History of LGBTQ characters in animated series: 1990s

In the 1990s, more LGBTQ characters began to be depicted in animated series than in any of the years before. While some Western animation like Futurama, South Park, and The Simpsons would include such characters, a few anime stood above the rest in terms of their representation: Sailor Moon, Cardcaptor Sakura, and Revolutionary Girl Utena. The latter anime, one of the most important anime of the decade,[1] would have a lasting influence for years to come, even influencing Rebecca Sugar, who later became a storyboarder for Cartoon Network's Adventure Time in the 2010s and the creator of the series Steven Universe.[2] It would also influence series in the 2000s.

For a list of LGBTQ+ animated characters, see List of animated series with LGBTQ+ characters. For history of homosexuality in U.S. film, see History of homosexuality in American film. For the history of anime, see History of anime. For media portrayals of bisexuals, see Media portrayals of bisexuality. For media portrayal of lesbians, see Media portrayal of lesbianism.

To see the list of LGBTQ+ characters in the 1990s, please read the Animated series with LGBTQ characters: 1990s page, which is subdivided into pages for 1990-1994 and 1995-1999. For fictional characters in other parts of the LGBTQ+ community, see the lists of lesbian, gay, trans, bisexual, non-binary, pansexual, asexual, and intersex characters.

LGBTQ storylines and the anime boom

The popularity of anime continued to rise in the 1990s, with the early 90s known as an "anime boom."[3] Huge conventions were hosted while the yuri, BL, and related genres began attracting fans outside Japan, including in Hong Kong and mainland China.[4][5] A devoted fan base blossomed in the West as channels such as Cartoon Network airing anime in program blocks.[6][7] At the same time, Japan had another so-called "gay boom" with some Japanese lesbian activists feelings silenced and ostracized within Japanese feminist circles.[8][9]:50–1, 60 Although anime programs began declining after the "collapse of the bubble economy" in 1992 and an economic slump during the 1990s, anime continued to explore complex concepts.[10] Examples of this exploration included Dragon Ball, Sailor Moon, Neon Genesis Evangelion, Cardcaptor Sakura, and One Piece,[11] three of which had longstanding LGBTQ+ characters, one of which had LGBTQ+ moments (Neon Genesis Evangelion) and another which had very little representation (Dragon Ball).[12]

Utena, El-Hazard, and the rest: Anime on TV Tokyo moves forward

During the 1990s, TV Tokyo remained one of the primary Japanese broadcasters which aired anime. Some of those had LGBTQ characters and storylines. On one hand, it included lesbian characters like Alielle Relryle in El-Hazard: The Wanderers. She is presented as a comical character who makes other women uncomfortable because of her open attraction to them,[13] and has been described as a "midget flaming lesbian" who sees Princess Fatora Venus as her the "only object" of her affection.[14] Other shows were more positive. Fushigi Yûgi, for instance, included a bisexual wman named Nuriko who initially dresses and acts as a woman named Kang-lin,[15] taking up that name because he wanted to keep the memory of his twin sister alive,[16] but later loves not only Hotohori, but the main heroine, Miaka.[17] Additionally, there was Tomo, one of the celestial warriors of Seiryuu and fights only for the sake of his love, Nakago.[18]

A cosplayer portraying Utena Tenjou, a lesbian character from Revolutionary Girl Utena on day two of Montreal Comiccon 2015; image by Pikawil from Laval, Canada on July 4, 2015

One series stood apart: Revolutionary Girl Utena. It would begin airing on TV Tokyo in April 1997, a few months after Sailor Moon ended. The show contained many LGBTQ+ characters since Kunihiko Ikuhara tried to express queer and feminist themes in the series, leading some to call the series "groundbreaking."[12][19] Some characters are lesbian, like Juri Arisugawa, and others are bisexual, like Utena Tenjou, a crossdressing prince and her friend (and love) "Rose Bride" Anthy Himemiya.[20] The latter two characters were argued to have one of the best LGBTQ+ relationships in anime by Carlos Cadorniga of Crunchyroll.[21] While some argued that the show isn't for first-time anime viewers, others said it bends the "boundaries of reality and science fiction," with a storyline about punishing and emotional obstacles in the lives of characters.[22] While some believe that Ikuhara was inspired by The Rose of Versailles,[23] he stated that the show's concepts came from Sailor Moon Super S: The Movie.[24] One of the show's scriptwriters. Yōji Enokido would later write scripts for Neon Genesis Evangelion, FLCL, and Ouran High School Host Club episodes. Utena became one of the most important anime of the 1990s, alongside Serial Experiments Lain, Cowboy Bebop, and Trigun.[1] One Maryland teenager, Rebecca Sugar, watched the show, distributed in the U.S. first by Enoki Films USA (which renamed the show Ursula's Kiss[25] and Central Park Media, the latter which released it under the same name in 1998, 2002 and 2003.[26] The show strongly influenced Sugar, would impact LGBTQ+ animation in the 2010s with her work on Adventure Time and Steven Universe. In a July 2017 interview with Shamus Kelly of Den of Geek[2] she would describe how the show affected her:

