the electric car will be exempt from taxable income. The benefit for each new electric car, if combined with the ecological bonus and the relevant tax exemptions, will approach 10.000 euros.[103][104][105]

Hungary

All hybrid and electric vehicles are exempt from registration tax. The Government announced that from October 27, 2016, electric vehicles would be eligible for a 21% rebate of the gross purchase price, capped at a 1,500,000 Ft (€4,800 at the December 2016 exchange rate). Furthermore, to promote electric cars, the Government has added some other regulatory incentives, such as green license plates, and simplified tax and regulations on electric charge points. By 2020, the Government expects that there will be 30,000 environmentally friendly cars on Hungarian roads.[107]

Iceland

All electric vehicles are exempt from VAT up to ISK 6,000,000, and the tax is applied at the normal rate for the remainder of the price.[108] Electric vehicles, as well as hydrogen powered vehicles, that are shorter than 5 meters also get free parking in the city center for up to 90 minutes. The free parking also applies to methane and hybrid vehicles that weigh less than 1,600 kg, although in order for hybrid vehicles to be applicable, they must have CO
2
emissions of less than 50 g/km.[109]

Ireland

The Opel Ampera plug-in hybrid is available in several European countries.

Series production EVs were exempted from VRT until December 2012.[110] The VRT exemption was replaced by a €5000 credit against the tax.[111] Annual motor tax for EVs is €120.[112] The Government has set a target of 10% for all vehicles on Irish roads to be electric by 2020.

The ESB eCar electric vehicle charging network serves as the main charging network for the island of Ireland and has rapidly expanded in recent years. Currently the network is free to use with an RFID card provided by ESB to EV owners who wish to use the network. The network aims to provide rapid charging every 30 km on major routes and as of 2015 has almost 2000 standard charging points (all provide connection via IEC 62196 Type 2 Mennekes, around half are 22 kW with the remainder a mix of 3.6 kW and 7.4 kW). There are around 100 CHAdeMO rapid chargers with over 70 located outside the Dublin Metro area.[113] All rapid chargers installed since mid-2014 have been triple standard CHAdeMO/Combined Charging System/AC 43 kW. Four rapid chargers in Dublin and two rapid chargers in Belfast were co-funded by the EU as part of the UK/Ireland RCN program.[114] The UK charging network operated by Ecotricity has a single CHAdeMO only rapid charger at IKEA Belfast.[115] This is the sole rapid charger on the island that is not part of the ESB eCars network.

Sustainable Energy Authority of Ireland offers a government grant of up to €5,000 for the purchase of a new electric car.[116] Electric and hybrid vehicles had a reduction of up to €2,500 off the registration tax between July 2008 and December 2010.[41] However this grant is only available on vehicles on an approved list of models [117] which must be sold by a dealer registered for the scheme.[118] No grant applies where a vehicle is imported privately. The grant is reduced to €3,800 for business purchasers or those who require finance to purchase the vehicle, however some importers will report financed private sales as cash sales to acquire the full grant.

As of September 2014, plug-in electric car purchasers are eligible for a government credit worth up to €5,000 (about US$6,500). Vehicle Registration Tax (VRT), up to €5,000 is also waived for electric cars. Also, all-electric car owners pay the lowest rate of annual road tax, which is based on emissions. In addition, the first 2,000 electric cars registered in Ireland are eligible for installation of a free home-charging points worth about €1,000 (about US$1,300).[119]

Italy

Electric vehicles are exempt from the annual circulation tax or ownership tax for five years from the date of their first registration. Thereafter, EVs benefit from a 75% reduction of the tax rate applied to equivalent gasoline-powered vehicles.[35] Buyers of electric vehicles and other vehicles emitting 70 g/km or less of carbon dioxide are eligible to receive from €1,500 to €6,000.[120] In the region of Lombardy, electric vehicles are exempt from the annual ownership tax.[121]

Latvia

Electric vehicles, including cars, goods vehicles, buses, and motorcycles, are exempt from payment of the Vehicle Operation Tax.

Luxembourg

Buyers of electric vehicles and other vehicles emitting 60 g/km or less of carbon dioxide are eligible to receive a premium of €3,000 (around US$4,200), this premium ended 31 December 2011. In order to qualify for the rebate, the owner must have concluded an agreement to buy electricity from renewable energy.[34][35]

Monaco

Buyers of electric vehicles and plug in hybrids are eligible to receive €9,000 (around US$12,600) from the Monegasque Government. In addition vehicles owners are allowed to park free at any public parking facility.[122][123]

Netherlands

Annual sales of light-duty plug-in electric vehicles in the Netherlands by year between 2011 and 2020. The strong fluctuation in annual registrations is the result of frequent changes in purchase and tax incentives.[2][124]

Considering the potential of plug-in electric vehicles in the country due to its relative small size and geography, the Dutch government set a target of 15,000 to 20,000 electric vehicles with three or more wheels on the roads in 2015; 200,000 vehicles in 2020; and 1 million vehicles in 2025.[125][126] The first government target was achieved in 2013, two years earlier, thanks to the sales peak that occurred at the end of 2013.[127] According to official figures, 30,086 plug-in electric vehicles with three or more wheels have been registered in the country through 31 December 2013.[125]

Initially, the Dutch government set incentives such as the total exemption of the registration fee and road taxes, which resulted in savings of approximately €5,324 for private car owners over four years,[35][128] and €19,000 for corporate owners over five years.[129] Other vehicles including hybrid electric vehicles were also exempt from these taxes if they emit less than 95 g/km for diesel-powered vehicles, or less than 110 g/km for gasoline-powered vehicles.[35] The exemption from the registration tax ended on January 1, 2014, and thereafter, all-electric vehicles pay a 4% registration fee and plug-in hybrids a 7% fee.[130]

In addition, the national government offers through the Ministry of Infrastructure and the Environment a €3,000 subsidy on the purchase of all-electric taxis or delivery vans. This subsidy increases to €5,000 per vehicle in Amsterdam, Rotterdam, The Hague, Utrecht, and Arnhem-Nijmegen metropolitan area. An additional subsidy is offered by several local government for the purchase of full electric taxis and vans, €5,000 in Amsterdam and €3,000 in Limburg and Tilburg.[131][132]

Launched in the Dutch market in 2013, the Mitsubishi Outlander P-HEV is the country's top selling ever plug-in hybrid electric vehicle.[124]

In Amsterdam EV owners also have access to parking spaces reserved for battery electric vehicles, so they avoid the current wait for a parking place in Amsterdam, which can reach up to 10 years in some parts of the city.[133] Free charging is also offered in public parking spaces.[134] EV owners in the city of Rotterdam are entitled to one year of free parking in downtown and enjoy subsidies of up to €1,450 if they install a home charger using green electricity.[132] The city also introduced in 2014 a scrappage program to remove old polluting vehicles to improve air quality in the city. Rotterdam offers a €2,500 incentive for business buyers to replace the old vehicles with all-electric vehicles. The subsidy is only available to the first 5,000 applicants that buy an eligible vehicle before the end of December 2013.[132] Other factors contributing to the rapid adoption of plug-in electric vehicles are the relative small size of the country, which reduces range anxiety (the Netherlands stretches about 100 mi (160 km) east to west); a long tradition of environmental activism; high gasoline prices (US$8.50 per gallon as of January 2013), which make the cost of running a car on electricity five times cheaper; and also some EV leasing programs provide free or discounted gasoline-powered vehicles for those who want to take a vacation driving long distances. With all of these incentives and tax breaks, plug-in electric cars have similar driving costs to conventional cars.[134]

Initially, sales of plug-in electric car were lower than expected, and during 2012 the segment captured a market share of less than 1% of new car sales in the country.[134] As a result of the end of the total exemption of the registration fee, the segment sales peaked at the end of 2013,[135] and plug-in electric car sales reached a market share of 5.34% of new car sales in 2013.[136] The total cost of the tax exemptions for the Dutch treasury of the more than 22,000 plug-in electric vehicles sold in 2013 was estimated at €500 million (US$691 million ).[137]

Norway

The Buddy and REVAi were among the top selling electric cars in Norway until 2010. Shown a free parking lot for EVs with charging stations.

The Parliament of Norway set the goal to reach 50,000 zero emission vehicles by 2018. Among the existing incentives, all-electric cars are exempt in Norway from all non-recurring vehicle fees, including purchase taxes, which are extremely high for ordinary cars, and 25% VAT on purchase, together making electric car purchase price competitive with conventional cars.[138] As an example, by early 2013 the price of the top selling Nissan Leaf is 240,690 kroner (around US$42,500) while the purchase price of the 1.3-lt Volkswagen Golf is 238,000 Krone (about US$42,000).[139] Electric vehicles are also exempt from the annual road tax, all public parking fees, and toll payments, as well as being able to use bus lanes.[138][140]

Government officials reserved in 1999 the "EL" prefix for exclusive use of all-electric vehicles in order to be able to enforce on the road the benefits available to EVs. As the "EL" series is set to end at "EL 99999" (most vehicles in the country have five-digit registration numbers between 10000 and 99999), the Norwegian Public Roads agency opted for the prefix "EK" in the second series of plates, to signify "elektrisk kjøretøy", Norwegian for electric vehicle. And because the sale of electric vehicles is expected to continue at a rapid pace, meaning that the second phase of license plates is likely to run out as well, the "EV" prefix has been set aside for future electric cars.[141] In July 2016, as the stock of "EL" prefix plates was almost depleted, the first electric vehicles registered with the new "EK" series were on the road.[142][143]

Until June 2013, plug-in hybrids have not been eligible for these benefits.[138][140] Because the Norwegian tax system levies higher taxes to heavier vehicles, plug-in hybrids are more expensive than similar conventional cars due to the extra weight of the battery pack and its additional electric components. Beginning on 1 July 2013, the existing weight allowance for conventional hybrids and plug-in hybrids of 10% will be increased to 15% for PHEVs.[144]

Electric cars have access to bus lanes in Norway. Shown a Nissan Leaf, the top selling plug-in electric car in the country since 2012.

In September 2013 the Norwegian Parliament approved, as part of the revised 2014 budget, an exemption from the 25% VAT for leasing electric vehicles effective on 1 January 2014.[145] However, as of September 2014, the exemption has not gone into effect because the Minister of Finance decided to defer the measure, pending a formal consultation with the EFTA Surveillance Authority (ESA) to ensure that the VAT exemption for leasing was not in violation of the European Economic Area Agreement. The government's loss of revenue due to the still not implemented leasing exemption is estimated at about 47 million krone (around US$7.3 million ) per year.[146][147] One Member of Parliament has criticized the government for the delay. He had argued that the initial VAT exemption for all electric vehicles was never approved in ESA. In addition, an ESA spokesman confirmed that the Government has not sent any request as of September 2014, nor has ESA received any complaints about Norway's original EV tax exemption. The MP said he will demand that the decision be implemented when Parliament meets in October 2014.[147]

The government's initial goal of 50,000 electric cars on Norwegian roads was reached on 20 April 2015. The plate "EL 60000" was granted to the 50,000th electric car registered.[148]

The target of 50,000 electric cars on Norwegian roads was reached on 20 April 2015, more than two years earlier than expected.[148][149] In early March 2015 negotiations began among parties represented in the Parliament to define the future of all motor vehicles and fuel taxes. The Liberal Party wanted all the benefits to continue beyond the established quota. The Ministry of Finance also made a comprehensive review of all motor vehicle taxes. The two purchase tax exemptions cost the government about 3 billion krone (around US$480 million ) in lost revenue just in 2014, and up to 4 billion krone (around US$640 million ) if all the other benefits are accounted for.[150] Despite passing the established cap of 50,000 electric cars, the tax benefits were expected to continue at least until the end of 2016.[151][152]

Phase out of incentives

In May 2015 the Government decided to keep the existing incentives through 2017, and the political parties in Parliament agreed to reduced and phase out some of the incentives. Beginning in January 2018, electric car owners will be required to pay half of the yearly road license fee and the full rate as of 2020. The value-added tax (VAT) exemption for electric cars will end in 2018, but replaced by a new scheme, which may be subjected to a ceiling that could be reduced as technology develops. The agreement also gave local authorities the right to decide whether electric cars can park for free and use public transport lanes.[153][154]

In March 2016, the Ministry of Transport issued new regulations for parking in locations with access to the general public. The new parking regulations, that go into effect on January 1, 2017, terminated the free parking for zero-emission vehicles, but established that Municipalities can introduce payment exemption for electric and hydrogen powered motor vehicles on municipal parking locations.[155] As of September 2016, the city councils of Trondheim and Tønsberg decided to introduce full payment for EVs from 2017; the cities of Bodø and Tromsø will introduce payment for parking in downton but exempted parking outside the city's center; and the cities of Oslo, Mandal and Drammen decided to keep free parking for zero-emission vehicles.[156][157][158]

Portugal

The Portuguese Government launched in early 2008 a national Programme for Electric Mobility called Mobi.E.[159]

Mobi.E is deploying a national electric mobility system. The system was designed to be scalable and used in multiple geographies, overcoming the current situation of lack of communication among the different electric mobility experiences that are being deployed in Europe. By the first semester of 2011, a wide public network of 1 300 normal and 50 fast charging points will be fully implemented in the main 25 cities of the country.

EVs are fully exempt from both the Vehicle Tax due upon purchase (Imposto Sobre Veículos) and the annual Circulation Tax (Imposto Único de Circulação). Personal income tax provides an allowance of EUR 803 upon the purchase of EVs. EVs are exempt from the 5%-10% company car tax rates which are part of the Corporation Income Tax. The Budget Law provides for an increase of the depreciation costs related to the purchase of EVs for the purpose of Corporation Income Tax.

