Issidae

Issidae is a family of planthoppers described by Spinola in 1839, belonging to the order Hemiptera, suborder Auchenorrhyncha superfamily Fulgoroidea.

Issidae
Temporal range: Paleocene–Recent
Issus coleoptratus
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Hemiptera
Infraorder: Fulgoromorpha
Superfamily: Fulgoroidea
Family: Issidae
Spinola, 1839
Subfamilies and Tribes

See text

Distribution

Species of this family are present throughout the Northern Hemisphere.

Description
Issid nymph

Issidae are small insects generally with a stocky body, as the wings mainly develop in width. Basic body coloration is not striking, usually shows brownish colors. The head has two ocelli. The forewings have strong pronounced ribs. They wrap the abdomen when the insect is at rest. The family originally included approximately 1000 species with 215 genera, but the systematics of Issidae remains uncertain, with many of the subfamilies having been recently removed to separate families, including Caliscelidae. Nogodinidae, and Tropiduchidae.

In 2013, scientists described a biologically unique set of mechanical gears in an Issus nymph, though identical structures are known in most planthoppers, and were known for decades[1] before the function of the gears was discovered[2]

Taxonomy

The family Issidae was once large and included many groups which are now treated in other families or as families themselves. These groups include the Caliscelidae, Nogodinidae, and Tropiduchidae (e.g., subfamilies Tonginae and Trienopinae). Around 2003, there was a view in favour of a single subfamily Issinae, but the current consensus is placement in four (as below). The Catalogue of Life[3] lists genera in five tribes Issini, Parahiraciini, Hemisphaeriini and Thioniini. The tribe Colpopterini[4] have now been placed in family Nogodinidae Melichar, 1898 having been raised to a subfamily.[5] The oldest fossil of the group is Cubicostissus of the Paleocene Menat Formation of France, belonging to the tribe Hysteropterini, molecular clock calibrations suggest a diversification during the Upper Cretaceous.[6]

Subfamilies, Tribes and selected Genera

Fulgoromorpha Lists On the Web[7] lists four subfamilies:

Hemisphaeriinae

Authority: Melichar, 1906

Hysteropterinae

Authority: Melichar, 1906; there are currently 61 genera including:

Issinae

The monotypic subfamily contains tribe Issini Spinola, 1839[8] and has a widespread distribution in Europe, the Middle East and temperate Asia.[9] There are currently four genera:

  • †Issites Haupt, 1956
  • Issus Brullé, 1832 – type genus
  • Latissus Dlabola, 1974
  • Sinonissus Wang, Shi & Bourgoin, 2018

Thioniinae

Authority: Melichar, 1906 There are currently 3 tribes:

  • Cordelini Gnezdilov, 2019 (1 genus)
    • Cordela Gnezdilov, 2019
  • Guianaphrynini Gnezdilov, 2018 (1 genus)
    • Guianaphryna Gnezdilov, 2018
  • Thioniini Melichar, 1906 (14 genera)
    • Oronoqua Fennah, 1947
    • Cheiloceps Uhler, 1895
    • Thionia Stal, 1859
    • Waorania Gnezdilov & Bartlett, 2018

Issidae incertae sedis

Twenty genera are currently placed here:

  • Abolloptera Gnezdilov & O'Brien, 2006
  • Argepara Gnezdilov & O'Brien, 2008
  • Aztecus Gnezdilov & O'Brien, 2008
  • Balduza Gnezdilov & O'Brien, 2006
  • †Breukoscelis Szwedo, 2019
  • Bumaya Gnezdilov & O'Brien, 2008
  • Carydiopterum Gnezdilov, 2017
  • Delongana Caldwell, 1945
  • Exortus Gnezdilov, 2004
  • Gilda (insect) Walker, 1870
  • Incasa Gnezdilov & O'Brien, 2008
  • Kathleenum Gnezdilov, 2004
  • Paralixes Caldwell, 1945
  • Sarnus Stål, 1866
  • Stilbometopius Gnezdilov & O'Brien, 2006
  • Traxanellus Caldwell, 1945
  • Traxus Metcalf, 1923
  • Tylanira Ball, 1936
  • Ulixes Stål, 1861
  • Ulixoides Haupt, 1918

References
  1. K. Sander. 1957. Bau und Funktion des Sprungapparates von Pyrilla perpusilla WALKER (Homoptera - Fulgoridae). Zool. Jb. Jena (Anat.) 75, 383–388
  2. Burrows, Malcolm; Sutton, Gregory (2013-09-13), "Interacting gears synchronize propulsive leg movements in a jumping insect" (PDF), Science, 341 (6151): 1254–1256, doi:10.1126/science.1240284, hdl:1983/69cf1502-217a-4dca-a0d3-f8b247794e92, PMID 24031019, S2CID 24640726, lay summary – ScienceNews.org
  3. Catalogue of life
  4. Gnezdilov, Vladimir M. (2002). "A new tribe of the family Issidae with comments on the family as a whole (Homoptera: Cicadina)" (PDF). Zoosystematica Rossica. 11 (2): 305–309.
  5. Fulgoromorpha Lists On the Web (FLOW): Colpopterinae Gnezdilov, 2003 (retrieved 21 July 2020)
  6. Bourgoin, Thierry; Wang, Menglin; Nel, André (2020-01-22). "The oldest fossil of the family Issidae (Hemiptera, Fulgoromorpha) from the Paleocene of Menat (France)". European Journal of Taxonomy (596). doi:10.5852/ejt.2020.596. ISSN 2118-9773.
  7. Fulgoromorpha Lists On the Web (FLOW): Issidae Spinola, 1839 (retrieved 21 July 2020)
  8. Spinola M. 1839 - Essai sur les Fulgorelles, sous-tribu de la tribu des Cicadaires, ordre des Rhyngotes. Annales de la Société Entomologique de France. Paris 8: 133-337.
  9. Fulgoromorpha Lists On the Web (FLOW): Issini Spinola, 1839 (retrieved 21 July 2020)
  • W. E. Holzinger, I. Kammerlander, H. Nickel: The Auchenorrhyncha of Central Europe - Die Zikaden Mitteleuropas. Volume 1: Fulgoromorpha, Cicadomorpha excl. Cicadellidae. - Brill, Leiden 2003
  • Stephen W. Wilson – Keys to the families of Fulgoromorpha with emphasis on planthoppers of potential importance in the Southern United States -Florida Entomologist 88(4) Fcla.edu
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