[Utena] was an epiphany for me. The way that it plays with the semiotics of gender. I was a bisexual teenager watching a show like Utena. It was stunning, I related to it in a way that I had never really felt before and it really stuck with me...I love that she (Utena) decides that after being saved by a prince that she wants to be a prince, It's great!...(Utena) is so extreme that it's funny. That was a huge influence on me as well, that something could be so dramatic and so, beautiful, but also wacky. Akio will flip onto the front of the car, or the way that (the student council members) want to shatter the world. It's so extreme that it's powerful and almost even funny, it's really exciting. I saw them do Guys and Dolls, which is one of the greatest things I have ever seen. And there's huge, huge Takarazuka theater influence to Steven Universe, I feel like I got a chance to see some of the deepest source material for that whole genre, and it was hugely inspiring.

Some reviewers stated that the series "explores a range of themes from feminism to queer topics to deconstructing the prince fairytale genre."[27] Additionally, the pivotal shōjo animation Sailor Moon, "which contained a same-sex love affair between Sailor Uranus and Sailor Neptune," while Revolutionary Girl Utena was "inspired by The Rose of Versailles," with both yuri animations being some of the last to air on U.S. television for some time.[28]

El-Hazard: The Wanderers, Fushigi Yûgi, and Revolutionary Girl Utena would not be the only shows with LGBTQ characters and storylines which were aired on TV Tokyo. For example, Maze featured a genderqueer character named Maze, who was a combination of two personalities, Mei Ikagura and Akira Ikagura, two siblings who are in love with each other.[29] while Battle Athletes had multiple lesbian characters. The primary romantic relationship is between Akari Kanzaki and Ichino Yanigida. Ichino has feelings for Akari, a sweet, cute character, and it is implied she returns them.[30] At the same time, Kris Christopher falls in love with Akari at first sight and is love rivals with Ichino.[31] Finally, there was Outlaw Star. In this 1998 anime, Fred Luo is a 20-year-old camp weapons merchant who is known to be flamboyant and openly gay,[32] and he has a strong infatuation for the series' main protagonist, Gene Starwind, whom he supplies arms to. Some criticized the character as representing harmful gay stereotypes.[33]

From You're Under Arrest to Cardcaptor Sakura

TV Tokyo was not alone. From 1996 to 1997, Aoi Futaba appeared in TBS's You're Under Arrest as a Trans woman. Although initially male, Futaba once had to go undercover as a woman in a sting operation to catch some male molesters targeting women. However, she went "native," she later considered herself a trans woman and has been treated by her colleagues as suchn.[34] Sorcerous Stabber Orphen, which aired from 1998 to 199 on TBS, also featured a trans woman. In that anime, Stephanie, also known as Steph, was Orphen's old partner and initially a man but was severely injured and while using the rest of his magic to cast a healing spell, made some "modifications", and became the trans woman Stephanie.[35] She laer falls in love with and marries her boyfriend the florist Tim but continues to help Orphen and his friends,[36] and later becomes their foe.[37]

These shows were not alone in having LGBTQ characters. Dear Brother which aired on NHK-BS2 from 1991 to 1992, included bisexual and lesbian characters. Fukiko "Miya-sama" Ichinomiya appeared to calm and generous, even as she dresses conservatively,[38] but is cruel and manipulative, often psychologically and physically torturing Rei for several ambiguous reasons.[39] She desires that Rei, later revealed to be her sister, only have eyes for her, no one else, and jealously tries to destroy their relationship by making Nanako love her instead.[40] At the same time, Mariko Shinobu is a lesbian character who greatly admires Kaoru due to her strength and the emotional support she gives her as well, and at some point she admits to loving Karou.[40] The anime also shows a 16-year-old Nanako Misonoo fall in love with Rei "Saint-Juste" Asaka to which Rei slowly reciprocates, with their relationship is one of the major driving plots of the series.[41] Rei's destructive relationship with Fukiko Ichinomiya leads her to be troubled, obsessed with death, and drug-addicted, which is why some compare it to Revolutionary Girl Utena.[42]

Other series had LGBTQ characters as well. Fuji TV's Yu Yu Hakusho featured a gay villainous character named Itsuki and a trans woman named Miyuki who is a demon warrior.[43][44][45] Another Fuji TV show, Rurouni Kenshin included a character named Honjō Kamatari who is a crossdresser and member of the Juppongatana, who is in love with Shishio Makoto.[46] An ongoing Fuji TV show, One Piece would later feature a number of LGBTQ characters. In an episode aired in 2010, Emporio Ivankov, the self-declared queen of an island populated by okama, was shown to be gay, while Mr. Bon Kurei, Izuma, and Okamas are gay.[47] Izuma, like Ivankov, has the power that he can change from a woman to a man, or vice versa, subservient to Ivankov like Bon Kurei.

