Hurricane Stan

Hurricane Stan was a relatively weak but deadly tropical cyclone that affected areas of Central America in early October 2005. The eighteenth named storm and eleventh hurricane of the 2005 Atlantic hurricane season, Stan formed from a tropical wave on October 1 after it had moved into the western Caribbean Sea. The depression slowly intensified, and reached tropical storm intensity the following day, before subsequently making its first landfall on the Yucatán Peninsula. Traversing the peninsula, the tropical storm weakened, but was able to re-intensify once it entered the Bay of Campeche. Under favorable conditions for tropical development, Stan attained hurricane strength on October 4, and later reached peak intensity with winds of 80 mph (130 km/h) and a minimum barometric pressure of 977 mbar (hPa; 28.85 inHg). The hurricane maintained this intensity until landfall near Punta Roca Partida, Mexico later the same day. Once over the mountainous terrain of Mexico, however, Stan quickly weakened, and dissipated on October 5.

Hurricane Stan
Category 1 hurricane (SSHWS/NWS)
Hurricane Stan at landfall in Mexico
FormedOctober 1, 2005
DissipatedOctober 5, 2005
Highest winds1-minute sustained: 80 mph (130 km/h)
Lowest pressure977 mbar (hPa); 28.85 inHg
Fatalities1,668 total[nb 1]
Damage$3.96 billion (2005 USD)
Areas affectedCosta Rica, Nicaragua, Honduras, El Salvador, Belize, Guatemala, Mexico
Part of the 2005 Atlantic hurricane season

Due to Stan's position within a large area of convective activity and thunderstorms, the hurricane's effects were far-reaching and widespread across Central America. Flash floods generated by the hurricane caused severe crop losses, particularly to coffee crops. Overall, Stan caused at least 1,668 deaths across six countries, with many others unaccounted for. Most of these fatalities occurred in Guatemala, and were mostly caused by mudslides triggered by torrential rainfall. The floods in Guatemala destroyed entire towns and disrupted exportation of petroleum. In Mexico, the heavy rains triggered additional mudslides and caused rivers to overflow, flooding nearby villages. Despite being relatively far from Stan as opposed to other countries, El Salvador was also severely affected by the hurricane. The Santa Ana Volcano erupted while Stan was producing heavy rains in the country, which contributed to the damage already wrought by mudslides. Transportation in the country was disrupted. Across the region, Stan caused $3.9 billion in damages, primarily due to torrential rainfall.

Meteorological history
Map plotting the track and the intensity of the storm, according to the Saffir–Simpson scale

Hurricane Stan originated from a tropical wave that was first identified by the National Hurricane Center (NHC) off the west coast of Africa on September 17, 2005. Traveling westward, the wave remained weak, barely being notable. By September 22 convection began to increase; however, wind shear in the region prevented this development from continuing. The system entered the Caribbean Sea several days later, a region with more favorable conditions for cyclonic development. Intermittent convection formed around the wave as it moved west-northwestward before the development maintained itself.[1] On October 1, the system had become sufficiently organized for the NHC to classify it as Tropical Depression Twenty,[2] with the center of circulation situated roughly 135 mi (215 km) southeast of Cozumel, Mexico.[1]

Located to the south of a low to mid-level tropospheric ridge, the depression tracked towards the west-northwest. Within a few hours of being warned upon, the system further intensified into Tropical Storm Stan.[1] This followed the development of a strong convective banding feature to the southeast of the storm's center.[3] Around 1000 UTC (5 a.m. CDT) on October 2, Stan made its first landfall near Punta Hualaxtoc, Mexico, roughly 35 mi (55 km) south of Tulum, with winds of 40 mph (65 km/h).[1] Over the following 18 hours, the weak storm traversed the southern portion of the Yucatán Peninsula. Upon entering the Gulf of Mexico on October 3, Stan had weakened to a tropical depression;[1] however, convection began to redevelop over the storm's center,[4] allowing the system to re-attain tropical storm status.[1]

Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission estimate of rainfall from Hurricane Stan; September 29 – October 5