Portugal established a government subsidy of €5,000 for the first 5,000 new electric cars sold in the country. In addition, there is in place a €1,500 incentive if the consumer turns in a used car as part of the down payment for the new electric car.[160] Electric cars are also exempt from the registration tax.[41]

Romania

As of April 2011, Romania offers a government grant of up to 25% of the price (up to a maximum of €5,000) for the purchase of a new electric car.[161] Furthermore, through the cash-for-clunkers program (scrappage program), those who wish to purchase an electric car will receive vouchers of over €5,000 total in return for their used car.[161] For hybrid vehicles, with or without plug-in capabilities, a €550 grant is offered, plus an additional €160 grant for hybrid vehicles emitting under 100g/km of CO
2
. Combined with the cash-for-clunkers program, the total grant is up to €2200.[162] Electric and hybrid vehicles are exempt from the environmental tax, which also acts as a registration tax. From March 2015, electric vehicles are also exempt from the annual tax, while hybrid vehicles have a 95% reduction.[163]

In 2016, the "Rabla Plus" program offered a government grant of 5,000 for the purchase of a new electric car.[164] In 2017, the "Rabla Plus" grant program increased to EUR 10,000 for the purchase of a pure electric vehicle (BEV). Furthermore, car owners will receive an additional 1,400 if they end their registration of a car older than eight years.[165]

Spain

Spain's government aimed to have 1 million electric cars on the roads by 2014 as part of a plan to cut energy consumption and dependence on expensive imports, Industry Minister Miguel Sebastián said.[166][167][168][169]

In May 2011 the Spanish government approved a €72 million (US$103 million ) fund for year 2011 to promote electric vehicles. The incentives include direct subsidies for the acquisition of new electric cars for up to 25% of the purchase price, before tax, to a maximum of €6,000 per vehicle (US$8,600), and 25% of the gross purchase price of other electric vehicles such as buses and vans, with a maximum of €15,000 or €30,000, depending on the range and type of vehicle.[170] Several regional government grant incentives for the purchase of alternative fuel vehicles including electric and hybrid vehicles. In Aragón, Asturias, Baleares, Madrid, Navarra, Valencia, Castilla-La Mancha, Murcia, Castilla y León electric vehicles are eligible to a €6,000 tax incentive and hybrids to €2,000.[41]

Sweden

In September 2011 the Swedish government approved a 200 million kr program, effective starting in January 2012, to provide a subsidy of 40,000 kr per car for the purchase of electric cars and other "super green cars" with ultra-low carbon emissions (below 50 grams of carbon dioxide per km).[171] There is also an exemption from the annual circulation tax for the first five years from the date of their first registration that benefits owners of electric vehicles with an energy consumption of 37 kWh per 100 km or less, and hybrid vehicles with CO
2
emissions of 120 g/km or less. In addition, for both electric and hybrid vehicles, the taxable value of the car for the purposes of calculating the benefit in kind of a company car under personal income tax is reduced by 40% compared with the corresponding or comparable gasoline- or diesel-powered car. The reduction of the taxable value has a cap of 16,000 kr per year.[35]

As of July 2014, a total of 5,028 new "super clean cars" had been registered in the country since January 2012, and because the government allocated funds for a total of 5,000 super clean cars between 2012 and 2014, the fund has been exhausted.[172][173][174] BIL Sweden, the national association for the automobile industry, requested the government an additional 100 million kr to cover the subsidy for another 2,500 registrations of new super clean cars between August and December 2014.[173][174] In December 2014 the Riksdagen, the Swedish parliament, approved an appropriation of 215 million kr to finance the super clean car subsidies in 2015. The appropriation for 2015, according to the parliamentary decision and subsequent government decision, was to also be used for the retroactive payment of the super green cars registered in 2014 that did not receive the subsidy.[175]

The Government raised the appropriation for the super green car rebate by 132 million kr for 2015 and by 94 million kr for 2016. Beginning in 2016, only zero emissions cars are entitled to receive the full 40,000 kr premium, while other super green cars, plug-in hybrids, receive half premium. The exemption for the first five years of ownership from the annual circulation tax is still in place.[176][177] In 2016, in order to promote the introduction of electricity-powered buses in the market, the Government planned to allocate 50 million kr for 2016 and 100 million kr per year between 2017 and 2019 to introduce an electric bus premium.[177]

Two alternative proposals are being considered by the Swedish government regarding the introduction of a bonus-malus system. Both proposals entail changes to vehicle and car benefit taxation and the premium system for purchases of new cars. An official inquiry report was due by 29 April 2016. The goal is for the system to enter into force on 1 January 2017.[177] The new bonus-malus system, starting 1 July 2018, will offer electric car buyers a bonus of 60 000 SEK.[178]

Switzerland

Switzerland has a car import tax which is 4% of the purchase price (before adding the VAT) which is waived for electric cars.[179][180] Since Switzerland consists of 26 cantons which have their own legislature, additional incentives for plug-in electric vehicles differ between the respective regions. The current list can be downloaded from the website of the Swiss Department of Energy.[181]

There are no additional incentives on the actual purchase price, but some cantons offer road tax cuts. The Swiss road tax is a yearly recurring fixed amount calculated based on the specifications of the tax payers car. Currently, only the cantons Glarus (GL), Solothurn (SO), Ticino (TI) and Zurich (ZH) are completely waiving the tax for plug-in electric vehicles.

Calculation example for Zurich

Based on a usual car with the following specification:[182]

  • Engine: 2 L
  • Total weight: 1800 kg
  • Energy efficiency: C
  • Year: 2013

The resulting tax to be paid per year will be CHF 278. Hence when calculating with a life expectancy of 10 years, the car owner in this example might save around CHF 2,780 when buying a plug-in electric car.

However, since the tax on fossil fuels are relatively high in all European countries, including Switzerland, there is still an indirect, but quite strong incentive for car buyers to decide for energy efficient vehicles.

Based on the following examples:

  • Fuel economy: 7.8 L/100 km (30 mpgUS) unleaded
  • Driving habits: 15,000 km (9,300 mi) per year
  • Fuel tax: CHF  0.7312 per liter (CHF 2.7679 per gallon)
  • Carbon tax (since January 1, 2014): CHF 0.1414 per liter (CHF 0.5353 per gallon)

The resulting taxes on the burned fuels will be around CHF 1,021 per year, which results in CHF 10,210 over the car's 10-year lifetime.

United Kingdom

Plug-in Car Grant

The Plug-in Car Grant started on 1 January 2011 and is available across the UK. The program reduces the up-front cost of eligible cars by providing a 25% grant towards the cost of new plug-in cars capped at GB£5,000 (US$7,450).[183][184] From 1 April 2015, the purchase price cap was raised to cover up to 35% discount of the vehicle's recommended retail price, up to the already existing GB£5,000 limit. This change means electric cars priced under GB£20,000 will be able to take advantage of most or all of the £5,000 discount.[185] Both private and business fleet buyers are eligible for this grant, which is received at the point of purchase and the subsidy is claimed back by the manufacturer afterwards.[183] The subsidy programme is managed in a similar way to the grant made as part of the 2009 Car Scrappage Scheme, allowing consumers to buy an eligible car discounted at the point of purchase with the subsidy claimed back by the manufacturer afterwards.[183][184][186]

The Tesla Roadster was available in the UK but not included on the government's plug-in electric car grant list of eligible vehicles.[187]

The government announced in April 2014 that funding for the full grant of up to GB£5,000 will remain in place until either 50,000 grants have been issued or 2017, whichever is first.[185][188] As forecasts estimated that the scheme will reach its 50,000 limit around November 2015, the government announced in August 2015 that the Plug-in Car Grant will continue until at least February 2016 for all plug-in cars with CO
2
emissions of 75 g/km of under.[189] The Government also announced that a minimum of GB£200 million (US$311 million ) has been made available to continue the Plug-in Car Grant.[190]

Vehicles eligible for the subsidy must meet the following criteria:[183][191]

  • Vehicle type: Only ultra-low emission cars are eligible (vehicle category M1). Motorbikes, quadricycles and vans are not covered.
  • Carbon dioxide exhaust emissions: Vehicles must emit equal or less than 75 grams of carbon dioxide (CO
    2
    ) per kilometre driven.
  • Range: Electric vehicles (EVs) must be able to travel a minimum of 70 miles (110 km) between charges. Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) must have a minimum all-electric range of 10 miles (16 km).
  • Minimum top speed: Vehicles must be able to reach a speed of 60 miles per hour (97 km/h) or more.
  • Warranty: Vehicles must have a 3-year or 60,000 miles (97,000 km) vehicle warranty (guarantee) and a 3-year battery and electric drive train warranty, with the option of extending the battery warranty for an extra 2 years('drive train' means the parts that send power from the engine to the wheels. These include the clutch, transmission (gear box), drive shafts, U-joints and differential).
  • Battery performance: Vehicles must have either a minimum 5-year warranty on the battery and electric drive train as standard, or extra evidence of battery performance to show reasonable performance after 3 years of use
  • Electrical safety: Vehicles must comply with certain regulations (UN-ECE Reg 100.01) that show that they are electrically safe.
  • Crash safety: To make sure cars will be safe in a crash, they must either have: EC whole vehicle type approval (EC WVTA, not small series) or evidence that the car has appropriate levels of safety as judged by international standards.

In February 2015 the government announced that to take account of rapidly developing technology, and the growing range of ULEVs on the British market, the criteria for the plug-in car grant was updated and from April 2015, eligible ultra-low emission vehicles (ULEVs) must meet criteria in one of the following categories depending on emission levels and zero-emission-capable mileage, with a technology neutral approach, which means that hydrogen fuel cell cars are also eligible for the grant:[184][185]

  • Category 1: CO
    2
    emissions of less than 50g/km and a zero emission range of at least 70 mi (110 km).
  • Category 2: CO
    2
    emissions of less than 50g/km and a zero emission range between 10 to 69 mi (16 to 111 km).
  • Category 3: CO
    2
    emissions of 50-75g/km and a zero emission range of at least 20 mi (32 km).

In December 2015, the Department for Transport (DfT) announced that Plug-in car grant was extended until March 2018 to encourage more than 100,000 UK motorists to buy cleaner vehicles. A total funding of GB£400 million (~US$600 million ) is available for the extension. To reflect the changes in the British market, the criteria for the Plug-in Car Grant was updated and the maximum grant drops from GB£5,000 (~US$7,450) to GB£4,500 (~US$6,700). For the extension, the amount of the grant is linked in directly with the Office for Low Emission Vehicles three vehicle categories issued in April 2015. The eligible ultra-low emission vehicles (ULEVs) must meet criteria in one of three categories depending on emission levels (CO
2
emissions bands between 50 and 75g/km) and zero-emission-capable mileage (minimum of 10 mi (16 km)), with a technology neutral approach, which means that hydrogen fuel cell cars are eligible for the grant.[185][192][193] The updated scheme went into force on 1 March 2016.[193]

A price cap is in place, with all Category 1 plug-in vehicles eligible for the full grant no matter what their purchase price, while Category 2 and 3 models with a list price of more than GB£60,000 (~US$90,000) are eligible for the grant. Vehicles with a zero-emission range of at least 70 mi (110 km) (category 1), including hydrogen fuel cell vehicles, get a full GB£4,500 (~US$6,700), but plug-in hybrids (categories 2 and 3) costing under GB£60,000 (~US$90,000) receive GB£2,500 (~US$3,725).[192][193] The grant scheme will come under review when a cumulative total of 40,000 Category 1 claims, and 45,000 Category 2 and 3 combined sales have been made. Both these totals will include cars sold before March 2016.[193]

As of October 2016, the following 31 cars available in the British market are eligible for the grant according to their category:[194]

Eligible category 1 vehicles

BMW i3, BYD e6, Citroen C-Zero, Ford Focus Electric, Hyundai Ioniq Electric, Kia Soul EV, Mahindra e2o, Mercedes-Benz B-Class Electric Drive, Nissan e-NV200 5- and 7-seater Combi, Nissan Leaf, Peugeot iOn, Renault Fluence Z.E., Renault Zoe, Smart Fortwo electric drive, Tesla Model S, Toyota Mirai, Volkswagen e-Golf, and Volkswagen e-Up!.

Eligible category 2 vehicles

Audi A3 e-tron (MY 2016 only), BMW 225xe, BMW 330e, Kia Optima PHEV, Mercedes-Benz C350 e, Mitsubishi Outlander P-HEV (except GX3h 4Work), Toyota Prius Plug-in Hybrid, Vauxhall Ampera, Volkswagen Golf GTE, Volkswagen Passat GTE, Volvo V60 Plug-in Hybrid (D5 and D6 Twin Engine), and Volvo XC90 T8 Twin Engine Momentum.[194]

Ineligible vehicles

Category 2 or 3 vehicles with a recommended retail price over £60,000 aren't eligible for a grant. This includes: BMW i8 (category 2), Mercedes-Benz S500 Plug-in Hybrid (category 3), and Porsche Panamera S E-Hybrid (category 3).[194]

The Tesla Roadster was not included in the government's list of eligible vehicles for the plug-in electric car grant. Tesla Motors stated that the company applied for the scheme, but did not complete its application.[187]

In addition to the extension of the Plug-in Grant, the government also announced it will continue the "Electric Vehicle Homecharge Scheme." Starting in March 2016 owners of ultra-low emission vehicles who install a dedicated charge point at their home, covering roughly half the average cost, will get GB£500 (~US$750) towards the cost of installing the charging point, rather than the previous GB£700 (~US$1,050) maximum.[192][193]

Plug-in Van Grant

The Mercedes-Benz Vito E-Cell is eligible for the Plug-In Van Grant.

The Plug-In Van Grant began in February 2012. Van buyers can receive 20% - up to GB£8,000 - off the cost of a plug-in van. To be eligible for the scheme, vans have to meet performance criteria to ensure safety, range, and ultra-low tailpipe emissions. Consumers, both business and private will receive the discount at the point of purchase.[195] The Plug-In Van Grant scheme was extended in October 2016 to make electric trucks above 3.5 tonnes eligible for grants of up to GB£20,000, when businesses switch their large trucks to an electric vehicle. The government also announced their commitment for an additional GB£4 million to the scheme so that all vans and trucks meeting the eligibility requirements can benefit from the grant scheme.[196] The extension of the Plug-In Van grant means that N2 vans (3.5 – 12 tonnes gross weight) and N3 vans (over 12 tonnes gross weight) are now eligible.[196]

The eligibility criteria for vans with a gross weight of 3.5 tonnes or less (N1 van) are:[195]

  • Vehicle type: only new N1 vans are eligible. This includes pre-registration conversions (normal, internal combustion engine vans that were converted to battery or hybrid versions by specialist converters before the car's first registration).
  • Carbon dioxide exhaust emissions: vehicles must emit less than 75 grams of carbon dioxide (CO
    2
    ) per kilometre driven.
  • Range: eligible fully electric vans must be able to travel a minimum of 60 mi (97 km) between charges. Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) must have a minimum electric range of 10 miles (16 km).
  • Minimum top speed: vehicles must be able to reach a speed of 50 mph (80 km/h) or more.
  • Warranty: Vehicles must have a 3-year or 60,000 mi (97,000 km) vehicle warranty (guarantee) and a 3-year battery and electric drive train warranty, with the option of extending the battery warranty for an extra 2 years
  • Battery performance: vehicles must have either a minimum 5-year warranty on the battery and electric drive train as standard

or extra evidence of battery performance to show reasonable performance after 3 years of use

  • Electrical safety: vehicles must comply with certain regulations (UN-ECE Reg 100.00) that show that they are electrically safe.
  • Crash safety To make sure cars will be safe in a crash, they must either have EC whole vehicle type approval (EC WVTA, not small series) or evidence that the car has appropriate levels of safety as judged by international standards.