Cosplayers of Sakura Kinomoto and Tomoyo Daidouji in Cardcaptor Sakura; image by 玄史生 on August 30, 2015

One series was unlike any of the others aired during this period on TBS, Fuji TV, or NHK-BS2: Cardcaptor Sakura. It aired on NHK-BS2 from 1998 to 2000 and included a number of LGBTQ characters. For one, Tomoyo Daidouji is in love with the protagonist of the show, Sakura Kinomoto, even loving what she wears, even though Sakura does not return her feelings.[48][49] At some point, Tomoyo confesses her love to Sakura, but Sakura misunderstands her, thinking she means "love" as a best friend and Tomoyo says that she will explain when Sakura is older.[50] Some scholars have argued that based on Tomoyo's romantic attractions she is asexual.[51] Also, the creators have stated that Sakura, the protagonist of this anime who has a "desire to befriend everyone she meets,"[52] and that does not see gender as barrier for her romantic attraction.[53] Even so, some see her as bisexual.[54] Sakura doesn't have romantic feelings for Tomoyo and she confesses a crush on a female teacher, with the dubbing of the show removing any possible liberatory themes.[55][56] These two characters are not the only LGBTQ characters in the anime. Touya Kinomoto and Yukito Tsukishiro have been confirmed as a couple in the anime,[12] with Yukita rejecting Sakura's feelings because he is in love with Touya.[57] Before meeting Yukito, Touya dated Kaho Mizuki when she was his junior high school teacher, and she broke up with him later.[58] As such, some argued that Touya was either bisexual or pansexual.[59] Furthermore, Syaoran Li and Sakura, have feelings for each other, but do not admit them,[60] with some arguing that Syaoran is bisexual based on his sexual attractions.[61] Finally, Ruby Moon has no biological sex.[62] and are always seen presenting as female, with Moon saying that their gender does not matter because they are not actually human.

OVAs and the power of Sailor Moon

More than in other periods, like the 2000s and the 2010s, OVAs served as somewhere that LGBTQ characters and storylines were explored. First and foremost was an early 1990s OVA by Animate Films titled RG Veda. In this anime, Kendappa-ō, also known as Kendappa-Oh, decides, in the first episode, to kill Sōma, whom she is in love with, herself.[63] She commits suicide in the show's second episode, saying there is no point in living in Heaven without her. The anime also featured Ashura, who was born neither as a man or a woman as punishment for their father's sins so they can not continue the royal lineage.[64] Another anime was just as inclusive: Ai no Kusabi. It featured an 18-year-old castrated boy named Daryl who served as Iason's furniture and Riki's caretaker,[65] later falling in love with Riki because of his pride and strong will. Additionally, Guy was Riki's lover prior to his capture and Guy is determined to save Riki from Iason,[66][67] while Iason is in love with Riki, a mongrel from the slums, and later he begins to love Riki to the point of obsession.[68] At the same time, Kirie is romantically obsessed with Riki.[66][65] Then Riki, once the gang leader of the Bison gang,[66] grew obsessively in love with Iason.[68][69] Prior to this, Riki was in a relationship with Guy,[70] and he once engaged in a one-night stand with a female slave named Mimea. One reviewer found the characterization of Iason in the third novel, which the anime was based on, to be realistic and compelling.[65]

Cosplay of Yuri and Kei from the Dirty Pair series at Katsucon 2017; image by peyj_turner on February 18, 2017

Four other OVAs included lesbian characters. First of these was Dirty Pair Flash: Mission II, with Leana as a lesbian who had her eyes on Yuri, who seems to have feelings for Kei,[71] while Irene "Rally" Vincent in Gunsmith Cats operates the titular "Gunsmith Cats" gun shop in Chicago and works as a bounty hunter, assisted in both activities by her housemate, former prostitute "Minnie" May Hopkins.[72][73] While Rally is an expert combat shooter and marksman and May is an explosives expert, May often teases Rally, who is also friendly with Becky Farrah, who gives them information about the Chicago underworld.[74] Similarly, Ayako Yuuki, also known Yūki Ayako, is the sole lesbian character in Variable Geo.[75] In the video game in the same franchise, Yuukimeets and becomes infatuated with Satomi Yajima, a fellow fighter who has no interest in pursuing a romantic relationship with another woman.[76] Apart from the aforementioned anime, El Hazard: The Magnificent World 2 featured an open lesbian character, named Fatora Venus. She is much like her primary lover Alielle in that she has an overdeveloped sex drive and little concern for the concept of "faithfulness" or even "disinterested".[77][78] She later manages to fool Shayla-Shayla sufficiently that she manages to kiss her, naturally prompting a fiery explosion of fury when the priestess realizes who just claimed her first kiss and has a crush on Gilda of the emperor's guards.[79]

While the 1995 anime film, Ghost in the Shell inspired "transgender interpretations,"[12] one series had more influence than the rest: Sailor Moon. Airing on TV Asahi from 1992 to 1997, Kunihiko Ikuhara, Junichi Sato, Takuya Igarashi directed specific Sailor Moon seasons. There would be gay, lesbian, and genderqueer characters. In 1992, Zoisite and Kunzite were introduced. They were powerful generals who work under Queen Beryl from the Dark Kingdom are an openly gay couple in the 90s anime series. Though, in some dubs in other countries, Zoisite's gender was changed to female for his feminine appearance and to make them a heterosexual couple instead, but in other dubs, they are changed into brotherly figures because of the closeness of their relationship.[80] A few years later, in 1994, Sailor Uranus and Sailor Neptune were introduced. They would become one of the most iconic lesbian couples in anime,[81][82] with the dubbed version on US and European television networks portraying them as cousins.[83][12][84] Although this was amended years later, networks, at the time, chopped out the "gay content" in the dubbed version of Cardcaptor Sakura, which had aired on NHK-BS2.[85][12] Some would describe the relationship between Uranus and Neptune as butch-femme.[86]