A strong area of high pressure over the western Gulf of Mexico forced the storm to turn southwestward, back to the Mexican coastline.[1] Increasingly deep cloud cover formed over the storm in response to a favorable environment over the Bay of Campeche. Late on October 3, forecasters at National Hurricane Center noted a statistical rapid intensity index indicating a 49% chance of Stan undergoing rapid intensification before its final landfall.[5] This intensification did take place within 12 hours before the hurricane moved onshore. Overnight, the structure of Stan rapidly improved, with a banding eye-feature developing within unusually deep convection with cloud-top temperatures measured at −90 °C (−130 °F) by infrared satellites.[6] Following this development, National Hurricane Center upgraded the storm to a Category 1 hurricane on the Saffir–Simpson Hurricane Scale. Around 1200 UTC on October 4, Stan made landfall near Punta Roca Partida, with winds of 80 mph (130 km/h). The storm also attained its lowest barometric pressure of 977 mbar (hPa; 28.85 inHg) at this time. Not long after moving over the mountainous terrain of central Mexico, Stan rapidly weakened to a tropical depression and fully dissipated early on October 5 over the state of Oaxaca.[1]

Preparations

Some 100,000 inhabitants of the Sierra de los Tuxtlas region on the Gulf Coast were evacuated from their homes, and incidents of mild flooding as well as wind damage (such as uprooted trees and roofs ripped off houses) were reported from coastal areas of Veracruz, including the port of Veracruz, Boca del Río, San Andrés Tuxtla, Santiago Tuxtla, Minatitlán and Coatzacoalcos, as well as state capital Xalapa further inland. The armed forces evacuated the inhabitants of a dozen or so towns on the coastal plain, between World Heritage Site Tlacotalpan in the west and the lakeside resort of Catemaco in the east.

Impact
Impact by country
CountryFatalitiesDamage (USD)Refs
Costa Rica120 million[7]
El Salvador69356 million[7][8]
Guatemala1,513996 million[9][10]
Honduras7100 million[11]
Mexico802.5 billion[1][7]
Nicaragua3 N/A[7]
Total16683.96 billion

Around the time of Stan's existence, torrential rainstorms dropped upwards of 20 inches (500 mm) of rain, causing severe flash floods, mud slides, and crop damage (particularly to the coffee crop which was close to harvest) over portions of Mexico and Central America, including Guatemala, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Honduras, and Costa Rica. Most of the rainstorms were non-tropical in nature and impossible to relate to the hurricane; however, the impact of the larger weather system can be considered as a whole.

Hundreds were reported missing and were feared dead throughout the region. One estimate put the death toll above 2,000 in Guatemala alone. The final death toll will likely never be known due to the extensive decomposition of bodies in the mud.[12]

Most of the reported fatalities were as a result of the flooding and mudslides, although eight of the deaths in Nicaragua were as a result of a boat carrying migrants from Ecuador and Peru that ran ashore. A large portion of the figure comes from one village alone, as a mudslide completely destroyed the village of Panabaj in Guatemala's Sololá department.

Following the severe damage and extensive loss of life in Stan's wake, the World Meteorological Organization retired the name Stan from the circulating list of Atlantic hurricane names. For the 2011 season, Stan was replaced by Sean.[13]

Mexico

As a tropical storm, Stan brought torrential rainfall and gusty winds to parts of the Yucatan Peninsula. Flash flooding took place in several areas; however, no loss of life was reported.[14]

Hurricane Stan making landfall in Veracruz

As the system progressed inland towards the Sierra Madre del Sur to the west of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, the states of Oaxaca and Chiapas were affected with torrential rains. Areas of Chiapas near the Guatemalan border were hit hard, particularly the coastal border town of Tapachula. In Tapachula the river overflowed its banks and caused tremendous damage (including the destruction of all the bridges leading in and out of the town), meaning that it was only accessible through the air. The state government reported that 33 rivers broke their banks and that an indeterminate number of homes, upwards of 20 bridges, and other infrastructure were smashed in the storm's wake.

Some areas in the Sierra Norte, in the central state of Puebla, were also flooded. Three people died in a mudslide at Xochiapulco Hill.

In addition, Pemex evacuated 270 employees from its oil platforms in the Gulf of Mexico, although no damage was reported and the plants were restarted.