As of December 2016, the number of claims made through the Plug-in Van Grant scheme totaled 2,938 units since the launch of the programme in 2012, up from 1,906 made by the end of December 2015.[197] As of October 2016 the following nine vans are eligible for the grant: BD Otomotive eTraffic, BD Otomotiv eDucato, Citroën Berlingo, Mercedes-Benz Vito E-Cell, Mitsubishi Outlander GX3h 4Work, Nissan e-NV200, Peugeot ePartner, Renault Kangoo Z.E., and Smith Electric Edison.[194]

Number of beneficiaries

The number of eligible registered plug-in electric vehicles passed the 25,000 unit milestone in January 2015.[188] As of March 2017, the number of eligible registered plug-in electric cars that have benefited with the subsidy totaled 94,541 units since the launch of the programme in 2011.[198] As of December 2016, the number of claims made through the Plug-in Van Grant scheme totaled 2,938 units since the launch of the programme in 2012.[197] About 90,000 plug-in electric vehicles have been registered in the UK up until December 2016, including over 85,000 plug-in hybrids and all-electric cars, and about 4,000 plug-in commercial vans. Not all vehicles were eligible for the grant schemes.[199]

Plugged-in Places

On 19 November 2009, Andrew Adonis, the Secretary of State for Transport, announced a scheme called "Plugged-in-Places", making available £30 million to be shared between three and six cities to investigate further the viability of providing power supply for electric vehicles, and encouraging local government and business to participate and bid for funds.[200]

The UK government is supporting the "Plugged-In Places" program to install vehicle recharging points across the UK. The scheme offers match-funding to consortia of businesses and public sector partners to support the installation of EV recharging infrastructure in lead places across the UK.[201] There are eight Plugged-In Places:East of England;[202] Greater Manchester; London;[203] Midlands;[204] Milton Keynes;[205] North East;

[206] Northern Ireland;[207] and Scotland. The Government also published an Infrastructure Strategy in June 2011.[208]

London congestion charge

All-electric vehicles (BEVs) and eligible plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) qualify for a 100% discount from the London congestion charge. A plug-in electric drive vehicle qualifies if the vehicle is registered with the Driver and Vehicle Licensing Agency (DVLA) and has a fuel type of 'electric', or alternatively, if the vehicle is a 'plug-in hybrid' and is on the Government's list of PHEVs eligible for the OLEV grant.[209] As of February 2015, approved PHEVs include all extended-range cars such as the BMW i3 with range extender and Vauxhall Ampera, and plug-in hybrids that emit 75g/km or less of CO
2
and that meet the Euro 5 standard for air quality, such as the Audi A3 Sportback e-tron, BMW i8, Mitsubishi Outlander P-HEV, and Toyota Prius Plug-in Hybrid.[210]

The original Greener Vehicle Discount was substituted by the Ultra Low Emission Discount (ULED) scheme that went into effect on 1 July 2013. The ULED introduced more stringent emission standards that limited the free access to the congestion charge zone to any car or van that emits 75g/km or less of CO2 and meets the Euro 5 emission standards for air quality. As of July 2013 there are no internal combustion-only vehicles that meet this criteria. The measure is designed to limit the growing number of diesel vehicles on London's roads. Mayor Boris Johnson approved the new scheme in April 2013, after taking into account a number of comments received during the 12-week public consultation that took place. About 20,000 owners of vehicles registered for the Greener Vehicle Discount by June 2013 were granted a three-year sunset period (until 24 June 2016) before they have to pay the full congestion charge.[211][212][213][214]

Effective from 8 April 2019, the ULED scheme will be replaced with the Cleaner Vehicle Discount. This means that from April 2019, only vehicles which are Euro 6, emit up to 75g/km of CO
2
and have a minimum 20 mile zero emission range, will qualify for the discount. A further phase from October 2021 will mean that only zero-emission vehicles (pure electric vehicles and hydrogen fuel cell vehicles) will qualify for the discount, which will be phased out completely from December 2025.[215]

North America

Nissan Leaf, Smart electric drive, and Mitsubishi i-MiEV (from farthest to closest) electric cars in downtown Toronto.

Canada

The Government of Canada introduced a federal Incentive for Zero Emission Vehicles (iZEV) program on May 1, 2019. Under iZEV, the purchaser or lessee is entitled to a rebate of up to CA$5,000 on the after-tax cost of an eligible new electric- or hydrogen-powered vehicle in addition to any provincial incentive programs. The amount of the rebate is determined by Transport Canada based on the vehicle's battery capacity and electric range, and all eligible vehicles must have a list price of CA$45,000 or less (CA$55,000 or less if the vehicle seats seven or more passengers).[216][217]

Simultaneously, the federal government launched a federal Zero-Emission Vehicle Infrastructure Program administered by Natural Resources Canada. The program provides rebates to businesses and governments for new electric vehicle charging stations in public places, workplaces, multi-family residential buildings, and in public transit and delivery fleets.[218]

Ontario

Former rebate program

The Ontario Ministry of Transportation (MTO) established the Electric Vehicle Incentive Program (EVIP) – later renamed the Electric and Hydrogen Vehicle Incentive Program (EHVIP) – in 2010. To qualify, Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs) and Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs) had to be purchased or leased from a seller in Ontario and owned or leased for at least 12 months. Leased vehicles with 12-month terms received 33% of the incentive, 24-month lease terms received 66%, and lease terms 36 months or longer received the full incentive. Vehicles were required to be on a government-developed list of approved vehicles to qualify, and vehicles with a Manufacturer's Suggested Retail Price (MSRP) of CA$75,000 or greater were not eligible for the incentive. Electric vehicles with a battery size of 5 -16 kWh were eligible for incentives from CA$6,000 to CA$10,000 . Vehicles with a battery size exceeding 16 kWh qualified for CA$9,000 to CA$13,000 . Vehicles with five or more seats were eligible for an additional CA$1,000. Demonstration vehicles under a specified mileage and used exclusively for test drives at dealerships or leasing companies were also eligible. Applications for incentives were required to be submitted within 3 months of the vehicle's provincial registration. Prior to the cancellation of the program, the Government of Ontario included rebates of up to CA$14,000 for electric and hybrid vehicles.[219] The EHVIP was financed by proceeds from Ontario's participation with Quebec and California in the Western Climate Initiative (WCI) cap-and-trade program.[220]

The program (and the companion incentive program to encourage private businesses to install charging stations) was cancelled on July 11, 2018, after the government of Premier Doug Ford began the withdrawal of Ontario from the WCI.[221] Rebates were still issued if the vehicle had been delivered to the consumer, registered, and plated on or before July 11; or if the vehicle was in the inventory of a dealership on or before July 11 or was ordered directly from the manufacturer before that date, provided that the vehicle was delivered to the consumer, registered, and plated by September 10, 2018.[222]

Green vehicle plates
Design of the Ontario Green Vehicle License Plate

Electric vehicles in Ontario are eligible for special license plates, officially called Green Vehicle License Plates, from the Ministry of Transportation. In addition to a green colour scheme distinct from the province's typical blue and white license plates, these green plates permit BEV and PHEV owners to travel in the province's high-occupancy vehicle (HOV) and travel at no cost in the high-occupancy toll (HOT) lanes, regardless of the number of passengers in the vehicle.[223][224]

Quebec

Quebec began offering rebates of up to CA$8,000 (~ US$5,600) beginning on January 1, 2012, for the purchase of new plug-in electric vehicles equipped with a minimum of 4 kWh battery, and new hybrid electric vehicles were eligible for a CA$1,000 rebate. All-electric vehicles with high-capacity battery packs were eligible for the full CA$8,000 rebate, and lower incentives were set for low-range electric cars and plug-in hybrids. Quebec's government earmarked CA$50 million (~ US$49.9 million ) for the program, and the maximum rebate amount was set to be slowly reduced every year until a maximum of CA$3,000 in 2015, but the rebates would continue until the fund runs out. There was also a ceiling for the maximum number of eligible vehicles: 10,000 for all-electric vehicles and plug-in hybrids, and 5,000 for conventional hybrids.[225][226]

In November 2013, the provincial government announced its decision to earmark in 2014 an additional CA$65 million (~ US$45.5 million ) to fund a three-year extension to the electric-vehicle rebate program. The maximum rebate was kept at CA$8,000, but a graded scale was introduced in order to spread the incentive over 10,000 or more vehicles.[227] Quebec's government also set the goal to deploy 12,500 more electric vehicles in the province by 2017, consisting of 10,200 consumer cars, 325 taxis, and 2,000 government-fleet vehicles. Also, incentives were issued for "greening" 525 taxis, aimed to introduce 325 plug-in vehicles (275 plug-in hybrids and 50 all-electrics) and 200 conventional hybrids. The purchase incentives start at CA$20,000 for battery-electric taxis, CA$12,000 for plug-in hybrids, and CA$3,000 for conventional hybrids, with the rebate declining over time. The province planned to also subsidize 125 Level 2 stations for the taxi industry, paying 75% of the cost up to CA$5,000 , and pay for the majority of costs to fund 10 Level 3 chargers for taxis.[227]

Also in 2013, the provincial government announced it support to deploy 5,000 new charging stations. A total of 500 stations were to be located around various cities and along the province's so-called Electric Circuit route, another 1,000 near government buildings, and 3,500 at various workplaces for employee use. Businesses are eligible for a 75% rebate on installation costs up to CA$5,000 for Level 1 or Level 2 charging stations. In addition, a 50% rebate will continue to be offered to individuals for installation of home charging stations, with a maximum of CA$1,000 .[227] Also the government announced an initiative for the gradual electrification of the provincial government's own vehicle fleet. The goal is to replace vehicles of the provincial government's 34 ministers (cabinet-level officials) with plug-in hybrid or pure electric vehicles by March 2017. The government expects to bring 2,000 plug-in vehicles into the provincial fleet over the same time.[227]

In October 2016, the National Assembly of Quebec passed a new zero emission vehicle legislation that obliges any carmaker who sells in the Canadian province more than 4,500 new vehicles per year over a three-year average, to offer their customers a minimum number of plug-in hybrid and all-electric models. Under the new law, 3.5% of the total number of autos sold by carmakers in Quebec have to be zero emissions vehicles (ZEV) starting in 2018, rising to 15.5% in 2020. A tradable credit system was created for those carmakers not fulfilling their quotas to avoid financial penalties. The quotas will be determined by Quebec's Ministry of Sustainable Development. Quebec became the first Canadian province to pass such legislation, joining ten U.S. states, including California, that have similar ZEV laws. Quebec aims to have 100,000 zero emission vehicles on the road by 2020.[228][229] Initially, the provincial government set the goal in 2011 to have 300,000 plug-in vehicles on the roads by 2020.[225]

British Columbia

As of June 22, 2019, British Columbia's Clean Energy Vehicle (CEV) Program, funded by the Government of British Columbia and administered by the New Car Dealers of British Columbia industry group, was renewed with funding for approximately 12,000 vehicles. This program will expire when the current 26.5 million in new funding is depleted.[230] The current levels of incentives for vehicles under CA$55,000 are: CA$3,000 for an EV (min 85 km range), CA$1,500 for a plug-in hybrid or an extended range vehicle with a smaller battery capacity (less than 85 km range)[231] these amounts may be reduced annually. All vehicles must be new and purchased in BC, each claim is processed by the dealer at the Point of Sale and deducted from the vehicle price after taxes. The previous program that provided funding to cover part of the cost of installing home EV charging equipment has been discontinued.

There is also a separate privately funded "SCRAP-IT" program with incentives for scrapping conventional gas powered vehicles. Basic incentives[232] range from bus passes to co-op car-share membership credits, or CA$200 in cash. However, there is also the option of applying for a CA$3,000 rebate cheque when buying used EV (min. 15 kWh capacity) and a CA$6,000 rebate cheque when buying a new EV (min. 15 kWh capacity). There is a requirement of 6 months of continuous driving insurance on the vehicle being scrapped from the application date backwards. Incentives are limited yearly (in 2019, there were 1,300 new and 200 used incentives). The "SCRAP-IT" rebate program currently brings the combined provincial incentives available to buyers of a qualifying new EV in BC to CA$11,000. There is an MSRP limit of CA$77,000. SCRAP-IT also introduced a home charging station program on October 18, 2018, called ZapBC.[233] This program covers the cost of a Level 2 ChargePoint charging station. Applicants must pay taxes on the charging station and installation costs. An estimate is provided once the application is submitted.

Since 2016, PHEV and BEV owners can apply for a special decal which permits access to high-occupancy vehicle lanes regardless of the number of passengers in the vehicle.[234][235]

Mexico

EVstation at Parque España, Mexico City. Charging is free at EVstations and available for plug-in cars, electric bicycles and motorcycles.

Mexico has set a minimum goal of clean energies as part of the electric power generation mix in for the next years (25% in 2018, 30% in 2021 and 35% in 2024)[236] as a strategy to reach Greenhouse Gases (GHG) emission cuts. Energy efficiency is also regarded as one of the greater cost-benefit potential alternatives to achieve GHG reduction.[237] Moreover, the transport sector in Mexico represents 44.7% of the total final consumption of energy,[238] almost 17% more than the world average (28%).[239] Thus, replacing low fuel efficient transport with alternative fuels[237] is regarded as a considerable contribution to reduce 50% of its GHG emissions by the year 2050, as established by the General Law on Climate Change commitments.[240] Therefore, incentives for PHEVs have been created both at regional and federal levels to decrease cost of ownership for the end-consumers.

Minimum fuel efficiency by vehicle class[241]

Vehicle Class Minimum Fuel Efficiency (km/l)
Subcompact 16.43
Compact 14.39
Multiple use 9.7
Light truck class 1 8.61
Light truck class 2 8.51

Federal

In Mexico, there are several existing incentives regarding Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEV) at a federal level. Fiscal incentives for end-consumers include higher daily lease tax deductions per car ($285 versus $200 MXN), higher tax deduction caps per car ($250,000 versus $175,000 MXN), and fiscal credits for up to 30% of investments for charging stations located in public places.[242] Furthermore, PHEVs are exempt of the tax on new vehicles (paid by the manufacturer, assembler or dealer).[243]

Also, the electrical power service contract for residential charging stations can be independent of household consumption under a commercial rate, which can save up to 40% on electricity compared to consolidating billing in the same meter.[244][245]

Regional

In Mexico City, Mexico State and Jalisco, PHEVs are exempt from vehicular emission verification.[246] They can instead obtain an exempt hologram which unbounds them from the restrictions imposed by the vehicular emission verification programs, which limits car usage.[247][248] PHEVs are also exempt of the annual ownership vehicle tax in Baja California, Durango, Mexico City, Mexico State, Nayarit, Tlaxcala and Querétaro.[246] In Mexico City, they also have right to a 50% discount on other contributions (permits, concessions, registry, etc.), and models from 2002 to 2017 pay only an endorsement right for vehicle control services.[249][250] Finally, in Mexico City, PHEVs also have preferential parking in private and public parking lots.[251]

Charging station network

As of January 2017, in Mexico there were 700 public access charging stations for PHEVs that are privately owned.[252] The Ministry of Energy and the state owned electric power utility, Comision Federal de Electricidad, will destine $25 million MXN to install 100 more charging stations through 2017–2018 in the metropolitan areas of Guadalajara, Monterrey and Mexico City.[253] As of now, users of the existing network can charge their PHEVs for free, as the cost of electricity is absorbed by the owners of the establishments where the charging stations are located.