Zoisite, Kunzite, Uranus, and Neptune were only some of the LGBTQ characters in the show. In 1995, Fish-Eye, an effeminate cross-dressing man romantically interested in men as first shown.[87][20] He was changed into a woman in the English dub. The next year, the genderqueer Sailor Starlights would be introduced. In the anime, the Sailor Starlights (Sailor Star Fighter, Sailor Star Maker, and Sailor Star Healer) were assigned female at birth, but transform to present as male and refer to themselves as males when not fighting, as shown in the episode, "Holy War in the Galaxy! Sailor Wars Legend."[87][88] Neptune and Uranus were some of the Sailor Starlights, and would act like in their civilian forms but transform into women when they battled villains.[89][90]

Some scholars argued that the gender of the characters in Sailor Moon was irrelevant to their personalities, attitudes, or behaviors, with oft-blurring of gender characteristics, "traditional roles," and identity itself.[91]:6, 8, 11–12 The show gained a following among male university students,[92] spreading in popularity thanks to the Internet.[93]:281 Some praised the show for empowering its viewers[94] while others saw it as expressing characters who acted in a "traditionally male" manner, or less than feminist in the case of Sailor Moon herself.[95] This representation came at a time that anime was beginning to establish a strong foothold in "American geek fandom,"[96][97] even as they still reflected the values of Japanese society.[91]:10–11

LGBTQ representation in Western animation falters
See also: LGBTQ representation in adult animation, LGBT children's television programming, and Cartoon Network and LGBTQ representation

While Utena and Sailor Moon aired on Japanese Television other anime with LGBTQ+ characters appeared. This included RG Veda, Osamu Dezaki's Dear Brother with Dezaki as the one who had directed episodes 19-40 of The Rose of Versailles, and Katsuhito Akiyama's Ai no Kusabi, a yaoi series, with Akiyama directing the first four episodes of Bubblegum Crisis in 1987. Additionally, other characters appeared in anime throughout the later 1990s, in shows such as Leena Dirty Pair Flash,[71][98][17] Compared to the number of anime, there were a paltry amount of characters on broadcast TV and in animation within the United States and other Western countries.

One of those shows was Gargoyles, created by Greg Weisman. It would be syndicated for most of its run, between 1994 and 1996, and then would air on ABC for the last two years of its broadcast, from 1996 to 1997. Many of them would be confirmed as LGBTQ years later. For instance, Lexicon was confirmed by Weisman as gay in 2008[99] while Janine Renard / Fox was confirmed as bisexual by Weisman in 2014.[100][101] One character, Owen Burnett had an alter ego of Puck. When he was Puck, he was bisexual, and while he was Owen he was asexual.[100][101] At the same time, a French show, Space Goofs (known as Les Zinzins de L'Espace in French) had a character named Candy Caramilla, an uptight homosexual neat freak who gets in touch with their feminine side by sometimes disguising themselves as a woman, and flirts with men, is implied to be transgender.[102] This implication is confirmed by the game, "Stupid Invaders" with Candy planning a gender reassignment surgery with the best specialist in the universe. Even Kids' WB's Superman: The Animated Series featured two lesbian characters, Maggie Sawyer and Toby Raynes, although they were secondary or tertiary to the story.[103]

In the 1990s, Crapston Villas aired on Channel 4, a British broadcasting channel. This show would be one of the first animated series on British television to present openly gay characters, specifically Robbie and Larry.[104][105] There were a number of other shows which included LGBTQ characters. Mission Hill, which aired on The WB from 1999 to 2000 and Adult Swim in 2002, Gus Duncz and Wally Langford, a gay elderly couple in their late 60s, even winning an award from GLAAD for this representation.[106] Also, The Oblongs, which showed on The WB and Adult Swim included a trans woman named Anna Bidet as a character.[107]

