Inferior vena cava

The inferior vena cava (or IVC) is a large vein that carries the deoxygenated blood from the lower and middle body into the right atrium of the heart. It is formed by the joining of the right and the left common iliac veins, usually at the level of the fifth lumbar vertebra.[1][2]

Inferior vena cava
Anterior (frontal) view of the opened heart. White arrows indicate valid blood flow.
Superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, azygos vein and their tributaries
Details
Sourcecommon iliac vein
lumbar veins
testicular vein
renal vein
suprarenal vein
hepatic vein
Drains toright atrium
Arteryabdominal aorta
Identifiers
Latinvena cava inferior
Acronym(s)IVC
MeSHD014682
TA98A12.3.09.001
TA24991
FMA10951
Anatomical terminology

The inferior vena cava is the lower ("inferior") of the two venae cavae, the two large veins that carry deoxygenated blood from the body to the right atrium of the heart: the inferior vena cava carries blood from the lower half of the body whilst the superior vena cava carries blood from the upper half of the body. Together, the venae cavae (in addition to the coronary sinus, which carries blood from the muscle of the heart itself) form the venous counterparts of the aorta.

It is a large retroperitoneal vein that lies posterior to the abdominal cavity and runs along the right side of the vertebral column.[1] It enters the right auricle at the lower right, back side of the heart. The name derives from Latin: vena, "vein", cavus, "hollow".

Structure

The IVC is formed by the joining of the left and right common iliac veins and brings collected blood into the right atrium of the heart.[1] It also joins with the azygos vein (which runs on the right side of the vertebral column) and venous plexuses next to the spinal cord.

The inferior vena cava begins as the left and right common iliac veins behind the abdomen unite, at about the level of L5.[1][2] It passes through the thoracic diaphragm at the caval opening at the level of T8 - T9.[1][3] It passes to the right of the descending aorta.[3]

Tributaries

The specific levels of the tributaries are as follows:

LevelVein
T8hepatic veins, inferior phrenic vein
L1right suprarenal vein, renal veins
L2right gonadal vein
L1–L5lumbar veins
L5common iliac veins

Because the inferior vena cava is located to the right of the midline, drainage of the tributaries is not always symmetrical. On the right, the gonadal veins and suprarenal veins drain into the inferior vena cava directly.[1] On the left, they drain into the renal vein which in turn drains into the inferior vena cava.[1] By contrast, all the lumbar veins and hepatic veins usually drain directly into the inferior vena cava.[1]

Development

In the embryo, the inferior vena cava and right auricle are separated by the valve of the inferior vena cava, also known as the Eustachian valve. In the adult, this valve typically has totally regressed or remains as a small fold of endocardium.[4]

Variation

Rarely, the inferior vena cava may vary in its size and position. In transposition of the great arteries the inferior vena cava may lie on the left.

In between 0.2% to 0.3% of people,[5] the inferior vena cava may be duplicated beneath the level of the renal veins.[6]

Function

The inferior vena cava is a vein. It carries deoxygenated blood from the lower half of the body to the right atrium of the heart.[6]

The corresponding vein that carries deoxygenated blood from the upper half of the body is the superior vena cava.

Clinical significance

Health problems attributed to the IVC are most often associated with it being compressed (ruptures are rare because it has a low intraluminal pressure). Typical sources of external pressure are an enlarged aorta (abdominal aortic aneurysm), the gravid uterus (aortocaval compression syndrome) and abdominal malignancies, such as colorectal cancer, renal cell carcinoma and ovarian cancer. Since the inferior vena cava is primarily a right-sided structure, unconscious pregnant women should be turned on to their left side (the recovery position), to relieve pressure on it and facilitate venous return. In rare cases, straining associated with defecation can lead to restricted blood flow through the IVC and result in syncope (fainting).[7]

Blockage of the inferior vena cava is rare and is treated urgently as a life-threatening condition. It is associated with deep vein thrombosis, IVC filters, liver transplantation and surgical procedures such as the insertion of a catheter in the femoral vein in the groin.[8]

Branches of Inferior Vena Cava

Trauma to the vena cava is usually fatal as unstoppable excessive blood loss occurs.

Additional images
  • Inferior vena cava
  • Inferior vena cava front view
  • Image of an inferior vena cava filter
  • Image showing an inferior vena cava filter in its position

See also

References
  1. Mozes, GEZA; Gloviczki, PETER (January 1, 2007), Bergan, John J. (ed.), "CHAPTER 2 - Venous Embryology and Anatomy", The Vein Book, Burlington: Academic Press, pp. 15–25, doi:10.1016/b978-012369515-4/50005-3, ISBN 978-0-12-369515-4, retrieved November 22, 2020
  2. Dardis, Ronan M.; Saxena, Amar; Shad, Amjad; Chitnavis, Bhupal; Gullan, Richard (January 1, 2012), Quiñones-Hinojosa, Alfredo (ed.), "Chapter 154 - Disc Replacement Technologies in the Cervical and Lumbar Spine", Schmidek and Sweet Operative Neurosurgical Techniques (Sixth Edition), Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders, pp. 1777–1788, doi:10.1016/b978-1-4160-6839-6.10154-6, ISBN 978-1-4160-6839-6, retrieved November 22, 2020
  3. Blumgart, Leslie H.; Schwartz, Lawrence H.; DeMatteo, Ronald P. (January 1, 2017), Jarnagin, William R. (ed.), "Chapter 2 - Surgical and radiologic anatomy of the liver, biliary tract, and pancreas", Blumgart's Surgery of the Liver, Biliary Tract and Pancreas, 2-Volume Set (Sixth Edition), Philadelphia: Elsevier, pp. 32–59.e1, doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-34062-5.00002-9, ISBN 978-0-323-34062-5, retrieved November 22, 2020
  4. Turhan Yavuz; Nazli, C; Kinay, O; Kutsal, A (2002). "Giant Eustachian Valve: with Echocardiographic Appearance of Divided Right Atrium". Texas Heart Institute Journal. 29 (4): 336–8. PMC 140300. PMID 12484622.
  5. Stavropoulos, S. William; Solomon, Jeffrey A. (January 1, 2011), Pretorius, E. Scott; Solomon, Jeffrey A. (eds.), "Chapter 30 - Inferior Vena Cava Filters", Radiology Secrets Plus (Third Edition), Philadelphia: Mosby, pp. 223–227, doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-06794-2.00030-4, ISBN 978-0-323-06794-2, retrieved November 22, 2020
  6. Susan Standring; Neil R. Borley; et al., eds. (2008). Gray's anatomy : the anatomical basis of clinical practice (40th ed.). London: Churchill Livingstone. ISBN 978-0-8089-2371-8.
  7. Brophy, CM; Evans, L; Sumpio, BE (1993). "Defecation syncope secondary to functional inferior vena caval obstruction during a Valsalva maneuver". Annals of Vascular Surgery. 7 (4): 374–7. doi:10.1007/BF02002893. PMID 8268080. S2CID 42135883.
  8. Geehan DM, Inferior Vena Caval Thrombosis, emedicine.com, URL: http://www.emedicine.com/med/topic2718.htm, Accessed: August 3, 2005.
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