Hakata-ori

Hakata-ori traces its history back to 1235 C.E. (Kamakura period Japan), when a Japanese merchant from Fukuoka Prefecture, Mitsuda Yazaemon, travelled to Song Dynasty China with the Buddhist monk Shoichi Kokushi[8][9][10] to learn Song-period trades and traditions, such as the making of manjū (traditional Japanese cakes), ceramic production techniques, gold leaf, the production of musk tablets, wheat noodles and textile production techniques.[8][9][10][5]

Six years later (1241 C.E.), they returned to Japan, with Yazaemon bringing along the technique of textile production which would later develop into hakata-ori and utilising it to begin his textiles business.[9][10][5][11][6][2][12]

250 years later in the 16th century, Yazaemon's descendant, Mitsuda Hikosaburo, returned to China (Ming Dynasty) to further study in-depth the production of their textiles. Having learnt new Ming Dynasty-period techniques, Hikosaburo then combined these with the Song Dynasty-period textile techniques previously brought back by his ancestor.[3][5][11][6] The improved-upon textile was known as "Fusenmon" and "Ryujo", a taffeta-like material with a raised stripe.[8][6][3][4][5][11]

Following this, the textile was developed further until eventually becoming the weaving technique of hakata-ori in the present day. The name 'hakata-ori' is taken from the location of the technique's original development within Japan (Hakata, Fukuoka Prefecture), and from the word 'ori', meaning weaving or fabric. It is also the origin of the hakata obi.[11][6]

In 1600s, during Edo period (1603 - 1868 Japan), the feudal lord of the Fukuoka clan (Chikuzen Province), Nagamasa Kuroda, chose hakata-ori textiles to be presented to the Tokugawa shogunate, Iemon Takewaka as tribute.[8][4][5][11][2][7] The word 'kenjo-gara' - sometimes used to describe kenjo hakata-ori - derived from this action.[2][7][12]

In 1815 during Edo period, the textile became popular when a kabuki actor wore an obi made from hakata-ori onstage.[7] The original use for hakata-ori was as fabric for obi, mostly for men wearing kimono or yukata. It is favoured as an obi fabric for its stiff, sturdy weave, making it easy to tie obi knots (known as obi musubi) that will not slip and loosen with wear. Therefore, it was commonly worn by samurai who needs to tuck their katana (sword) into the belt of their kimono.[5][6] However, during the Meiji period, hakata-ori obi for women were also developed.[11][6][2]

Kenjogara obi showing the central patterned dokko stripe and two thinner, patterned hanazara stripes

The two varieties of hakata-ori (kenjo hakata-ori and mon ori hakata-ori) differ in their woven decoration, though both are a sturdy, stiff material often used as an obi without a lining, second fabric layer or stiffener. Hakata-ori is typically woven from silk yarns, though cheaper and more casual varieties of the fabric may be woven from cotton or synthetic fibre yarns.

Kenjo (kenjogara) hakata-ori

Kenjo hakata-ori is the term for hakata-ori featuring a pattern known as kenjogara (stemming from kenjo, a gift given to a superior, and gara, meaning 'pattern').

The kenjogara pattern features sets of long, uninterrupted stripes at each edge and in the centre of the fabric, and sets of patterned stripes either side of the central sets of lines. The wider patterned stripe, known as dokko, represents an item used in Buddhist worship to banish harmful energies. The thinner patterned stripe, known as hanazara, is also taken from Buddhist worship, and represents the plate used in Buddhist rituals to hold flower petals or incense.[8][2]

For this variety of hakata-ori, only five colours are ever used, following the colour symbolism used in Sui Dynasty China, where individual colours held their own important meaning: for instance, purple, historically worn only by the nobility, held the meaning of elegance and virtue. Red was associated with happiness and prosperity; yellow was associated with sincerity and trust; blue was associated with honour and peace, and navy blue was associated with wisdom and solidity.[2][13]

Obi made from hakata-ori, worn by a sumo wrestler

Hakata-ori is made by weaving a thin warp yarn and a thicker weft yarn together in a tightly-packed weave to create a stiff, ribbed appearance. The woven patterns seen in hakata-ori are created using the warp yarn.[4][11][6][7]

The production of hakata-ori is divided into four stages: designing, dyeing the yarns, preparing to weave and weaving.