United States

Federal government

The Chevrolet Volt (top) and the Nissan Leaf (bottom) are PEVs eligible for a U.S. federal tax credit up to US$7,500, and additional incentives in several states.

In his 2011 State of the Union address, President Barack Obama set the goal for the U.S. to become the first country to have one million electric vehicles on the road by 2015.[254][255] For this purpose, his administration pledged US$2.4 billion in federal grants to support the development of next-generation electric vehicles and batteries.[254][255] The funds were allocated as follows: $1.5 billion in grants to U.S.-based manufacturers to produce highly efficient batteries and their components; up to $500 million in grants to U.S.-based manufacturers to produce other components needed for electric vehicles, such as electric motors and other components; and up to $400 million to demonstrate and evaluate plug-in hybrids and other electric infrastructure concepts—like truck stop charging station, electric rail, and training for technicians to build and repair electric vehicles (greencollar jobs).[256]

Considering that actual plug-in car sales were lower than initially expected, as of early 2013, several industry observers have concluded that Obama's one million goal was unattainable.[257][258][259] As of December 2016, approximately 542,000 EVs have been sold to date in the U.S.[260] According to a July 2012 study by Pike Research, cumulative sales will reach the one million goal set by the Obama Administration only in 2018,[261] while other analysts agree that the goal could be achieved in 2018.[262] With only about 400,000 plug-in electric cars sold in the United States by the end of December 2015, Secretary of Energy, Ernest Moniz, said in January 2016 that the one million goal may not be reached until 2020. According to the Secretary purchases have fallen well below President Barack Obama's goal due to low gasoline prices, which had a negative impact on sales. Also improvements in battery technology are required as lowering battery costs is "absolutely critical" to boost electric vehicle sales.[263][264] U.S. cumulative plug-in sales since 2008 achieved the 500,000 unit milestone in August 2016.[262]

In March 2018, a group of America's largest electric utilities sided with U.S. automakers and asked Congress to preserve the tax credit in order to support the continued growth of sales of electric vehicles. Currently, there are hundreds of thousands of electric vehicles on the road. However, the auto industry is approaching a point at which the tax incentives will begin to expire. According to Daily Energy Insider, "The utilities' efforts occur at a time when growth in electric sales is sluggish and electric companies see a possible opportunity to apply the latest battery technology to help serve their customers."[265]

New plug-in electric vehicles

The Energy Improvement and Extension Act of 2008 granted tax credits for new qualified plug-in electric drive motor vehicles.[266] The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 (ARRA) also authorized federal tax credits for converted plug-ins, though the credit is lower than for new PEVs.[267] American Clean Energy and Security Act of 2009 (ACES) also has extensive provisions for electric cars. The bill calls for all electric utilities to, "develop a plan to support the use of plug-in electric drive vehicles, including heavy-duty hybrid electric vehicles". The bill also provides for "smart grid integration," allowing for more efficient, effective delivery of electricity to accommodate the additional demands of plug-in electric vehicles. Finally, the bill allows for the Department of Energy to fund projects that support the development of PEVs and smart grid technology and infrastructure.[268]

As defined by the 2009 ACES Act, a PEV is a vehicle which draws propulsion energy from a traction battery with at least 4 kwh of capacity and uses an offboard source of energy to recharge such battery.[266][269] The tax credit for new plug-in electric vehicles is worth $2,500 plus $417 for each kilowatt-hour of battery capacity over 4 kwh, and the portion of the credit determined by battery capacity cannot exceed $5,000. Therefore, the maximum amount of the credit allowed for a new PEV is $7,500.[266] Both the Nissan Leaf electric vehicle and the Chevrolet Volt plug-in hybrid, launched in December 2010, are eligible for the maximum $7,500 tax credit.[270] The Toyota Prius Plug-in Hybrid, released in January 2012, was eligible for a $2,500 tax credit due to its smaller battery capacity of 5.2 kWh.[271] All Tesla cars and Chevrolet Bolts were eligible for the $7,500 tax credit.

As granted by the 2009 ACES Act, electric vehicles produced after 2010 are eligible for an IRS tax credit from $2,500 to $7,500.[272] There are some limitations and rules however that go along with the applied tax credit from electric vehicles. When an electric vehicle is leased, the tax credit is held by the manufacturer offering the lease, not by the lessee.[273] Other restrictions that affect PEV tax credit include limitation of credit for electric vehicles used in reselling purposes, terms requiring the vehicle to remain in the United States, and production by qualified sellers.[274]

Phaseout
Example of phaseout

These granted tax credits on PEV vehicles will phase out once 200,000 plug-in vehicles are sold by each manufacturer in the U.S.[275] During this phase out period after 200,000 plug-in car sales, qualified producers will experience a drop in a tax credit of $7,500 to $3,750 for the next 6 months followed by a drop to $1,875 for another 6 months until the credit is ran out completely.[276]

External images
PEV tax credit development since 2011
PEV tax credit development since 2016

The qualified plug-in electric vehicle credit phases out for a PEV manufacturer over the one-year period beginning with the second calendar quarter after the calendar quarter in which at least 200,000 qualifying vehicles from that manufacturer have been sold for use in the U.S. Cumulative sales started counting sales after December 31, 2009. After reaching the cap, qualifying PEVs for one quarter still earn the full credit, the second quarter after that quarter PEVS are eligible for 50% of the credit for six months, then 25% of the credit for another six months and finally the credit is phased out.[266][269]

In July 2018, Tesla Inc. was the first plug-in manufacturer to pass 200,000 sales and the full tax credit was available until the end 2018, with the phase out beginning in January 2019.[277] General Motors combined sales of plug-in electric vehicles passed 200,000 units in November 2018. The full tax credit was available until the end of March 2019 and thereafter reduced gradually until complete phase out beginning on April 1, 2020.[278][279][280] As of January 2021, 21 vehicles have access to full tax credit, depending on taxpayer's conditions. Several plugin-vehicles are also approved for significant credits.[281]

Federal tax credit sales numbers
(As of 30 November 2018)
[282]
Carmaker Cumulative
sales (Oct 2020)
Date cap
was reached
Tesla~1,250,000July 2018[277]
General Motors~203,941Nov 2018[278]
Nissan126,875
Ford111,715
Toyota93,011
BMW Group79,679
Studies

A 2013 study published in the journal Energy Policy determined that current federal subsidies are "not aligned with the goal of decreased gasoline consumption in a consistent and efficient manner." In particular, hybrid-vehicle credit is given according to battery capacity rather than on the vehicle's all-electric range. Across the battery-capacity and charging-infrastructure scenarios examined, the lowest-cost solution is for more drivers to switch to traditional hybrid electrics or low-capacity plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs). Installing charging infrastructure would provide lower gasoline savings per dollar spent than paying for increased PHEV battery capacity.[283][284]

A 2016 study conducted by researchers from the University of California, Davis found that the federal tax credit was the reason behind more than 30% of the plug-in electric sales. The impact of the federal tax incentive is higher among owners of the Nissan Leaf, with up to 49% of sales attributable to the federal incentive. The study, based on a stated preference survey of more than 2,882 plug-in vehicle owners in 11 states, also found that the federal tax credit shifts buyers from internal combustion engine vehicles to plug-in vehicles and advances the purchase timing of new vehicles by a year or more.[285]

Plug-in conversion kits
Plug-in electric drive conversion were also eligible for a maximum $4,000 federal tax credit. Shown here are normal Toyota Priuses that were converted to Plug-in hybrids recharging in San Francisco.

The 2009 ARRA provided a tax credit for plug-in electric drive conversion kits. The credit is equal to 10% of the cost of converting a vehicle to a qualified plug-in electric vehicle and in service after February 17, 2009. The maximum amount of the credit is $4,000. The credit does not apply to conversions made after December 31, 2011.[267][286]

Charging equipment

Through 2010, there was a federal tax credit equal to 50% of the cost to buy and install a home-based charging station with a maximum credit of US$2,000 for each station. Businesses qualified for tax credits up to $50,000 for larger installations.[270][287] These credits expired on December 31, 2010, but were extended through 2013 with a reduced tax credit equal to 30% with a maximum credit of up to US$1,000 for each station for individuals and up to US$30,000 for commercial buyers.[288][289]

New proposals
An initiative by the Obama Administration to increase the maximum tax credit for plug-in electric vehicles to US$10,000, would not apply to luxury vehicles with a sales price of over US$45,000, such as the Cadillac ELR (shown) and the Tesla Model S.

Two separate initiatives were pursued in 2011 to transform the tax credit into an instant cash rebate; these did not pass. The objective of both initiatives was to make new qualifying plug-in electric cars more accessible to buyers by making the incentive more effective. The rebate would have been available at the point of sale allowing consumers to avoid a wait of up to a year to apply the tax credit against income tax returns.[290][291] The first initiative was from Senator Debbie Stabenow who reintroduced the "Charging America Forward Act." This bill was introduced in August 2010 but was not voted by the full Senate.[290] The bill would have turned the tax credit into a rebate worth up to US$7,500 for plug-in electric vehicles and also would have provided businesses with a tax credit for purchasing medium or heavy duty plug-in hybrid trucks.[292] The other initiative was from the Obama Administration and was submitted in the FY2012 Budget as a provision to transform the existing credit into a rebate that would have been claimable by dealers and passed along to the consumers, this was not included in the Budget.[291][293]

Another change plug-in tax credit was proposed by Senator Carl Levin and Representative Sander Levin who proposed to raise the existing cap on the number of plug-in vehicles eligible for the tax credit. The proposal would have raised that limit from the existing 200,000 PEVs per manufacturer to 500,000 units, this was not passed.[290]

In March 2014 the Obama Administration included a provision in the FY2015 Budget to increase the maximum tax credit for plug-in electric vehicles and other advanced vehicles to US$10,000. However, the new maximum tax credit would not apply to luxury vehicles with a sales price of over US$45,000, which would be capped at US$7,500. The proposal sought to remove the 200,000 vehicle cap per manufacturer after which the credit phases out over a year. Instead, the incentives would begin to phase out—falling to 75% of the current credit—starting in 2019 for all manufacturers, and would be completely phased out by 2022; this did not get included in the Budget.[294]

In November 2017, House Republicans proposed scrapping the $7,500 tax credit as part of a sweeping tax overhaul,[295] but the final bill passed left the credit intact.

In California

The Tesla Model S is eligible for a US$7,500 federal tax credit and a rebate in California, depending on income.

The Clean Vehicle Rebate Project (CVRP), initially funded with a total of US$4.1 million by the California Environmental Protection Agency's Air Resources Board (ARB), was established in order to promote the production and use of zero-emission vehicles (ZEVs), including plug-in electric and fuel cell vehicles. The program was created from Assembly Bill 118 that was signed by Governor Schwarzenegger in October 2007. The funding is provided on a first-come, first-served basis, and the project is expected to go through 2015.[296]

Besides a US$2,500 federal tax credit, the Toyota Prius Plug-in Hybrid is eligible for a rebate in California, depending on income.

Eligible vehicles include only new ARB-certified or approved zero-emission or plug-in hybrid electric vehicles. A list of eligible vehicles can be found on the California Center for Sustainable Energy web site.[297] Among the eligible vehicles are neighborhood electric vehicles, battery electric, plug-in hybrid electric, and fuel cell vehicles including cars, trucks, medium- and heavy-duty commercial vehicles, and zero-emission motorcycles. Vehicles must be purchased or leased on or after March 15, 2010. Rebates of up to $5,000 per light-duty vehicle are available for individuals and business owners who purchase or lease new eligible vehicles. Certain zero-emission commercial vehicles are also eligible for rebates up to $20,000.[296][297]

The 2012 Chevrolet Volt fitted with a low emissions package qualified in California for the US$1,500 CVRP rebate and had free access to high-occupancy vehicle lanes.

As of early September 2012, private individuals accounted for 88% of rebate funds reimbursed.[298] As of early March 2013, CARB has issued about 18,000 rebates totaling US$41 million.[299] However, CARB notices that approximately 2,300 Chevrolet Volts were sold in California before the Volt became eligible for the rebate in February 2012.[300] As a result of the rebate and other existing incentives, such as allowing solo drivers in HOV lanes, California is the leading PEV market in the United States with about 40% of all new plug-in electric vehicles sold nationwide during 2011 and 2012, while the state represents about 10% of all new car sales in the country.[299]

As of 10 March 2014, a total of 52,264 clean vehicle rebates have been issued by the CVRP, for a total of US$110,222,866 disbursed, with only US$3.8 million remaining for fiscal year 2013–2014. As of April 2014, the CVRP was facing an estimated US$30 million funding shortfall for the 2013-14 fiscal year, and uncertainty about additional funding for the 2014-15 fiscal year. CARB staff presented a proposal to the board to overcome the funding shortage and also to facilitate the rebates to benefit buyers in disadvantaged communities who live in areas with bad air quality or who can't afford high-end electric cars.[301]

A bill signed into law in September 2014, mandated the CARB to draft a financial plan to meet California's goal of putting one million vehicles on the road while making sure that disadvantaged communities can participate. CARB had to change the Clean Vehicle Rebate program to provide an extra credit for low-income drivers who wish to purchase or lease an electric car. CARB also provides assistance to carsharing programs in low-income neighborhoods and install charging stations in apartment buildings in those communities. Under bill SB 1275, low-income residents who agree to scrap older, polluting cars will also get a clean vehicle rebate on top of existing payments for junking smog-producing vehicles.[302][303]

Another bill signed into law in September 2014, AB 1721, grants clean air vehicles free or reduced rates in high-occupancy toll lanes (HOT) lanes.[302][304] AB 2565 facilitates access to charging stations by requiring commercial and residential property owners to approve installation if the charging station meets requirements and complies with the owner's process for approving a modification to the property.[302][304]

As of 29 March 2016, California added income-based caps to its rebate system. Buyers with incomes less than 300% of the Federal poverty level will get up to US$3,000 for a plug-in hybrid, US$4,000 for an all-electric car, and US$6,500 for a hydrogen fuel-cell car and the rebate scales down until Californian buyers with incomes over US$250,000 are no longer are eligible for incentives on hybrids or electric cars, however can get US$5,000 for a hydrogen fuel-cell car .[305][306] As of March 2016, the Center for Sustainable Energy has issued more than $291 million in the CVRP for over 137,200 vehicles since 2010.[307]

The income-base caps went into effect on 1 November 2016. Residents will not be eligible for rebates if their gross annual income exceeds US$150,000 for single tax filers, US$204,000 for head of household filers and US$300,000 for joint filers.[306] These limits do not apply to the purchase of fuel cell electric vehicles, which represent less than 1% of rebate applications.[308][309]

The standard tax credits (on eligible cars) are $1,500 for plug-in hybrids, $2,500 for all-electrics, and $5,000 for fuel cell cars.[310]

Access to HOV lanes
California's green Clean Air Vehicle sticker for plug-in hybrids (expired in 1/1/2019)
California's red Clean Air Vehicle sticker for all-electric cars (expires in 1/1/2022)

In California a vehicle that meets specified emissions standards may be issued Clean Air Vehicle (CAV) decals that allow the vehicle to be operated by a single occupant in California's high-occupancy vehicle lanes (HOV), or carpool or diamond lanes. All-electric vehicles are classified as Federal Inherently Low Emission Vehicles (ILEVs), and as zero emissions vehicles are entitled to an unlimited number of white CAV stickers. Green CAV stickers were initially available to a limited number of applicants that purchased or leased cars meeting California's Enhanced Advanced Technology Partial Zero Emission Vehicle (Enhanced AT PZEV) or Transitional Zero-Emission Vehicle (TZEV) requirements, for which plug-in hybrids classify. The green car sticker cap was increased several times, and since September 2016 the cap was removed.[311]

Research performed in 2015 by the UCLA Luskin Center for Innovation found that access to HOV lanes has a significant impact on plug-in car sales. Researchers linked automobile sales to a sample of more than 7,000 of the 8,057 census tracts in California for the study, including Los Angeles, Sacramento, San Diego and San Francisco. The study concluded that the ability to use potentially time-saving HOV lanes prompted the purchase of more than 24,000 plug-in electric cars and hybrids in the four urban areas from 2010 to 2013, or about 40% of the total of such vehicles. The UCLA researcher concluded that without the policy giving plug-in vehicles access to HOV lanes, total plug-in sales in the same study areas would have been only 36,692 for the three-year period.[312]

All states

As of November 2014, 37 states and Washington, D.C. have established incentives and tax exemptions for BEVs and PHEVs, or utility-rate breaks, and other non-monetary incentives such as free parking and high-occupancy vehicle lane access.[313] All states are eligible for the $7,500 income tax credit.