The Ministry of the Interior declared states of emergency in the worst hit municipalities of five states: Chiapas, Hidalgo, Oaxaca, Puebla, and Veracruz. According to Mexican president Vicente Fox, Hurricane Stan wrought roughly 20 billion pesos (US$1.9 billion) in damage throughout the country.[15]

Honduras

Throughout Honduras, heavy rains produced by Hurricane Stan resulted in seven fatalities and roughly $100 million in losses.[11]

Guatemala
Landslides affecting infrastructure, crops, and water sources in Guatemala

By October 11, 2005 at least 1,500 people were confirmed to have died, and up to 3,000 were believed missing. Many communities were overwhelmed, and the worst single incident appears to have occurred in Panabaj, an impoverished Maya village in the highlands near Lake Atitlán in Sololá department. This volcanic lake was so overwhelmed by the torrential rains that many of the small, Mayan villages covering the shores experienced landslides from above. Some of the towns were so overwhelmed by the slides that the mayor has declared them graveyards, and all people who are missing are counted as dead. Piedra Grande, a hamlet in the municipality of San Pedro Sacatepéquez, was also destroyed. Floods and mudslides obliterated the community of about 1,400 people, and it was feared that most or all of the population of the community lost their lives. The government stated that it did not know what was going on in the southwest of the country, and particularly in the San Marcos department because a vital bridge was destroyed at El Palmar, Quetzaltenango, cutting the region off from the rest of the country. There were reported petrol shortages, including in Quetzaltenango.

El Salvador

The October 1 eruption of the Santa Ana volcano, located near the capital San Salvador, compounded the problems, which led to even more destructive floods and mudslides from Stan.

Damage from Stan and the volcano was estimated at $355.6 million (2005 USD), equivalent to 2.2% of the country's GDP from the previous year.[8]

A state of emergency was declared. According to the director of El Salvador's National Emergency Centre, 300 communities were affected by the floods, with over 54,000 people forced to flee their homes. A state of emergency also was called for in Guatemala by President Óscar Berger where 36,559 people were reported in emergency shelters. Some looting was also reported, a scene reminiscent of Hurricane Katrina five weeks previous.

A spokesman for the Salvadoran Red Cross said that "the emergency is bigger than the rescue capacity, we have floods everywhere, bridges about to collapse, landslides and dozens of roads blocked by mudslides". The Pan-American Highway was cut off by mudslides leading into the capital, San Salvador, as well as several other roads. 72 deaths were confirmed in El Salvador.

See also

Footnotes
  1. Note that only 80-100 of the deaths were estimated to have been as a result of Stan; the rest were not caused by Stan itself but were the result of the large system of non-tropical rains that had spawned the hurricane.

References
  1. Richard J. Pasch and David P. Roberts (February 14, 2006). "Hurricane Stan Tropical Cyclone Report" (PDF). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved April 27, 2010.
  2. Stacy Stewart (October 1, 2005). "Tropical Depression Twenty Public Advisory One". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved April 27, 2010.
  3. Richard Knabb (October 2, 2005). "Tropical Storm Stan Discussion Four". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved April 27, 2010.
  4. Richard Knabb (October 3, 2005). "Tropical Storm Stan Discussion Eight". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved April 27, 2010.
  5. Richard Pasch (October 3, 2005). "Tropical Storm Stan Discussion Eleven". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved April 27, 2010.
  6. Richard Knabb (October 4, 2005). "Hurricane Stan Discussion Thirteen". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved April 27, 2010.
  7. Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters. "EM-DAT: The OFDA/CRED International Disaster Database". Université catholique de Louvain. Retrieved November 30, 2012.
  8. Humanitarian assistance and rehabilitation for El Salvador and Guatemala - UN SG Report (A/61/78-E/2006/61) (Report). United Nations General Assembly. May 3, 2006. ReliefWeb. Retrieved February 28, 2020.
  9. One year after Stan, Guatemala needs more assistance (Report). United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs. October 10, 2006. ReliefWeb. Retrieved February 21, 2020.
  10. Vulnerability, Risk Reduction, and Adaptation to Climate Change Guatemala (PDF) (Report). Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery. April 2011. p. 8.
  11. Disaster Risk Management in Latin America and the Caribbean Region: GFDRR Country Notes Honduras (PDF) (Report). Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery. 2010. p. 172. Retrieved February 28, 2020.
  12. NHC end-of-season summary
  13. National Hurricane Center (April 6, 2006). "Dennis, Katrina, Rita, Stan, and Wilma "Retired" from List of Storm Name". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved April 27, 2010.
  14. Staff Writer (October 2, 2005). "Flooding in Yucatan as Tropical Storm Stan dumps heavy rain". EFE World News Service. Archived from the original on October 14, 2012. Retrieved May 11, 2010.
  15. Jason Lange (October 10, 2005). "Death count from Hurricane Stan rises in Mexico, Central America". Catholic News Service. Archived from the original on October 11, 2005. Retrieved April 28, 2010.
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