1. Designing (known as isho) - the first stage of making hakata-ori. Both the pattern and the colour of the fabric are decided upon before being drawn onto the requisite plotting paper.[4][11]
2. Dyeing (known as ito kui) - the second stage of production. For a silk hakata-ori fabric, the yarns are first washed in soapy water, before the weft and warp yarns are dyed in a boiling dyebath, a process which requires a specialist craftsperson due to the sensitive nature of dyework.[9][4][11]
3. Preparation for weaving (known as hatajikake) - the warp yarns are hooked onto the Jacquard loom, with the weaver able to manipulate the warps vertically by the use of foot pedals.[9][4][11]
4. Weaving (known as uchikaeshi mitsuuchi) - the thin warp yarns and thicker weft yarns are woven to create a ribbed-texture fabric, with the warp yarns forming the woven pattern on the fabric.[9][4][11]

Although the production of hakata-ori is mostly mechanised and automated in the modern day, it is still necessary for specialised workers to check the patterns and threads of hakata-ori in the production process.[7]

Hakata-ori is most commonly used as fabric for obi worn with kimono by both men and women; it is a popular choice for men's obi due to its stiff and tightly-woven nature, particularly attractive when tying the knots used for men's kaku obi.[5][6]

Though most commonly seen in traditional clothing, hakata-ori is also produced for use in accessories such as handbags, neck ties and card holders.[3][4][5][6][2][7]

The trademark "博多織" (hakata-ori) belongs to Hakataori Industrial Association. Their trademark is registered on March 9, 2017 with the registration number 5031531. The registered trademark is "博多織" (hakata-ori).[14][15] The specify products are silk textile and Japanese cloths that made in Fukuoka city and other 21 cities which used the technique originated in Hakata area, Fukuoka prefecture.[15] Although Sec. 3(1)(iii) of Trade Mark Act says that the collective trademark cannot be registered as long as it contains regional name or product name, if it becomes "particularly distinctive", the problem that there is regional name on the trademark can be an exception under Sec. 3(2) of Trade Mark Act.[14] If not, in order to get the collective trademark, it needs to satisfy the Sec. 7bis(1) of Trade Mark Act instead.[14]

The difference between Sec. 3(2) and Sec. 7bis(1) of Trade Mark Act is that for Sec. 3(2), the trademark should be "particularly distinctive" to the extent that of all people over Japan recognize it.[14] Nevertheless, the Sec. 7bis(1) says that the trademark should be "well-known" for people who live in surrounding area to recognize it.[14] The purpose of regional collective trademark is to protect the regional brands that are not associated with specific commercial origin, but with geographical area.[14]

The problems occurred since there are some other enterprises that do similar business in the same geographical area, and are not a member of association, but using the similar or identical trademark as the one holding regional collective trademark.[14] There are three parties who used the similar trademark as Hakataori Industrial Association and violated the Trade Mark Act. and Unfair Competition Prevention Act.[14] The first party is Nihon Wasou Holdings, Inc., who sells Japanese clothing and other related items.[14] Second party is Hakata Takumi Kohgei Corporation, who is subsidiary of Nihon Wasou Holdings, Inc. and sells obi (Japanese belt which used the method of hakata-ori).[14] Third party is Hakata Textile Products Association, who makes a certificate stamp on their goods using the same trademark as Hakataori Industrial Association.[14]

The second party, Hakata Takumi Kohgei Corporation had asked Hakataori Industrial Association to be their member so that they can use the same trademark, but they got rejected.[15] In March 2009, Hakataori Industrial Association warned Hakata Takumi Kohgei Corporation for using the similar trademark as them. As a result, Hakata Takumi Kohgei Corporation changed their mark from "hakata-ori" to "hakata-obi".[14] In May 2010, Hakata Takumi Kohgei Corporation asked Hakataori Industrial Association once again and got rejected.[14][15]

Fukuoka District Court solved the problems between them by applying the Sec. 26(1)(ii) (acts of descriptive use), so that Hakata Takumi Kohgei Corporation can still use the trademark similar to the Hakataori Industrial Association's one but cannot be used as the same previous purpose.[14][15] However, the problem will still remain if there is party who does not want to be the member of an association and using the similar trademark.[14]