Indonesian migrant worker

Indonesian migrant worker or Tenaga Kerja Indonesia (abbreviate: TKI) are Indonesian citizens that work in foreign countries outside of Indonesia.

This article is about Indonesian migrant workers. For the Indonesia diaspora in general, see Overseas Indonesians.
Tenaga Kerja Indonesia
Total population
4.5 million (2014)
Regions with significant populations
 Malaysia107,085
 Taiwan68,874
 Saudi Arabia38,104
 Hong Kong30,208
 Singapore25,601
 United Arab Emirates15,276
Languages
Indonesian (national)
Indonesian languages, Arabic, English
Religion
Islam (majority), Christianity
Related ethnic groups
Indonesians (Overseas Indonesians)

The large population of Indonesia as the world's 4th largest, has contributed to the surplus of workforces in Indonesia. This large workforce, combined with scarcity and unavailability of jobs at home, has led numbers of Indonesians to seek job abroad, to earn money to improve their economy. However this Indonesian migrant workers are mostly low-skilled and works in domestic sector. They are prone to exploitation, extortion, physical and sexual abuses, suffered by those enduring human trafficking.[1] Several cases of abuses upon Indonesian migrant worker has been reported and some has gained worldwide attention.[2]

It is estimated around 4.5 million Indonesians work abroad. Most of them (around 70%) are women, most are employed in domestic sector as maid or domestic helper and manufacture sector. Most of them aged in productive age margin, between 18 and 35 years old. However it is estimated some of them might be under aged through document falsification. Around 30% are men, mostly work in plantation, construction, transportation and service sector.[3]

Since 1969, the government of Indonesia has administered the recruitment of migrant labour.[4] The public programme is widely criticized to prioritize the rights of private recruitment agents over the migrant workers they recruit.

Statistics

Currently Malaysia employs the largest numbers of Indonesian migrant workers, followed by Taiwan, Saudi Arabia, Hong Kong, and Singapore. It is important to note that these are official numbers, the actual numbers might be far larger contributed by unrecorded illegal entry of Indonesian workers into foreign countries.

Employer countries

Source:BNP2TKI[5][6]

Country2011201220132014*
 Malaysia134,120134,023150,236107,085
 Taiwan78,86581,07183,54468,874
 Saudi Arabia137,83540,65545,39438,104
 Hong Kong50,30145,47841,76930,208
 Singapore47,78641,55634,65525,601
 United Arab Emirates39,91735,57144,50515,276
 Oman7,3068,83610,71915,035
 South Korea11,39213,59315,3749,623
 Brunei10,80413,14611,2699,298
 United States13,74915,35315,0217,839
 Qatar16,61620,38016,2376,872
 Bahrain4,3796,3285,3844,535
 Japan2,5083,2933,0422,093
 Kuwait2,7232,5182,5341,530
 Turkey1,0161,2091,5181,155
 Italy3,4083,6913,7461,075
 China1,0721,9672,055812
 Fiji556970848809
 Canada805
 Spain1,4841,7461,417754
 Mauritius4789821,017734
 Netherlands5927981,176664
 Thailand1,1131,0351,041597
 Germany2996971,168518
 Australia5269451,012441
 South Africa1,2721,388905460
 Trinidad and Tobago481
  • to 31 October

Job sector
Country2011201220132014*
Domestic Worker267,231164,981168,318113,952
Plantation Worker39,62236,47847,59840,146
Operator40,84740,34746,79932,819
Care Taker48,49251,47445,75140,581
Construction Worker5,62511,14115,5806,779
General Worker8,3648,48813,8347,338
Deck Hand4,50912,28311,2498,904
Worker (Man)33,39817,0309,2492,041
Able Body Seaman4,7777,7968,7194,017
Housekeepers14,64316,0068,3014,759
Operator Production11,9135,8566,244
Labour17,09819,4935,8544,270
Fisherman4,3715,2135,5593,988
Driver09744,7466,945
Production Operator3,7455,1634,664na
Gardener2,0182,5803,8312,658
Worker1,1952,1313,7936,300
Agricultural Labour6,8143,2013,604na
Waiter4,7334,1443,1531,635
Engineer2,3392,9393,115na
  • to 31 October

See also

Notes
  1. Maksum, Ali; Surwandono (2017). "Suffer to Survive: The Indonesian Illegal Workers Experiences in Malaysia and Japan". Journal of Social Research & Policy. 8 (1): 101-123. Retrieved 7 September 2020.
  2. Urbina, Ian (2019). "Ship of horrors: life and death on the lawless high seas". The Guardian. Retrieved 12 Sep 2019.
  3. "Profil" (in Indonesian). Migrant Care. Retrieved 2014-11-26.
  4. Palmer, Wayne (2016-08-25). Indonesia's Overseas Labour Migration Programme, 1969-2010. Brill. doi:10.1163/9789004325487. ISBN 9789004325487.
  5. "25 Negara Terbesar Penempatan Tenaga Kerja Luar Negeri Indonesia Tahun 2011-2013" (pdf) (in Indonesian). BNP2TKI. p. 7. Retrieved 2014-11-26.
  6. "25 Negara Terbesar Penempatan Tenaga Kerja Luar Negeri Indonesia Tahun 2014 (1 Januari s.d 31 Oktober 2014)" (PDF) (in Indonesian). BNP2TKI. p. 7. Archived from the original (pdf) on 2017-05-25. Retrieved 2014-11-26.
  • BNP2TKI National Body for Placement and Protection of Indonesian Workers
  • Migrant Care NGO focused on migrant worker issues
  • MTO Resource for Remittance comparison for Overseas Indonesians
  • Merchantrade Money Transfer Money Transfer Service Provider
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