Australia

Federal incentives

In Australia, the Federal Government offers no direct incentives for electric vehicle ownership and imposes a substantial financial disincentive by way of a Federal Luxury Car Tax that is applied on new vehicles valued over a certain threshold (in 2014–15, this was A$61,884). The application threshold for this tax is increased to A$75,375 for fuel efficient vehicles - defined as those with a fuel consumption rating under 7 litres per 100 kilometres.[314] By definition, electric vehicles which do not use conventional fuel sources are covered by this classification.[315]

State and Territory incentives

Motor vehicle registrations in Australia are the responsibility of the state and territory governments. Two of these jurisdictions offer incentives or rebates for electric vehicles:

Victoria

  • In Victoria, hybrid and electric vehicles received a $100 annual discount on vehicle registration.[316][317]

Australian Capital Territory

Electric powered vehicles are entitled to 20% discount on registration. The owner pays 20% less on the cost of the annual registration component, however must pay the full fee for compulsory third party insurance, road rescue fee, road safety contribution.[319]

There are no electric vehicle incentives in New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Western Australia, Tasmania or the Northern Territory.[320][321]

South America

Ecuador

In Ecuador, all electric vehicles are exempt from customs duties and taxes starting in June 2019. The electric vehicle offer in the country is set to increase. The Ecuadorean government has been incentivizing the use of electric vehicles with tax cuts. However, both the offer and demand remained short, encouraging the government to eliminate all duties to electric vehicles.

Africa

Morocco

Electric and hybrid vehicles are exempt from customs duties since 2017.[322]

South Africa

Electric vehicles pay a 25% duty, this is 7% higher than fossil fuel vehicles from the EU that only pay 18%. Beyond this disincentive, there are no incentives or advantages for EV ownership in South Africa.