See also

References

Citations
  1. Toole, Mike (June 5, 2011). "Evangel-a-like - The Mike Toole Show". Anime News Network. Archived from the original on March 25, 2020. Retrieved May 15, 2020.
  2. Kelley, Shamus (July 25, 2017). "Steven Universe Was Influenced by Revolutionary Girl Utena". Den of Geek. Archived from the original on March 25, 2020. Retrieved April 25, 2020.
  3. "How Has Japanese Anime Influenced the World?". Japan Info. November 17, 2015. Archived from the original on August 27, 2019. Retrieved March 29, 2020.
  4. Welker, James (March 26, 2018). "Boys Love, Yuri, and More: Tracing the History of "Queer" (But Not Necessarily LGBT) Media in Japan". Academia.edu. Temple University. Archived from the original on March 26, 2020. Retrieved March 29, 2020.
  5. Liu, Ting (April 2009). "Conflicting Discourses on Boys' Love and Subcultural Tactics in Mainland China and Hong Kong". Intersections: Gender, History and Culture in the Asian Context (20). Retrieved March 28, 2020.
  6. Chambers, Samantha Nicole Inëz (2010). "Anime: From Cult Following to Pop Culture Phenomenon" (PDF). The Elon Journal of Undergraduate Research in Communications. 3 (2). Retrieved March 28, 2020.
  7. Bond, Jean-Michael (April 6, 2018). "Why anime is more popular now than ever". The Daily Dot. Archived from the original on March 27, 2020. Retrieved March 28, 2020.
  8. Baudinette, Thomas (October 2016). "Looking forward to queer utopias: Ambivalent hopes from Japan's new "LGBT boom"". Academia.edu. Monash University Japanese Studies Centre. Archived from the original on March 26, 2020. Retrieved March 28, 2020.
  9. Welker, James (2018). "From Women's Liberation to Lesbian Feminism in Japan: Rezubian Feminizumu within and beyond the Ūman Ribu Movement in the 1970s and 1980s". In Bullock, Julia C.; Kano, Ayako; Welker, James (eds.). Rethinking Japanese Feminisms. University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 9780824866693.
  10. Yasuo, Yamaguchi (November 28, 2013). "The Evolution of the Japanese Anime Industry". nippon.com. Nippon Communications Foundation. Archived from the original on March 4, 2020. Retrieved March 28, 2020.
  11. "A small glimpse into the history of Japanese anime". Go! Go! Nihon. GoGo World. October 27, 2008. Archived from the original on March 27, 2020. Retrieved March 28, 2020.
  12. Baron, Rueben (June 24, 2018). "20 Crucial Queer Representations In Anime (For Better Or Worse)". CBR. Archived from the original on September 26, 2019. Retrieved July 20, 2020.
  13. Poitras, Gilles (2001). Anime Essentials: Every Thing a Fan Needs to Know. Stone Bridge Press, Inc. pp. 49–. ISBN 9781880656532. Retrieved 31 December 2014.
  14. Martin, Theron (September 6, 2007). "El Hazard - The Magnificent World DVDs 1 and 2 [review]". Anime News Network. Archived from the original on March 7, 2019. Retrieved June 29, 2020.
  15. University of the Pacific 2004, p. 6.
  16. "Mysterious Play (Fushigi Yugi) [Review]". Anime News Network. July 22, 2017. Archived from the original on July 15, 2014. Retrieved 2020-07-13.
  17. University of the Pacific 2004, p. 7-8.
  18. Anthony Gramuglia (2020-04-06). "25 Years Ago, Fushigi Yuugi Created One of Anime's Best Worst Villains". Comic Book Resources. Archived from the original on April 7, 2020. Retrieved July 13, 2020.
  19. Pennington, Latonya (January 25, 2018). "7 Reasons 'Revolutionary Girl Utena' Was a Groundbreaking Queer Anime". Pride.com. Archived from the original on March 26, 2020. Retrieved May 16, 2020.
  20. Yehl, Joshua; Sanchez, Miranda; Butts, Steve (June 30, 2015). "Five family-friendly LGBTQ animated series for Pride Month". IGN. Archived from the original on March 18, 2020. Retrieved March 29, 2020.
  21. Cadorniga, Carlos (June 18, 2019). "7 Great Gay and Lesbian Relationships In Anime". Crunchyroll. Archived from the original on October 18, 2019. Retrieved May 16, 2020.
  22. Brown, Rebecca (August 8, 2005). "An Introduction to Yuri Manga and Anime (page 3)". AfterEllen. Archived from the original on March 26, 2007. Retrieved March 29, 2020.
  23. Sabdha, Charlton (May 2001). "Utena: Adolescence Mokushiroku (The Adolescence of Utena) [Review]". Intersections: Gender, History and Culture in the Asian Context (5). Retrieved October 25, 2010.
  24. "Interview with Kunihiko Ikuhara". UR Anime Club. October 8, 2000. Archived from the original on February 8, 2008. Retrieved October 25, 2010.
  25. "Ursula's Kiss". Enoki Films. 2005-01-12. Archived from the original on 2005-01-12. Retrieved 2019-08-25.
  26. "Central Park Media's Licenses Offered by Liquidator". Anime News Network. June 8, 2008. Archived from the original on August 2, 2019. Retrieved October 25, 2010.
  27. B, Zuleika (June 18, 2018). "9 Must-See LGBTQ Anime". Fandom. Archived from the original on April 22, 2020. Retrieved April 25, 2020.
  28. Thompson 2010, p. 29.
  29. Ross, Carlos (2015). "Maze". THEM Anime Reviews. Archived from the original on March 9, 2020. Retrieved March 9, 2020.
  30. Jones, Tim (2015). "Battle Athletes Victory". THEM Anime Reviews. Archived from the original on March 9, 2020. Retrieved March 9, 2020.
  31. Jones, Tim (2015). "Battle Athletes". THEM Anime Reviews. Archived from the original on March 9, 2020. Retrieved March 9, 2020.
  32. Stuckmann, Chris (2018). Anime Impact: The Movies and Shows that Changed the World of Japanese Animation. Miami, Florida: Mango Publishing. p. 218. ISBN 978-1633537323.
  33. Monique (May 6, 2020). "Queer Coded: Fred Luo Of 'Outlaw Star' Presents Two Harmful Gay Stereotypes". Just Add Color (magazine). Archived from the original on June 17, 2020. Retrieved July 14, 2020.
  34. Dong, Bamboo (2013-10-30). "19 Best Anime Traps of All Time". The Cinemaholic. Archived from the original on April 18, 2020. Retrieved 2020-07-13.
  35. Kachuba, John B. (2019). Shapeshifters: A History. Islington, London: Reaktion Books. p. 223. ISBN 978-1789140798. ...the sorcerer Stephan is mortally wounded in battle, forcing him to use magical powers to heal himself. In the course of healing, he makes other changes, transforming himself into the female Stephanie.
  36. Crandol, Mike (February 26, 2002). "Orphen DVD 3: Ruins and Relics [review]". Anime News Network. Archived from the original on March 28, 2019. Retrieved July 13, 2020.
  37. Crandol, Mike (March 29, 2002). "Orphen DVD 4: Mystere [review]". Anime News Network. Archived from the original on March 28, 2019. Retrieved July 13, 2020.
  38. Loveridge, Lynzee (2013-11-18). "Anime Fashion Inspiration: Dear Brother". Anime News Network. Archived from the original on March 20, 2020. Retrieved July 13, 2020.
  39. Loveridge, Lynzee (January 31, 2015). "7 Frightening Student Councils". Anime News Network. Archived from the original on July 1, 2020. Retrieved July 13, 2020.
  40. Friedman, Erica (April 20, 2015). "Yuri Anime: Dear Brother Set 2, Disk 1 (English)". Okazu. Archived from the original on April 11, 2016. Retrieved July 3, 2020.
  41. Ross, Carlos (2015). "Brother Dear Brother". THEM Anime Reviews. Archived from the original on March 7, 2019. Retrieved June 29, 2020.
  42. "Dear Brother (TV) Trivia". Anime News Network. 2019. Archived from the original on May 2, 2019. Retrieved June 29, 2020.
  43. Juvet, Aedan (November 26, 2019). "5 Yu Yu Hakusho Villains That Helped the Series Evolve". Funimation. Archived from the original on May 31, 2020. Retrieved July 13, 2020.
  44. Zuniga, Paul (June 21, 2020). "Here's Why Yu Yu Hakusho Deserves A Shoutout During Pride Month". thethings.com. Archived from the original on July 13, 2020. Retrieved 2020-07-13.
  45. DeRuyter, Lucas (September 27, 2018). "When Reality Meets Nostalgia: Rewatching 'Yu Yu Hakusho' in 2018". Fandom. Archived from the original on January 8, 2019. Retrieved July 13, 2020.
  46. Tei, Andrew (July 5, 2005). "Anime Expo 2002: Friday Report". Mania Entertainment. Archived from the original on July 27, 2008. Retrieved March 4, 2018."The idea was provided by the artist for One Piece. The idea of the cross dresser came from a pun. Then it became a matter of "what type of queer", and he went with "cute" type. Watsuki appreciates all the Kenshin coplayers, and he takes photos of them."
  47. Clopton, Kay (August 5, 2019). "Failed Expectations: Fujoshi and the Unexpected Presenting of Gender in Princess Jellyfish". CBR. Archived from the original on August 6, 2019. Retrieved April 12, 2020.
  48. Divers, Allen (August 21, 2002). "Card Captor Sakura DVD 9: Winter Wonderland [review]". Anime News Network. Archived from the original on June 1, 2009. Retrieved June 29, 2020.
  49. Divers, Allen (March 3, 2003). "Card Captor Sakura DVD 10: School Daze [review]". Anime News Network. Archived from the original on May 20, 2019. Retrieved June 29, 2020.
  50. Shepard, Chris (n.d.). "Cardcaptor Sakura DVD 1 - The Clow [Review]". Anime News Network. Archived from the original on December 24, 2019. Retrieved June 29, 2020.
  51. Mehta 2018, p. 65-68.
  52. Murray, Kirsten (September 22, 2019). "Cardcaptor Sakura's 10 Best Quotes, Ranked". CBR. Archived from the original on October 3, 2019. Retrieved July 14, 2020.
  53. Cardcaptor Sakura Memorial Book (in Japanese). Kodansha. February 2001. ISBN 978-4-06-324535-6.
  54. Mehta 2018, p. 45-49.