See also

References

  1. "Global EV Outlook 2007: Two million and counting" (PDF). International Energy Agency. 2017-10-07. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-06-07.
  2. International Energy Agency (IEA), Clean Energy Ministerial, and Electric Vehicles Initiative (EVI) (June 2020). "Global EV Outlook 2020: Enterign the decade of electric drive?". IEA Publications. Retrieved 2020-06-19.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  3. Wappelhorst, Sandra; Hall, Dale; Nicholas, Mike; Lutsey, Nic (February 2020). "Analyzing Policies to Grow the Electric Vehicle Market in European Cities" (PDF). International Council on Clean Transportation. Retrieved 2020-06-19.
  4. "Norwegian EV policy". Norsk Elbilforening (Norwegian Electric Vehicle Association). Retrieved 2020-06-18.
  5. Cobb, Jeff (2016-03-08). "Norway Aiming For 100-Percent Zero Emission Vehicle Sales By 2025". HybridCars.com. Retrieved 2020-06-18.
  6. Bradsher, Keith (2009-04-01), "China Vies to Be World's Leader in Electric Cars", The New York Times, retrieved 2009-04-05
  7. PRTM Management Consultants, Inc. (April 2011). "The China New Energy Vehicles Program - Challenges and Opportunities" (PDF). World Bank. Retrieved 2013-04-22. See Acronyms and Key Terms, pp. v
  8. "China Announces Plan to Subsidize EVs and Plug-in Hybrids in Five Major Cities". Edmunds.com. 2010-06-01. Archived from the original on 2010-06-05. Retrieved 2010-06-14.
  9. Motavalli, Jim (2010-06-02). "China to Start Pilot Program, Providing Subsidies for Electric Cars and Hybrids". New York Times. Retrieved 2010-06-02.
  10. Han, Tianyang (2011-06-20). "Taxes slashed to cut emissions". China Daily. Retrieved 2011-06-27.
  11. Yan, Fang; Wills, Ken (2012-04-19). "Mini electric cars fill gap in China as official EVs sputter". US: Reuters. Retrieved 2012-04-24.
  12. "China announces new electric car subsidy program". China Economic Review. 2013-09-18. Archived from the original on 2013-12-17. Retrieved 2013-09-18.
  13. Gu, Liping (2014-09-07). "China's Jan.-Aug. NEV production up 328 percent". Xinhua. ECNS. Retrieved 2014-09-07.
  14. "China's New Energy Vehicle Mandate Policy (Final Rule)" (PDF). International Council on Clean Transportation. January 2018. Retrieved 2018-07-01.
  15. "China Raises Subsidies to Reward Longer Range Electric Cars". Bloomberg. 2018-02-13.
  16. "Adjustment to subsidies for New Energy Vehicles in China" (PDF). International Council on Clean Transportation. May 2017. Retrieved 2018-07-01.
  17. "Electric vehicles sales drop after subsidy scheme ends". The Economic Times. 2012-06-18. Retrieved 2015-01-14.
  18. "India Approves Incentives for Electric Vehicles". Bloomberg. 2014-11-22. Retrieved 2015-01-14.
  19. "How India's e-vehicle dream crashed into the subsidy wall". Business Standard. 2014-08-26. Retrieved 2015-01-14.
  20. "Boost for electric and hybrid cars with Rs 1.5 Lakh subsidy". The Indian Express. 2014-04-18. Retrieved 2015-01-14.
  21. Salvi, Rekha; Nambiar, Sreehari B. (2013). "Electric Vehicle India" (PDF). Tekes: Finnish Funding Agency for Innovation. Retrieved 2015-01-14.
  22. "Incentives for EV & HEV" (PDF). Electric Vehicle Association of Asia Pacific. October 2003. Retrieved 2010-06-06.
  23. Ahman, Max (March 2006). "Government policy and the development of electric vehicles in Japan". Energy Policy. 34 (4): 433–443. doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2004.06.011.
  24. "Fact Sheet - Japanese Government Incentives for the Purchase of Environmentally Friendly Vehicles" (PDF). Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-12-26. Retrieved 2010-12-24.
  25. "The Motor Industry of Japan 2010" (PDF). Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association. Retrieved 2010-12-24. See pages 45–46.
  26. Kageyama (Associated Press), Yuri (2010-04-03). "Showrooms get i-MiEV, first cheap electric car". The Japan Times. Retrieved 2010-06-06.
  27. "Japan's measures to withstand impact of global crisis on its automotive industry - JAMA shares at the 4th Indonesia International Automotive Conference". News from JAMA Asia. Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association (36). September 2009. Retrieved 2010-06-06.
  28. "Sales Promotion Scheme and 2009 Vehicle Sales Forecasts - Japan: Rebate for purchase or replacement with eco-friendly vehicles". Marklines.com. Archived from the original on 2009-04-26. Retrieved 2010-06-06.
  29. Pornelos, Vince (2017-12-19). "Excise Tax Simulation: How expensive will the cars of 2018 be?". AutoIndustriya. Philippines. Retrieved 2018-03-29.
  30. Lim, James (2016-07-10). "South Korea Formulates Ambitious Plan to Promote E-Cars". Blomberg BNA. Archived from the original on 2016-09-27. Retrieved 2016-09-24.
  31. "PPP European Green Cars Initiative". Green-cars-initiative.eu. Retrieved 2010-02-12.
  32. "Transport: Electric vehicles - European commission". Ec.europa.eu. Archived from the original on 2011-03-19. Retrieved 2009-09-19.
  33. "DIRECTIVE 2009/33/EC OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL of 23 April 2009 on the promotion of clean and energy-efficient road transport vehicles". Retrieved 2010-12-26.
  34. Hockenos, Paul (2011-07-29). "Europe's Incentive Plans for Spurring E.V. Sales". The New York Times. Retrieved 2011-07-31.
  35. "Overview of Purchase and Tax Incentives for Electric Vehicles in the EU" (PDF). European Automobile Manufacturers Association. 2011-03-14. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-09-27. Retrieved 2011-07-31.
  36. "Electric Vehicle Imports will become VAT-exempt". energyagency.am. Retrieved 2019-05-12.
  37. "Armenia to become world's first country to switch government fleet to solely electric cars". RepatArmenia. 2019-05-09. Retrieved 2019-05-12.
  38. "Overview on Tax Incentives for Electric Vehicles in the EU" (PDF). European Automobile Manufacturers Association. 2017. Retrieved 2018-07-01.
  39. "Incitants à l'achat de véhicules électriques en Belgique, Press Release". Going Electric. 2010-02-04. Archived from the original on 2011-10-05. Retrieved 2011-06-11.
  40. "Conseil des Ministres : nouvelles mesures éco-fiscales, Press Release" (PDF) (in French). Ministre des Finances. 2009-11-20. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-06. Retrieved 2010-05-24.
  41. "Overview of Tax Incentives for Electric Vehicles in the EU" (PDF). European Automobile Manufacturers Association. 2010-04-20. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-06-11. Retrieved 2010-05-18.
  42. Mathieu, Carine (2012-10-12). "La voiture électrique ne s'impose toujours pas" [The electric car still is not essential]. L'Echo (in French). Archived from the original on 2016-01-29. Retrieved 2012-11-17.
  43. Loveday, Eric (2011-06-11). "Nissan Leaf priced as low as €27,800* ($40,254 U.S.) in Belgium". AutoblogGreen. Retrieved 2011-06-11.
  44. "Car registration and taxes - Bulgaria". European Commission. 2017-03-01. Archived from the original on 2018-04-21. Retrieved 2018-04-21.
  45. https://archiv.ihned.cz/c1-66528610-zajistujeme-pro-cesko-ctvrtinu-exportu-tak-nas-podporte-v-prechodu-na-elektromobily-zada-vladu-sef-skody
  46. https://idea.cerge-ei.cz/files/IDEA_Studie_02_2019_Elektromobily/IDEA_Studie_02_2019_Elektromobily.html
  47. "Dansk Elbil Alliance - Bestand af elbiler i Danmark". danskelbilalliance.dk. Archived from the original on 2015-10-06.
  48. "Elbilerne slipper for højere afgifter, men der er uendelig langt til millionen". Ingeniøren (in Danish). 2018-12-07. Retrieved 2018-12-19.
  49. "Sihtasutus KredEx - Grant for purchase of electric cars proved popular, admission period for applications ends on 07 August". Kredex. 2014-08-06. Retrieved 2015-01-29.
  50. "Trafi.fi - Sähköauton hankintatuki". Trafi.fi. Retrieved 2018-04-01.
  51. Mainio, Tapio. "Vanhanen haluaa sähköautot Suomen teille - HS.fi - Autot". HS.fi. Retrieved 2010-02-12.
  52. Linnake, Tuomas (2008-08-05). "Matti Vanhanen puhui sähköautojen puolesta | It-viikko". M.itviikko.fi. Retrieved 2010-02-12.
  53. "Trafi.fi - Lk-ajoneuvojen käyttövoimatilastot". Trafi.fi. Retrieved 2018-04-01.
  54. "Environmental Tax Reform in Europe: Opportunities for the Future" (PDF). Institute for European Environmental Policy (IEEP). 2014-05-30. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-10-09. Retrieved 2016-10-08. See Chapter 3 - Car Registration Tax ('Bonus-Malus' system) in France pp. 15-21.
  55. "50,000 Electric Vehicles: France Commits to Infrastructure & Production". ABC Carbon. 2010-04-13. Retrieved 2010-05-24.
  56. Nussbaumer, Yoann (2012-08-10). "France: Consumer bonuses for electric and hybrid cars". Automobile Propre. Archived from the original on 2012-11-10. Retrieved 2013-02-16.
  57. "De nouveaux barèmes bonus-malus en 2014" [New bonus-malus scales in 2014] (in French). Bioéthanol. 2014-01-17. Retrieved 2016-10-08.
  58. "What is new for April 1?". The Connexion. 2015-04-01. Retrieved 2016-10-08.
  59. "Bonus-Malus : définitions et barèmes pour 2016" [Bonus-Malus: definitions and scales for 2016] (in French). Ministère de l'Environnement, de l'Energie et de la Mer. 2016-05-04. Retrieved 2016-10-08.
  60. "Bonus-malus écologique : le barème 2016" [EcologicalBonus-malus: the 2016 scale]. Autonews France (in French). 2016-01-08. Retrieved 2016-10-08.
  61. "Superbonus & prime à la conversion : mode d'emploi" [Superbonus & conversion premium: user manual] (in French). Association Nationale pour le Développement de la Mobilité Électrique- AVERE France. 2016-01-04. Retrieved 2016-10-08.
  62. Schwoerer, Philippe (2016-10-06). "Les aides pour les 2, 3 et 4 roues électriques en 2017 annoncées par Ségolène Royal" [Subsidy for the two-, three- and four-wheeled electric motorcycles by 2017 announced by Ségolène Royal] (in French). Association pour l'Avenir du Véhicule Electrique Méditerranéen (AVEM). Retrieved 2016-10-08.
  63. Leurent, Tiphaine (2016-09-29). "Projet de loi de finances 2017 : décryptage" [Bill 2017 Finance: deciphering] (in French). Association pour l'Avenir du Véhicule Electrique Méditerranéen (AVEM). Retrieved 2016-10-08.
  64. Rochain 18.12.2019 (2019-12-18). "Voitures électriques: le bonus écologique revu à la baisse à partir de 2021". Le Monde de l'Energie (in French). Retrieved 2019-12-23.
  65. "Germany Starts National Electric Mobility Platform". autoevolution. 2010-05-03. Retrieved 2010-06-26.
  66. "VW Showcases Golf Blue-e-motion at Berlin E-Mobility Event". Green Car Congress. 2010-05-03. Retrieved 2010-06-26.
  67. Praetorius, Barbara (2011). "E-Mobility in Germany: A research agenda for studying the diffusion of innovative mobility concepts" (PDF). ECEEE. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-08-26. Retrieved 2014-08-24.
  68. Blau, John (2010-05-03). "Berlin plugs in electric mobility strategy". Deutsche Welle. Retrieved 2014-08-24.
  69. "Policy support for electrically chargeable vehicles". rai vereniging (RAI Association - Dutch Association of Bicycle and Automobile Industry). February 2010. Archived from the original on 2009-11-12. Retrieved 2010-05-26. Click under "Overzicht stimuleringsprogrammas elektrische voertuigen (Overview incentive programs electric vehicles) to download the report in pdf format (website in Dutch).
  70. "Prämie für E-Autos beschlossenWie komme ich jetzt an den Bonus?" [Premium For Electric Cars Decided, how do I get to the bonus?]. Bild (in German). 2016-05-18. Retrieved 2016-09-25.
  71. "Germany ends tax disadvantage for corporate electric cars". Reuters. 2013-06-07. Retrieved 2013-06-24.
  72. Tost, Daniel (2014-09-25). "Berlin approves new incentives for electric car drivers". EurActiv.com. Retrieved 2014-09-25.
  73. "E-Auto-Prämie: Diese Voraussetzungen müssen erfüllt sein: Gibt es auch Formen von Steuervergünstigungen oder Steuerbefreiungen?" [E-Car Bonus: These requirements must be met: Are there any tax relief or tax exemption benefits?]. KFZ-betrieb (in German). 2016-08-09. Retrieved 2016-09-25.
  74. "Förderung von Elektroautos kommt ins Rollen" [Promotion of electric cars gets rolling]. KFZ-betrieb (in German). 2014-08-04. Archived from the original on 2014-08-26. Retrieved 2014-08-24.
  75. Sunderland, Faye (2014-08-15). "Germany plans new EV incentives to spur uptake". The Green Car Website UK. Archived from the original on 2014-08-26. Retrieved 2014-08-24.
  76. Nicola, Stefan (2014-09-24). "Germany Proposes Free Parking to Spur Electric-Car Sales". Bloomberg Businessweek. Archived from the original on 2014-09-25. Retrieved 2014-09-24.
  77. Parkin, Brian; Tschampa, Dorothee (2014-12-02). "Merkel Backs Incentives in Push for a Million Electric Cars". Bloomberg Businessweek. Archived from the original on 2014-12-07. Retrieved 2014-12-07.
  78. Kinkartz, Sabine (2014-12-03). "The future is electric - or is it?". Deutsche Welle. Retrieved 2014-12-07.
  79. Kraftfahrt-Bundesamtes (KBA) (2021-01-06). "Pressemitteilung Nr. 01/2021 - Elektromobilität in Deutschland auf der Überholspur" [Press release No. 01/2021 - Electromobility in Germany in the fast lane] (in German). KBA. Retrieved 2021-01-25.The term electric drive used by KBA includes battery-electric, plug-in and fuel-cell cars.
  80. Die Bundesregierung (The Federal Government) (2020-09-22). "Climate-friendly transport: Promoting the conversion to electric mobility". Cabinet of Germany. Retrieved 2021-01-25.
  81. "Germany considers $5,500 incentive for electric cars". Automotive News Europe. Reuters. 2016-01-29. Retrieved 2016-03-20.
  82. Bellon, Tina; Wacket, Markus (2016-02-26). "Automakers would share German electric car incentive plan cost". Reuters. Retrieved 2016-03-20.
  83. Grimm, Andreas (2016-03-18). "Nissan will zusätzliche E-Prämie zahlen" [Nissan will pay an additional E-premium]. KFZ-betrieb (in German). Retrieved 2016-03-20.
  84. Cremer, Andreas (2016-04-27). "Germany to launch 1 billion-euro discount scheme for electric car buyers". Reuters. Retrieved 2016-05-14.
  85. Agence France-Presse (2016-04-28). "Germany to give €1bn subsidy to boost electric car sales". The Guardian. Retrieved 2016-05-14.
  86. "Bis zu 4.000 Euro Förderung für Elektroautos" [Up to 4,000 euros in funding for electric cars]. KFZ-betrieb (in German). 2016-04-27. Archived from the original on 2016-06-16. Retrieved 2016-04-14.
  87. "Elektromobilität (Umweltbonus) Zwischenbilanz zum Antragstand vom 30. September 2016" [Electromobility (Environmental bonus) Interim balance of application as of 30 September 2016] (PDF) (in German). Bundesamt für Wirtschaft und Ausfuhrkontrolle (BAFA). 2016-09-30. Retrieved 2016-10-08.
  88. "Nissan sparks interest in electric vehicles with an added bonus for customers". Nissan Press Release. Automotive World. 2016-05-12. Retrieved 2016-05-14.
  89. "Bislang 175 Anträge für Elektroauto-Prämie" [175 applications for electric car-premium up today]. KFZ-betrieb (in German). 2016-07-04. Archived from the original on 2016-09-27. Retrieved 2016-09-25.
  90. Autobild (2012-01-12). "2011 Full Year Best-Selling Electric Cars in Germany in 2011". BestSellingCars.com. Retrieved 2012-10-31. Cumulative number of registered electric cars was 4,541 as of January 1, 2012. All-electric car and van registrations in 2010 totaled 541 units and 2,154 in 2011.
  91. Kraftfahrt-Bundesamtes (KBA) (2013-01-31). "Neuzulassungen E-Mobilität 2012-Kaum Zuwachs wegen Twizy" [Registrations E-mobility - Low growth due to Twizy]. Auto Bild (in German). Retrieved 2013-02-14. A total of 2,956 all-electric cars were registered in Germany during 2012.
  92. Kraftfahrt-Bundesamtes (KBA). "Monatliche Neuzulassungen - Neuzulassungsbarometer im Dezember 2013" [Monthly registrations - New registrations Barometer in December 2013] (in German). KBA. Retrieved 2014-09-06. A total of 1,385 plug-in hybrids and 6,051 all-electric cars were registered during 2013.
  93. Kraftfahrt-Bundesamtes (KBA) (January 2015). "Neuzulassungsbarometer im Dezember 2014" [New Registrations Barometer December 2014] (in German). KBA. Retrieved 2015-01-27. A total of 13,049 plug-in electric cars registered in Germany during 2014, consisting of 8,522 all-electric cars and 4,527 plug-in hybrids.
  94. Kraftfahrt-Bundesamtes (KBA) (January 2016). "Neuzulassungsbarometer im Dezember 2015" [New Registrations Barometer December 2015] (in German). KBA. Retrieved 2015-01-21. A total of 23,464 plug-in electric cars registered in Germany during 2015, consisting of 12,363 all-electric cars and 11,101 plug-in hybrids.
  95. Kraftfahrt-Bundesamtes (KBA) (January 2017). "Neuzulassungsbarometer im Dezember 2016" [New Registrations Barometer December 2015] (in German). KBA. Retrieved 2017-01-11. A total of 25,154 plug-in electric cars were registered in Germany in 2016, consisting of 11,410 all-electric cars and 13,744 plug-in hybrids.
  96. Kraftfahrt-Bundesamtes (KBA) (2018-01-12). "Neuzulassungsbarometer im Dezember 2017" [New Registrations Barometer December 2017] (in German). KBA. Retrieved 2018-01-12. A total of 29,436 plug-in hybrids and 25,056 all-electric cars were registered in Germany in 2017.
  97. Kraftfahrt-Bundesamt (KBA) (January 2019). "Neuzulassungsbarometer im Dezember 2018" [New registration barometer in December 2018] (in German). KBA. Retrieved 2019-01-15. Click on the tab Kraftstoffarten for the market shares by fuel: Electric was 1.0% in 2018, and plug-in hybrid was 0.9%
  98. Kraftfahrt-Bundesamtes (KBA) (2021-01-08). "Pressemitteilung Nr. 02/2021 - Fahrzeugzulassungen im Dezember 2020 - Jahresbilanz" [Press release No. 02/2021 - Vehicle registrations in December 2020 - Annual balance sheet] (in German). KBA. Retrieved 2021-01-10. A total of 394,632 plug-in electric passenger cars were registered in Germany in 2021, consiting of 200,469 plug-in hybrids (6.9% market share) and 194,163 all-electric cars (6.7% market share).
  99. Laura Millan Lombrana and Akshat Rathi (2020-06-05). "Germany Just Unveiled the World's Greenest Stimulus Plan". Bloomberg Green. Retrieved 2021-01-25.
  100. Funding for electric cars: there is money here
  101. Οι νέες αλλαγές στη φορολογία τρικύκλων, υβριδικών και ηλεκτρικών ΙΧ [New changes in taxation of tricycles, hybrids and electric cars]. Economy 365 (in Greek). Greece. 2016-08-06. Retrieved 2017-09-10.
  102. "Greek PM: Electromobility plan an emblematic initiative for the future". TornosNews.GR. Retrieved 2020-06-16.
  103. "PM Mitsotakis announces incentives for purchase and use of electric cars". Keep Talking Greece. 2020-06-05. Retrieved 2020-06-16.
  104. Capital.gr. "Πώς θα δοθεί η επιδότηση των 100 εκατ. ευρώ για την ηλεκτροκίνηση". Capital.gr (in Greek). Retrieved 2020-06-16.
  105. "Η αγορά αυτοκινήτου μπαίνει στην... πρίζα, Της Δήμητρας Μανιφάβα | Kathimerini". www.kathimerini.gr. Retrieved 2020-06-16.
  106. "New government incentive for purchasing environmentally friendly vehicles". Hungary: Government. 2016-09-21. Retrieved 2016-12-06.
  107. "Amendments to vehicle taxes" (in Icelandic). Government of Iceland. 2012-06-19. Retrieved 2014-07-29.
  108. "Eco-friendly vehicles" (in Icelandic). Reykjavik City. 2017-01-01. Retrieved 2019-07-29.
  109. "Change to the Tax Base". Irish Tax & Customs. 2008. Archived from the original on 2008-12-09. Retrieved 2018-07-01.
  110. "Guide to Vehicle Registration Tax(VRT)".
  111. "Motor Tax Rates". Department of the Environment, Community and Local Government. Archived from the original on 2015-09-12. Retrieved 2015-08-30.
  112. "Charge Point Map".
  113. "Rapid Charge Network". Rapid Charge Network.
  114. "Our Electric Highway".
  115. "Ireland Moves To Ease Switch To Electric Cars With Grants, Infrastructure". Gas2.0. 2010-04-13. Retrieved 2010-05-17.
  116. "SEAI - List of Eligible Vehicles".
  117. "SEAI - List of Registered Electric Vehicle Grant Scheme Dealers".
  118. Cleary, Colin (2014-09-14). "Electric Cars In Ireland: How To Get To The Tipping Point?". Green Car Reports. Archived from the original on 2016-01-30. Retrieved 2016-01-23.
  119. "Ecobonus".
  120. "Portale dei Tributi :: Tassa Automobilistica" (in Italian). Regione Lombardia. Retrieved 2015-09-15.
  121. "Electric Vehicle Incentives". Tesla Motors. Retrieved 2013-04-22.
  122. "The Tesla Company's electric cars establish a headquarters in Monaco". Aspectediplomatice.ro. Archived from the original on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2013-04-22.
  123. Statistics Electric Vehicles in the Netherlands (up to and including December 2020)
  124. "Cijfers elektrisch vervoer - Aantal geregistreerde elektrische voertuigen in Nederland - Top 5 geregistreerde modellen elektrische auto (31-12-2013)" [Figures electric transport - Number of registered electric vehicles in Netherlands and Top 5 registered electric vehicle models (12-31-2013)] (PDF) (in Dutch). The Netherlands: Rijksdienst voor Ondernemend (RVO). January 2014. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-05-31. Retrieved 2014-09-17. See under the heading "31-12-2013" for total registrations figures at the end of December 2013.
  125. van der Kuip, Sander (November 2011). "The potential of electric vehicles amongst Dutch lease drivers". Tilburg University. Retrieved 2013-10-11.
  126. Bolier, Marc (2013-12-24). "The EV market in 2014: how it will be?" [De EV-markt van 2014: wat wordt het?] (in Dutch). Zerauto Netherlands. Archived from the original on 2014-01-01. Retrieved 2014-03-02.
  127. "Leaf prijzen" (in Dutch). Nissan Netherlands. Retrieved 2010-05-19.
  128. Abuelsamid, Sam (2010-05-17). "Nissan announces European prices for Leaf, under €30,000 after incentives". AutoblogGreen. Retrieved 2010-05-19.
  129. "Forse toename elektrische auto's" [Major increase in electric car sales]. Nederlandse Omroep Stichting (NOS) (in Dutch). 2013-12-24. Retrieved 2013-12-26.
  130. "Electromobility in the Netherlands - Highlights 2013" (PDF). The Netherlands: Rijksdienst voor Ondernemend (RVO). March 2014. Retrieved 2014-09-25. See Financial stimulation, pp. 8.
  131. "Rotterdam introduces world's best EV incentives to improve air quality". Automotive World. 2014-08-29. Retrieved 2014-09-25.
  132. Roberts, Graeme (2010-05-17). "UK: Nissan Leaf costlier in Europe even with incentives". Just-Auto. Retrieved 2010-05-17.
  133. Rosenthal, Elisabeth (2013-02-09). "Plugging In, Dutch Put Electric Cars to the Test". The New York Times. Retrieved 2013-02-11.
  134. de Boer, Jeroen (2014-02-14). "Topjaar verkoop hybride auto's, maar 2014 wordt minder" [Peak annual sales of hybrid cars, but 2014 will be lower]. Z24 (in Dutch). Retrieved 2014-03-02.
  135. "Special: Analyse over 2013" [Special: Analysis of 2013 (Closer look at the development of electric vehicles in 2013)] (PDF) (in Dutch). The Netherlands: Rijksdienst voor Ondernemend (RVO). January 2014. Retrieved 2014-03-02.
  136. Volkskrant (2014-03-29). "Seven tax breaks on electric cars cost Dutch treasury €500m". Dutch News. Retrieved 2014-04-21.
  137. Valøen, Lars Ole. "Electric Vehicle Policies in Norway" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-03-02. Retrieved 2012-10-24.
  138. Doyle, Alister; Adomaitis, Nerijus (2013-03-13). "Norway shows the way with electric cars, but at what cost?". Reuters. Retrieved 2013-03-15.
  139. "The Norwegian Electric Vehicle Association". Norsk Elbilforening (Norwegian Electric Vehicle Association). October 2012. Archived from the original on 2012-10-11. Retrieved 2012-10-24.
  140. Berglund, Nina (2015-08-28). "Electric car craze keeps rolling along". News in English.no. Retrieved 2016-03-05.
  141. Skillebæk, Fred Magne (2016-08-14). "Elbil eller ladbar hybrid?" [BEV or PHEV?]. Dinside.no (in Norwegian). Retrieved 2016-08-15.
  142. Jekic, Stefan (2016-07-11). "The first EK-registered e-cars on the road". Norway Today. Retrieved 2016-08-15.
  143. "Billigere plug-in hybrider fra 1.juli" [Cheaper plug-in hybrids from 1 July] (in Norwegian). Grønn bil. 2013-06-05. Archived from the original on 2013-08-07. Retrieved 2013-06-06.
  144. Frydenlund, Ståle (2013-11-15). "Positive elbilnyheter i budsjettforliket" [Positive EV news in the budget compromise] (in Norwegian). Norsk Elbilforening (Norwegian Electric Vehicle Association). Archived from the original on 2014-09-14. Retrieved 2014-09-13.
  145. Frydenlund, Ståle (2014-09-08). "Elbilforeningen fikk fram MVA-misnøye på NRK" [The EV Society brought forth VAT dissatisfaction on NRK] (in Norwegian). Norsk Elbilforening (Norwegian Electric Vehicle Association). Archived from the original on 2014-09-14. Retrieved 2014-09-13.
  146. Johnsen, Alf Bjarne; Hattrem, Hanne (2014-09-11). "Venstre-Raja lei av Sivs elbil-sommel" [Left-Raja tired of Sivs EV-procrastination]. Verdens Gang (in Norwegian). Retrieved 2014-09-15.
  147. Cobb, Jeff (2015-04-20). "Norway Celebrates 50,000th Plug-in Car Sold; Will EV Incentives Continue?". HybridCars.com. Retrieved 2015-04-20.
  148. Haugneland, Petter (2015-04-20). "50.000 elbiler på norske veier!" [50,000 electric cars on Norwegian roads!] (in Norwegian). Norsk elbilforening (Norwegian Electric Vehicle Association. Archived from the original on 2015-04-25. Retrieved 2015-04-21.
  149. Thoner, =Kristoffer; Krüger, Robin (2015-02-26). "Fredningstiden for elbilene snart over" [Close season for electric cars will be over soon]. TV2 (in Norwegian). Retrieved 2015-03-15.
  150. Norsk Telegrambyrå (NBT) (2015-04-02). "50.000 elbiler passeres denne måneden" [50,000 EVs passed this month]. Aften Bladet (in Norwegian). Retrieved 2015-04-21.
  151. "Feature: Electric cars in Norway make headway mixed with growing public debate". Shanghai Daily. 2015-04-21. Retrieved 2015-04-21.
  152. "Norway to slash electric car perks because it's costing government too much money". Agence France-Presse. 2015-05-07. Retrieved 2016-03-06.
  153. "Samarbeidspartiene enige om bilavgifter" [Cooperative parties agreed vehicle taxes]. Dagens Næringsliv (in Norwegian). 2015-05-06. Retrieved 2016-03-06.
  154. Ministry of Transport. "Forskrift om vilkårsparkering for allmennheten og håndheving av private parkeringsreguleringer (parkeringsforskriften)" [Regulations on conditions parking for the general public and the enforcement of private parking regulations (parking regulations)] (in Norwegian). LOVEDATA. Retrieved 2016-09-17.
  155. Haugneland, Petter (2016-09-16). "Mandal først ute med fortsatt gratis parkering for elbil" [Mandal pioneered to keep free parking for electric cars] (in Norwegian). Norsk Elbilforening (Norwegian Electric Vehicle Association). Retrieved 2016-09-17.
  156. Frydenlundd, Ståle (2016-09-21). "Drammen fortsetter med gratis elbilparkering" [Drammen continues with free parking for electric cars] (in Norwegian). Norsk Elbilforening (Norwegian Electric Vehicle Association). Retrieved 2016-09-22.
  157. Krüger, Robin (2016-09-27). "I denne byen blir det slutt på gratis elbil-parkering" [This city finally gets free electric vehicle parking]. TV2 (in Norwegian). Retrieved 2016-09-28.
  158. MOBI.E - Rede Nacional de Mobilidade Eléctrica. A energia que nos move Archived 2009-07-26 at the Wayback Machine. Mobi-e.pt (2010-06-15). Retrieved on 2010-10-14.
  159. "Nissan já divulgou preço do carro eléctrico Leaf" (in Portuguese). Journal de Notícias. 2010-05-17. Archived from the original on 2010-05-17. Retrieved 2010-05-17.
  160. "Romanian Clunkers Program Available For Electric Car Buyers Starting Next Week". MediaFax. 2011-04-14. Retrieved 2011-04-14.
  161. Apropo Media. "ANALIZĂ: merită sau nu să cumperi un hibrid plug-in sau o maşină electrică?". promotor.ro.
  162. "Impozit mic pentru mașinile electrice și hibrid".
  163. "Infografic rabla 2016" (PDF) (in Romanian). Romania: Ministry of Environment, Water and Forests. 2016-06-14. Retrieved 2016-09-16.
  164. "Romania's Cash-for-Bangers "Rabla" program to kick off in mid-May". Romania Insider. 2017-05-12. Retrieved 2017-07-27.
  165. Spongenberg, Helena (2008-08-27). "EUobserver / EU states plug in to electric cars". Euobserver.com. Retrieved 2009-09-19.
  166. ""Spain Taking Steps to Put 1 Million Electric Vehicles on Nation's Roads by 2014" Green Car Advisor". Blogs.edmunds.com. 2008-07-30. Archived from the original on 2009-12-27. Retrieved 2009-09-19.
  167. "1 Million Electric Cars on Spain's Roads by 2014". Gas 2.
  168. "Government of Spain approves subsidies for purchase of electric vehicles". Green Car Congress. 2011-05-10. Retrieved 2011-05-10.
  169. Desk, Lifestyle (2011-09-08). "Sweden Follows Suit with Electric Car Subsidy". The Global Herald. Archived from the original on 2011-10-17. Retrieved 13 September 2011.
  170. "Fjärde högsta julisiffran någonsin för nya bilar" [Fourth highest July sales figure ever for new cars]. Bil Sweden (in Swedish). 2014-08-01. Retrieved 2014-09-01. A total of 5,209 super clean cars have been registered in Sweden since 2011. Super clean cars are those with carbon dioxide emissions of up to 50 g/km.
  171. Lasse Swärd (2014-08-01). "Supermiljöbilspremien är slut" [Super car rebate ends]. Dagens Nyheter (in Swedish). Retrieved 2014-09-01.
  172. "Fjärde högsta julisiffran någonsin för nya bilar" [Fourth highest July sales figure ever for new cars] (in Swedish). Joomla. August 2014. Archived from the original on 2014-09-03. Retrieved 2014-09-01.
  173. "Urstark bilmarknad under 2014" [Exceptionally strong car market in 2014]. Bil Sweden (in Swedish). 2015-10-02. Retrieved 2015-02-22. A total of 4,656 super clean cars and 282 all-electric vans were registered in Sweden in 2014. Super clean cars are those with carbon dioxide emissions of up to 50 g/km (two Porsche plug-in models, the Panamera S E-Hybrid and the 918 Spyder are not accounted as super clean cars, instead they are accounted with conventional hybrids). In 2011 there were 181 plug-in electric vehicles registered, 928 in 2012, 1,546 in 2013 and 4,656 super clean cars were registered during 2014. Since the introduction of the super clean car rebate in January 2012 until December 2014, a total of 7,130 super clean cars have been registered.
  174. "Stimulanser för miljöbilar" [Incentives for green cars]. Bil Sweden (in Swedish). 2016. Retrieved 2016-10-21.
  175. "Fossil-free transport and travel: The Government's work to reduce the impact of transport on the climate". Government Offices of Sweden. 2016-05-25. Archived from the original on 2016-10-22. Retrieved 2016-10-21.
  176. https://www.transportstyrelsen.se/bonusmalus#166190
  177. "Eidgenössische Zollverwaltung". 2013-05-21.
  178. "swiss customs database".
  179. "Bundesamt für Energie". 2014-02-04.
  180. "Verkehrsabgabenrechner". zh.ch.
  181. "UK Government Announces £5,000 Grants Towards Purchase of Electric Drive Vehicles and First "Plugged-in Places"". Green Car Congress. 2010-02-26. Retrieved 2010-05-15.
  182. "Plug-in car grant eligibility guidance". Department for Transport. February 2015. Archived from the original on 2015-02-16. Retrieved 2015-02-16.
  183. Gordon-Bloomfield, Nikki (2015-02-13). "UK Government Announces Changes to Plug-in Car Incentives, Introduces Banding Based on ZEV Capabilities". Transport Evolved. Retrieved 2015-02-16.
  184. Hudson, Paul (2010-02-28). "£5,000 grant to buy plug-in electric cars". London: The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 2010-04-23.
  185. "Why is the Tesla Roadster not on the government's electric car grant list?". The Guardian. 2010-12-14. Retrieved 2011-07-21.
  186. "Take-up of plug-in car grant continues to rise - Number of ultra-low emission vehicles breaks 25,000 barrier". UK: Department for Transport, Office for Low Emission Vehicles and Baroness Krame. 2015-02-13. Retrieved 2015-02-14.
  187. Lilly, Chris (2015-08-26). "Plug-in Car Grant scheme extended". UK: Next Green Car. Retrieved 2015-10-17.
  188. Millikin, Mike (2015-08-26). "UK extends current levels of the Plug-in Car Grant to at least February 2016". Green Car Congress. Retrieved 2015-10-17.
  189. "Summary of the Plug-in Car Grant Eligibility Criteria" (PDF). Department for Transport. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-03-28. Retrieved 2011-07-21.
  190. "Plug-in car grant extended to 2018". The Guardian. 2015-12-17. Retrieved 2015-12-20.
  191. Lilly, Chris (2015-12-17). "Extension announced for Plug-in Car Grant". UK: Next Green Car. Retrieved 2015-12-20.
  192. "Plug-in car and van grants - Eligible vehicles by category". UK Government. 2016-10-25. Retrieved 2016-10-29.
  193. "Plug-in Van Grant". UK: Department for Transport (DfT). 2014-02-03. Retrieved 2014-08-17. As of 30 June 2013, 637 claims have been made through the plug-in van grant program.
  194. "£4 million boost to help businesses switch vans and trucks to electric". InvestInUK. October 2016. Retrieved 2016-10-29.
  195. "Claims made through the Plug-in Van Grant scheme". UK: RAC Foundation. February 2017. Retrieved 2017-02-24. See graph with PIVG cumulative claims and claims by quarter.
  196. "March 2017 – EV registrations". Society of Motor Manufacturers and Traders (SMMT). 2017-04-05. Retrieved 2017-04-16.
  197. Lane, Ben (February 2017). "Electric car market statistics". UK: Next Green Car. Retrieved 2017-02-24.
  198. "Thousands of electric car charging points due". Which?. 2009-11-20. Retrieved 2009-11-22.
  199. "Recharging infrastructure". Department for Transport. Archived from the original on 2011-12-22. Retrieved 2011-12-06.