  55. Dennis, Cat (September 22, 2019). "15 Ways Cardcaptor Sakura Had To Be Censored In America". Screen Rant. Archived from the original on May 5, 2020. Retrieved July 14, 2020.
  56. Collins, Hannah (January 17, 2018). "Cardcaptor Sakura Is Back Just When We Need Her Most". The Mary Sue. Archived from the original on July 17, 2019. Retrieved July 14, 2020.
  57. Mehta 2018, p. 60-62.
  58. Mehta 2018, p. 53-57.
  59. Kelley, Shamus (June 2, 2020). "How Cardcaptor Sakura's Queerness Broke Through Censorship". Den of Geek. Archived from the original on June 29, 2020. Retrieved July 14, 2020.
  60. Bertschy, Zac (January 21, 2004). "Cardcaptor Sakura DVD 18: Revelations [review]". Anime News Network. Archived from the original on March 31, 2019. Retrieved June 29, 2020.
  61. Mehta 2018, p. 49-53.
  62. Mehta 2018, p. 37-40.
  63. Kujaku (April 12, 1998). "RG VEDA Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) version 1.2". Stompin' Wombat's Intergalactic Trading Post. Archived from the original on October 22, 2009. Retrieved June 29, 2020.
  64. Script, Griffin; Nishida, Miho (January 19, 1992). RG Veda (Sen-Den) #1 (Text file). Animanga - Anime and Manga Services. Archived from the original on March 8, 2020. Retrieved March 8, 2020.CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)Transcript of episode by Griffin Script and Miho Nishida from that website.
  65. Van Gorder, Danielle (August 6, 2008). "Ai no Kusabi: The Space Between Vol. #03". Mania. Archived from the original on January 30, 2009. Retrieved March 13, 2009.
  66. Van Gorder, Danielle (March 18, 2008). "Ai no Kusabi: The Space Between Vol. #01 - Stranger". Mania. Archived from the original on January 27, 2009. Retrieved March 8, 2020.
  67. Van Gorder, Danielle (2009-03-13). "Ai no Kusabi: The Space Between Vol. #04". Mania. Archived from the original on 2009-03-16. Retrieved 2009-03-16.
  68. Van Gorder, Danielle (April 10, 2008). "Ai no Kusabi: The Space Between Vol. #02 - Destiny". Mania. Archived from the original on March 1, 2009. Retrieved March 13, 2009.
  69. Agnerian, Maral. "Ai No Kusabi: Wedge of Love". Anime News Network. Archived from the original on March 16, 2009. Retrieved March 13, 2009.
  70. Sevakis, Justin (2008-01-10). "Ai no Kusabi". Buried Treasure. Anime News Network. Archived from the original on 29 March 2009. Retrieved 2009-03-16.
  71. Crandol, Mike (January 21, 2004). "Dirty Pair Flash DVD 2: Angels at World's End [review]". Anime News Network. Archived from the original on March 7, 2019. Retrieved June 29, 2020.
  72. See, Rahpael (2015). "Gunsmith Cats". THEM Anime Reviews. Archived from the original on March 7, 2019. Retrieved June 29, 2020.
  73. Crandol, Mike (2007). "Gunsmith Cats DVD - Bulletproof! [review]". Anime News Network. Archived from the original on March 9, 2019. Retrieved June 29, 2020.
  74. "Gunsmith Cats DVD - Bulletproof! [review]". Anime News Network. 2007. Archived from the original on May 8, 2019. Retrieved June 29, 2020.
  75. Sean (1999). "Variable Geo [Review]". J-pop.com. Archived from the original on February 19, 2001. Retrieved June 29, 2020.
  76. PlayStation (April 19, 1996). Advanced V.G. (in Japanese) (1 ed.). TGL.
  77. Chris Beveridge (August 7, 2001). "El-Hazard, The Magnificent World Box Set". Mania.com. Archived from the original on October 16, 2012. Retrieved January 1, 2016.
  78. AIC (June 25, 2004). "Characters". Anime International Company (AIC). Archived from the original on October 16, 2012. Retrieved June 29, 2020. This page says she is 23 years old.
  79. Solomon, Charles (October 14, 2003). Anime, mon amour. The Advocate. p. 87.
  80. Gooding-Call, Anna (November 9, 2018). "Sailor Moon: 20 Really Weird Fan Theories That Were Actually Confirmed". Screen Rant. Archived from the original on November 16, 2018. Retrieved February 25, 2019.
  81. Sara, Roncero-Menendez (May 21, 2014). "Sailor Neptune and Uranus Come Out of the Fictional Closet". HuffPost. Archived from the original on December 5, 2019. Retrieved March 29, 2020.
  82. Brown, Rebecca (August 8, 2005). "An Introduction to Yuri Manga and Anime (page 2)". AfterEllen. Archived from the original on March 26, 2007. Retrieved March 29, 2020.
  83. Adegoke, Yomi (October 1, 2019). "Move over, Disney! Meet the woman leading the LGBT cartoon revolution". The Guardian. Archived from the original on March 7, 2020. Retrieved March 11, 2020.
  84. Manzella, Sam (February 27, 2018). "9 Cartoons That Were Censored For Being Too Gay". NewNowNext. Archived from the original on March 18, 2020. Retrieved March 29, 2020.