  200. "Source East". Source East. Retrieved 2012-03-30.
  201. "Source London". Source London. 2011-11-05. Retrieved 2012-03-30.
  202. "Plugged-in-Places". Archived from the original on 2011-08-25.
  203. "Milton Keynes « ChargeMaster". Chargemasterplc.com. Archived from the original on 2012-03-16. Retrieved 2012-03-30.
  204. "Charge Your Car". Charge Your Car. Retrieved 2012-03-30.
  205. "Northern Ireland e-car project". nidirect. 2009-10-04. Retrieved 2012-03-30.
  206. "Making the connection: the plug-in vehicle infrastructure strategy". dft.gov.uk.
  207. "Discounts and exemptions - Ultra Low Emission Discount (ULED)". Transport for London. February 2015. Retrieved 2015-02-15. Click on "Ultra Low Emission Discount (ULED)" for details.
  208. "Vehicle technologies - Plug-in hybrids". Go Ultra Low. February 2015. Archived from the original on 2015-04-16. Retrieved 2015-02-15.
  209. "London to introduce new Ulta Low Emission Discount for Congestion Charge scheme; countering dieselization". Green Car Congress. 2013-04-24. Retrieved 2013-04-24.
  210. "London tightens up congestion charge in attempt to drive out diesel". The Guardian. 2013-04-24. Retrieved 2013-04-24.
  211. Sunderland, Faye (2013-07-01). "London tightens Congestion Charge exemptions". UK: The Green Car Website. Archived from the original on 2015-02-16. Retrieved 2013-07-01.
  212. "New green discount for the congestion charge comes in". BBC News. 2013-07-01. Retrieved 2013-07-02.
  213. "Mayoral Decision 2397: Amendments to the Congestion Charge and Low Emission Zone". Greater London Authority (GLA). 17 December 2018. Retrieved 2019-01-17.
  214. "Zero-emission vehicles". Transport Canada. Government of Canada. 11 April 2019. Retrieved 18 August 2019.
  215. Dangerfield, Katie (1 May 2019). "Electric car incentives in Canada — what to know about the rebate that includes Tesla 3". Global News. Retrieved 18 August 2019.
  216. "Zero-Emission Vehicle Infrastructure Program". Natural Resources Canada. Government of Canada. 16 April 2019. Retrieved 18 August 2019.
  217. "Eligible Electric Vehicles". Ontario: Ministry of Transportation. 2017-12-14. Retrieved 2018-01-02.
  218. "Electric vehicles incentive program". Ontario: Ministry of Transportation. 2017-02-01. Retrieved 2017-08-21.
  219. "Ontario government ends electric and hydrogen vehicle incentive programs". CBC News. 2018-07-11. Retrieved 2018-07-23.
  220. Maronese, Nicholas (2018-07-12). "Ontario's EV rebate goes away by September 10". Driving. Postmedia Network. Retrieved 2018-07-23.
  221. Goddard, John (2011-09-02). "Going green has perks for drivers". Toronto Star. Retrieved 2018-07-25.
  222. "Ontario's Green Vehicle Licence Plate Program". Ministry of Transportation. Government of Ontario. Retrieved 2018-07-23.
  223. Loveday, Eric (2011-04-11). "Quebec to offer plug-in vehicle rebates of up to C$8,000". AutoblogGreen. Retrieved 2011-06-08.
  224. "Running on Green Power! Electric Vehicles: 2011-2020 Québec Action Plan" (PDF). Gouvernement du Québec. 2011. Retrieved 2011-06-08. See Table Box 7 for the rebate details and how it changes by year.
  225. Klippenstein, Matthew (2013-11-07). "Will Quebec Join California, Oregon As Electric-Car Pioneers?". Green Car Reports. Retrieved 2016-10-28.
  226. "L'Assemblée nationale du Québec adopte la loi véhicules zéro émission" [Quebec's National Assembly enacted a zero emissions vehicle law] (in French). France Mobilité Électrique - AVERE France. 2016-10-28. Retrieved 2016-10-28.
  227. Lampert, Allison (2016-10-26). "Quebec approves new law to boost sales of zero emission vehicles". Reuters. Retrieved 2016-10-28.
  228. Province of, British Columbia. "B.C. tops up electric vehicle rebate program". Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources.
  229. "Eligible CEVforBC™ Vehicles | Clean Energy Vehicles for British Columbia | New Car Dealers of BC". www.cevforbc.ca. Retrieved 2019-07-25.
  230. "Incentive Choices".
  231. "Home". ZAPBC. Retrieved 2019-07-25.
  232. Meissner, Dirk (March 2, 2016). "Electric vehicles get HOV lane access in B.C." CBC News. The Canadian Press. Retrieved September 28, 2018.
  233. "Electric Vehicles & HOV Lanes". Government of British Columbia. Retrieved September 28, 2018.
  234. "Energy Transition Law". Official Journal of the Federation. 2017-10-07.
  235. "National Energy Strategy 2014-2028" (PDF). Ministry of Energy.
  236. "Energy Information System". Ministry of Energy - Energy Information System. 2017-10-07.
  237. "Excerpt from: World energy balances" (PDF). International Energy Agency. 2017-10-07.
  238. "Intended Nationally Determined Contribution - Mexico" (PDF). United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. 2017-10-07.
  239. "Energy Efficiency Guidelines for the Federal Public Administration". Official Journal of the Federation. 2017-10-07.
  240. "Income Tax Law" (PDF). Mexico's Chamber of Deputies. 2017-10-07.
  241. "Federal Tax Law on New Vehicles" (PDF). Mexico's Chamber of Deputies.
  242. "CFE promotes the use of electric vehicles with installation of independent meters on consumer's households". Federal Electricity Commission. 2017-10-07.
  243. "Power service contract guide for charging stations for electric vehicles" (PDF). Federal Electricity Commission. 2017-10-07.
  244. "Opinion of the Committee on the Environment and Natural Resources to the Agreement point that urges federal government and governors or the 32 federation entities to implement actions that encourage the use of electric vehicles" (PDF). Mexico's Senate of the Republic. 2017-10-07.
  245. "Programs: Vehicle Verification". Mexico's Ministry of the Environment. 2017-10-07.
  246. "Services and Procedures". Mexico State's Ministry of the Environment. 2017-10-07.
  247. "Services: Vehicular Control Services 2017". Mexico City's Ministry of Finance. 2017-10-07.
  248. "Ownership or use tax 2017: Electric and hybrid vehicles". Mexico City's Ministry of Finance. 2017-10-07. Archived from the original on 2017-10-14.
  249. "Mobility Law" (PDF). Mexico City's Environmental and Territorial Ordering Office. 2017-10-07.
  250. "CFE's CEO inaugurates substation and charging station for PHEVs number 700". Energia a Debate. 2017-10-07.
  251. "The Energy Ministry announces the installation of 100 charging stations for PHEVs". El Universal. 20 September 2017.
  252. Woodyard, Chris (2010-07-14). "Obama pushes electric cars, battery power this week". USA Today.
  253. "EERE News: Recovery Act Announcement: President Obama Announces $2.4 Billion for Electric Vehicles". Apps1.eere.energy.gov. 2009-03-19. Archived from the original on 2009-03-23. Retrieved 2009-09-19.
  254. "Obama's Pitches for Plug-In Hybrids: Videos, Transcripts, Clips". Calcars.org. Retrieved 2009-09-19.
  255. Bill Vlasic & Matthew L. Wald (2012-06-11). "Shaky Battery Maker Claims an Advance". The New York Times. Retrieved 2012-06-12.
  256. Attkisson, Sharyl (2012-06-02). "Electric vehicles fall drastically short of Obama's 1 million goal". CBS News. Retrieved 2012-06-12.
  257. Shepardson, David (2012-04-17). "Battery-powered autos proving a tough sell". The Detroit News. Archived from the original on 2012-06-11. Retrieved 2012-06-12.
  258. Johana Bhuiyan. "There have now been over 540,000 electric vehicles sold in the U.S." Retrieved 2017-03-27.
  259. Pike Research (2012-07-02). "Pike Research projects plug-in sales to fall short of US 2015 target; strong growth through 2020". Green Car Congress. Retrieved 2013-03-03.
  260. Cobb, Jeff (2016-09-01). "Americans Buy Their Half-Millionth Plug-in Car". HybridCars.com. Retrieved 2016-09-10. See other figures in graphs.
  261. Shepardson, David (2016-01-21). "U.S. may not hit one million electric vehicles until 2020: official". Reuters. Retrieved 2016-02-01.
  262. Korosec, Kirsten (2016-01-25). "Tesla CEO Elon Musk Says Cheap Oil Will Hurt Electric Cars". Fortune. Retrieved 2016-02-01.
  263. Yingling, Bill (2018-03-20). "Utilities ask Congress to keep electric vehicle tax incentive". Daily Energy Insider. Retrieved 2018-03-22.
  264. "Notice 2009-89: New Qualified Plug-in Electric Drive Motor Vehicle Credit". Internal Revenue Service. 2009-11-30. Retrieved 2010-04-01.
  265. "Consumer Energy Tax Incentives: Plug-In Hybrid Conversion Kits". U.S. Department of Energy. Retrieved 2010-04-01.
  266. "Discussion Draft of Waxman Markey ACES Bill" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-08-13. Retrieved 2009-09-19.
  267. "Plug In Electric Vehicle Credit IRC 30 and IRC 30D (Summary)". www.irs.gov. Internal Revenue Service. Retrieved 2017-10-06.
  268. "Nissan will sell electric car for just over $25K". Yahoo Finance. 2010-03-30. Archived from the original on 2010-04-05. Retrieved 2010-03-30.
  269. Voelcker, John (2009-12-14). "Toyota Prius Plug-In Hybrid On Sale in 2011, Less Than $10K More". GreenCarReports.com. Retrieved 2010-04-18.
  270. "Electric Vehicles: Tax Credits and Other Incentives". US Department of Energy (Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy). Retrieved 2017-11-28.
  271. "Electric Vehicle Tax Credits: What You Need to Know". Edmunds. 2017-03-29. Retrieved 2017-11-28.
  272. Edmunds (2018-01-12). "Electric Vehicle Tax Credits: What You Need to Know". Edmunds. Edmunds. Retrieved 2017-11-28.
  273. Vincent, John (2017-02-15). "How Does the Electric Car Tax Credit Work?". U.S News & World Report. U.S News & World Report. Retrieved 2017-11-28.
  274. Cole, Jay (2017-01-12). "US Federal $7,500 Electric Vehicle Credit Expiry Date By Automaker". InsideEVs. Retrieved 2017-11-28.
  275. Malone, Wade (2018-07-12). "UPDATE: Tesla Has Officially Confirmed Passing 200k, Credit Safe until December". InsideEVs.com. Retrieved 2018-12-02.
  276. Malone, Wade (2018-12-04). "Chevy Volt and Bolt Estimates: Sales Skyrocket In November". InsideEVs.com. Retrieved 2018-12-09.
  277. Cohen, Ariel (2018-11-30). "GM Must Adapt Or Die: A Lesson For U.S. Automakers". Forbes. Retrieved 2018-12-01.
  278. Gorzelany, Jim (2018-11-13). "Will The Next Congress Extend, Or Kill, The Electric Car Tax Credit?". Forbes. Retrieved 2018-12-02.
  279. Doll, Scooter (5 January 2021). "Which electric vehicles still qualify for US federal tax credit?". Electrek.
  280. Kane, Mark (2018-12-06). "NOVEMBER UPDATE – 4 Automakers Closest To Losing Federal Tax Credit". InsideEVs.com. Retrieved 2018-12-09.
  281. "Cost-effectiveness of Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle Battery Capacity and Charging Infrastructure Investment for Reducing U.S. Gasoline Consumption".
  282. Peterson, Scott B.; Michalek, Jeremy J. (2013). "Cost-effectiveness of Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle Battery Capacity and Charging Infrastructure Investment for Reducing U.S. Gasoline Consumption". Energy Policy. 52: 429–438. doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2012.09.059.
  283. Tal, Gil; Nicholas, Michael A. (2016). "Exploring the Impact of the Federal Tax Credit on the Plug-In Vehicle Market". Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board. 2572: 95–102. doi:10.3141/2572-11. S2CID 112951938. Published online 2008-02-11.
  284. "Energy Provisions of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009: Conversion Kits". Internal Revenue Service. 2009-04-10. Retrieved 2010-04-01.
  285. "US Tax Incentives for Plug-in Hybrids and Electric Cars". HybridCars.com. 2010-03-08. Archived from the original on 2010-03-11. Retrieved 2010-01-04.
  286. "Electric Car Charging Station Tax Credit Extended, But at Lower 30% Pre-Stimulus Levels". PluginCars.com. 2010-12-17. Retrieved 2010-12-23.
  287. "Federal and Local Incentives for Plug-in Hybrids and Electric Cars". plugincars.com. 2013-05-08. Retrieved 2013-08-11.
  288. Voelcker, John (2011-02-08). "Senator Stabenow: $7,500 Electric-Car Credit Should Be Rebate". GreenCarReports.com. Archived from the original on 2011-02-13. Retrieved 2011-02-16.
  289. "Obama FY 2012 budget proposes big boost for EVs and EV technology, cuts for hydrogen". Green Car Congress. 2011-02-14. Retrieved 2011-02-16.
  290. "Charging America Forward Act to support Michigan-made vehicles". Stabenow.senate.gov. 2011-02-08.
  291. Chambers, Nick (2011-02-09). "White House Pushes For a $7,500 Instant Cash Rebate Towards Electric Car Purchases". PluginCars.com. Retrieved 2011-02-16.
  292. Sheparson, David (2014-03-04). "White House: Boost EV, alternative vehicle tax credits to $10,000". The Detroit News. Archived from the original on 2014-03-10. Retrieved 2014-03-10.
  293. "House Republicans propose to scrap $7,500 electric vehicle credit". Reuters. 2017-11-02. Retrieved 2017-11-02.
  294. "Clean Vehicle Rebate Project". Center for Sustainable Energy. Retrieved 2010-04-01.
  295. "CVRP Eligible Vehicles". Center for Sustainable Energy California. Archived from the original on 2013-07-29. Retrieved 2014-08-20.
  296. Tellem, Tori (2012-09-28). "California Issues 10,000th Rebate for Zero-Emissions Incentive Program". The New York Times. Retrieved 2012-09-29.
  297. California Energy Commission (2013-03-01). "California Energy Commission awards $4.5M to ARB for more clean vehicle rebates". Green Car Congress. Retrieved 2013-03-03.
  298. "Clean Vehicle Rebate Project Statistics". California Center for Sustainable Energy. March 2013. Archived from the original on 2013-01-19. Retrieved 2013-03-03.
  299. Howard, John (2014-04-10). "ARB, Tesla at odds over rebate cuts for electric vehicles". Capitol Weekly. Retrieved 2014-04-12.
  300. Lagos, Marisa (2014-09-22). "Brown signs several clean-air vehicle bills". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved 2014-09-22.
  301. Mason, Melanie; McGreevy, Patrick (2014-09-21). "Gov. Jerry Brown signs bills to boost purchases of electric cars". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2014-09-21.
  302. Millikin, Mike (2014-09-22). "California governor signs 6 bills to advance state's electric vehicle market; HOT and HOV benefits". Green Car Congress. Retrieved 2014-09-23.
  303. Edelstein, Stephen (2015-07-15). "California Ends Electric-Car Rebates For Wealthiest Buyers, Boosts Them For Poorest". Green Car Reports. Retrieved 2015-07-28.
  304. "Income Eligibility". 2016-05-31. Retrieved 2017-07-26.
  305. Lambert, Fred (2016-03-15). "PSA: California Clean Vehicle Rebate is increasing for low- and moderate-income drivers, and going away for high-income drivers on March 29". Electrek. US. Retrieved 2016-08-24.
  306. Millikin, Mike (2016-11-08). "Berkeley study finds clean vehicle rebates have predominantly benefited wealthy, white Californians". Green Car Congress. Retrieved 2016-11-09.
  307. Nikolewski, Rob (2016-10-31). "California's electric-car rebates jump for lower-income buyers and vanish for more high earners". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2016-11-09.
  308. "CVRP Eligible Vehicles". Retrieved 2017-07-26.
  309. "Clean Air Vehicle (CAV) Decals - High Occupancy Vehicle HOV Lane Usage". California: Department of Motor Vehicles. March 2014. Retrieved 2014-07-12.
  310. Weikel, Dan (2015-11-10). "Law expanding HOV access to plug-in cars drives higher sales, UCLA study says". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2015-11-22.
  311. Le, Phuong (2014-11-27). "Inslee pushes incentives for electric cars". The Associated Press. The Seattle Times. Archived from the original on 2014-11-28. Retrieved 2014-11-29.
  312. "Australian Taxation Office - Luxury Car Tax rate and thresholds". Australian Taxation Office. Retrieved 2015-01-15.
  313. "Green Vehicle Guide - Electric Vehicle Information". Australian Government. Archived from the original on 2015-01-15. Retrieved 2015-01-15.
  314. "VicRoads - Registration fees". VicRoads. Retrieved 2015-01-15.
  315. "Victorian Hybrids And EVs To Get $100 Rego Rebate; Opposition Calls Hybrid Camry A "Flop"". themotorreport.com.au. 15 July 2010. Retrieved 2015-01-15.
  316. "Stamp Duty Payable upon registration or transfer of a motor vehicle". Australia: ACT Road Transport Authority. 2016-01-25. Retrieved 2016-06-09.
  317. "Motor vehicle registration and renewal". Australia: Access Canberra. 2016-09-21. Retrieved 2017-08-21.
  318. "Australian Electric Vehicle Association - Incentives". Aeva. Retrieved 2015-01-15.
  319. "Nationwide Incentives - Australia". Tesla Motors. Archived from the original on 2015-01-15. Retrieved 2015-01-15.
  320. Jabrane, Ezzoubeir (2016-10-31). "Morocco Introduces Tax Package to Reward Eco-Friendly Car Owners". Morocco World News. Retrieved 2017-07-27.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.