  85. Mak, Philip (March 26, 2018). "Five family-friendly LGBTQ animated series for Pride Month". Toon Boom. Toon Boom Animation Inc. Archived from the original on July 13, 2019. Retrieved March 29, 2020.
  86. Subramian, Erin (2003). "Women-Loving Women in Modern Japan". Yuricon. Archived from the original on March 27, 2020. Retrieved March 27, 2020.
  87. Necessary, Terra (June 30, 2019). "9 Ways Sailor Moon Was Way Gayer Than You Remember". Pride.com. Archived from the original on July 13, 2020. Retrieved July 13, 2020.
  88. Gramuglia, Anthony (June 4, 2020). "Sailor Moon: The Complicated Romance of Sailor Uranus & Sailor Neptune". CBR. Archived from the original on July 13, 2020. Retrieved July 13, 2020.
  89. Atkinson, Sophia (November 5, 2015). "The Complete History of Queer Characters in Cartoon Shows". Highsnobiety. Archived from the original on March 18, 2020. Retrieved March 28, 2020.
  90. Ellis, Adam (December 2, 2013). "19 Kids Show Characters Who Were Totally Gay Heroes". BuzzFeed. Archived from the original on March 18, 2020. Retrieved March 29, 2020.
  91. Correia, Ana Durão (2014). "Does it really matter one way or the other? Género e Sexualidade em Anime: O caso de Sailor Moon". Does it really matter one way or the other? Género, Sexo e Sexualidade em Anime: O caso de Sailor Moon [Does it really matter one way or the other? Gender, Sex and Sexuality in Anime: The case of Sailor Moon] (History and Gender Graduate Seminar) (in Portuguese). Retrieved March 28, 2020.
  92. Grigsby, Mary (June 1998). "Sailormoon: Manga (Comics) and Anime (Cartoon) Superheroine Meets Barbie: Global Entertainment Commodity Comes to the United States". The Journal of Popular Culture. 32 (1): 59–80. doi:10.1111/j.0022-3840.1998.3201_59.x.
  93. Drazen, Patrick (2003). Anime Explosion!: The What? Why? & Wow! of Japanese Animation. Berkeley, California: Stone Bridge Press. ISBN 1880656728.
  94. Newsom, Victoria Anne (2004). "Young Females as Super Heroes: Super heroines in the Animated 'Sailor Moon'". Femspec. 5: 57–81.
  95. Brown, Lousie (July 27, 1996). "Sailing the Internet It's a treasure trove of trivia for Sailor 'Moonies'". pqarchiver.com. The Toronto Star. Retrieved October 20, 2016.
  96. Verboon, Nick (June 13, 2013). "90's Flashback: Neon Genesis Evangelion". Unreality Magazine. N/A, Internet: Unreality. Archived from the original on 2014-12-07. Retrieved March 29, 2020.
  97. Axinto, Jemarc (April 24, 2014). "Pacific Rim: In-depth study of the influence of Anime". The Artifice. Archived from the original on February 1, 2020. Retrieved March 29, 2020.
  98. "Mysterious Play (Fushigi Yugi) [Review]". Anime News Network. 2017-07-22. Archived from the original on July 15, 2014. Retrieved July 13, 2020.
  99. "Interview: Greg Weisman Talks 'Gargoyles'". Comicmix.com. July 17, 2008. Archived from the original on January 30, 2020. Retrieved June 29, 2014.
  100. goliathelisashippers (July 9, 2014). "CONvergance 2014 Schedule". Tumblr. Archived from the original on March 9, 2020. Retrieved March 9, 2020.
  101. Delatte, Thomas (August 6, 2019). "20 Cartoon Characters We Totally Forgot Were Gay". thethings.com. thethings.com. Archived from the original on March 9, 2020. Retrieved March 9, 2020.
  102. Kementari (August 17, 2004). "Stupid Invaders - Dreamcast". Gang Geek Style. Gang Geek Style. Archived from the original on July 15, 2020. Retrieved April 26, 2020. When translated from French, this article says: "Candy is an alien with a very large head compared to the rest of her tiny body. He wears a yellow dress with red dots. Adept at housekeeping, Candy is very effeminate. He wishes to undergo an operation to change sex."
  103. Superman: The Animated Series, Volume One ["Tools of the Trade" commentary track] (DVD) (DVD). US: Warner Brothers. January 25, 2005. B0002ZMHX6. Retrieved December 23, 2019.
  104. Norris, Van (August 1, 2014). British Television Animation 1997–2010: Drawing Comic Tradition. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 221–. ISBN 9781137330949. Retrieved December 31, 2014.
  105. Tilke, Matt (January 29, 2005). "Take A Trip Back To Channel 4's Crapston Villas". Retroheadz. Archived from the original on March 26, 2020. Retrieved January 19, 2020.
  106. Neill, Chris (November 27, 2018). "The prematurely axed Mission Hill was a '90s cartoon ahead of its years". thebrag.com. Archived from the original on April 27, 2020. Retrieved April 26, 2020.
  107. Anderson-Minshall, Diane (June 18, 2013). "How Animated Shows Like Futurama Can Unite Us All". The Advocate. Archived from the original on March 12, 2016. Retrieved April 26, 2020.

Sources
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.