Japan–Thailand relations

As early as 1593, Siamese chronicles record that the Siamese king Naresuan had 500 Japanese soldiers in his army when he defeated Phra Maha Uparaja, the Burmese Crown Prince, in a battle on elephant-back.[1]

In December 1605, John Davis, the famous English explorer, was killed by Japanese pirates off the coast of Siam (Thailand), thus becoming the first Englishman to be killed by a Japanese.[2]

A 1634 Japanese Red seal ship. Tokyo Naval Science Museum.

Japanese portolan sailing map, depicting the Indian Ocean and the East Asian coast, early 17th century.

Around 56 Red seal ships to Siam are recorded between 1604 and 1635.[3] By around 1620, the trade between Siam and Japan was larger than the total trade of Siam with all other nations.[4]

A Japanese colony was established in Siam. The colony was active in trade, particularly in the export of deer-hide and sappan wood to Japan in exchange for Japanese silver and Japanese handicrafts (swords, lacquered boxes, high-quality papers). From Siam, Japan was interested in purchasing Chinese silks, as well as deerskins and ray or shark skins (used to make a sort of shagreen for Japanese sword handles and scabbards).[5]

The Japanese were noted by the Dutch for challenging the trade monopoly of the Dutch East India Company (VOC), as their strong position with the King of Siam typically allowed them to buy at least 50% of the total production, leaving small quantities of a lesser quality to other traders.

The king of Siam sent numerous embassies to Japan: in 1621, an embassy led by Khun Pichitsombat and Khun Prasert, in 1623 by Luang Thongsamut and Khun Sawat, and in 1626 by Khun Raksasittiphon.[1] Letters from King Songtham praise the relationship between the two countries:

"The existence of a sea separating Thailand and Japan has made contact between our two nations difficult. However, merchant ships of both nations now ply regularly between our two countries, causing relations to become even closer. It is now apparent that you (the shōgun) have sincere affection for us, an affection even stronger than that of our immediate kin."

— Letter by King Songtham.[1]

The shōgun responded in similar terms:

"The cordial relations between our two countries cannot be destroyed. Since we both have mutual trust, the existence of a sea between us is not of any significance."

— Letter by the Tokugawa shōgun to King Songtham.[1]

The Japanese quarter in Ayutthaya is indicated at the bottom center ("Japonois") of the map.

The Japanese quarters of Ayutthaya were home to about 1,500 Japanese inhabitants (some estimates run as high as 7,000). The community was called Ban Yipun in Thai, and was headed by a Japanese chief nominated by Thai authorities.[6] It seems to have been a combination of traders, Christian converts ("Kirishitan") who had fled their home country to various Southeast Asian countries following the persecutions of Toyotomi Hideyoshi and Tokugawa Ieyasu, and unemployed former samurai who had been on the losing side at the battle of Sekigahara.[6]

Padre António Francisco Cardim recounted having administered sacrament to around 400 Japanese Christians in 1627 in the Thai capital of Ayuthaya ("a 400 japoes christaos")[6] There were also Japanese communities in Ligor and Patani.[7]

The Japanese colony was highly valued for its military expertise, and was organized under a "Department of Japanese Volunteers" (Krom Asa Yipun) by the Thai king.

Contacts with other communities were not always smooth: in 1614, men of the English East India Company killed eight Japanese in a fight in the city of Ayutthaya.[2]

Portrait of Yamada Nagamasa c.1630.

A Japanese adventurer, Yamada Nagamasa, became very influential and ruled part of the kingdom of Siam (Thailand) during that period. He settled in the kingdom of Ayutthaya (modern-day Thailand) from around 1612 and became the ruler of the Nakhon Si Thammarat province in southern Thailand.

William Adams traded between Japan and Southeast Asia, including Siam.

The English adventurer William Adams (1564–1620) who was based in Japan, led several trading ventures between Japan and Siam.

Tenjiku Tokubei, 17th-century painting.

The Japanese adventurer and writer Tenjiku Tokubei (1612 – c. 1692) (Jp:天竺徳兵衛) visited China, Vietnam and Siam on board a Japanese Red Seal ship. Tokubei would stay for some time in Siam and again visit the country on board one of the ships of the Dutch adventurer Jan Joosten van Lodensteijn[8][9] and returned with great wealth and numerous stories to tell.[10]

Following Yamada's death in 1630, the new ruler and usurper king of Siam Prasat Thong (1630–1655) sent an army of 4000 soldiers to destroy the Japanese settlement in Ayutthaya, but many Japanese managed to flee to Cambodia. A few years later in 1633, returnees from Indochina were able to re-establish the Japanese settlement in Ayutthaya (300–400 Japanese).

From 1634, the shōgun, informed of these troubles and what he perceived as attacks on his authority, refused to issue further Red Seal ship permits for Siam. Desirous to renew trade however, the king of Siam sent a trading ship and an embassy to Japan in 1636, but the embassies were rejected by the shōgun. Japan was concomitantly closing itself to the world at that time, essentially to protect itself from Christianity, initiating the "Closed Country", or Sakoku, period. The Dutch took over a large part of the lucrative Siam-Japan trade from that time on.

Relations resumed in the 19th century, with the establishment of the Declaration of Amity and Commerce between Japan and Siam in 26 September 1887, during the reigns of two icons of modernization, king Chulalongkorn in Siam and Emperor Meiji in Japan.

Numerous Japanese experts were dispatched to Thailand to help modernize the country, in areas such as law, education and sericulture.[14]

Siam was allied with Japan during World War II, following numerous pre-war diplomatic exchanges and the beginning of a Japanese invasion of Thailand.

The Japanese had won from Phibun a secret verbal promise to support them in an attack on Malaya and Burma. However, the Thai Prime Minister was fickle and he was quite ready to forget this promise if circumstances changed. His government also asked both the British and Americans for guarantees of effective support if Thailand were invaded by Japan.

On 8 December 1941, the Japanese invasion of Thailand started at the same time as they invaded Malaya. The Japanese landed about 2,000 troops near Bangkok, and also made landings at Songkla and Prachuab (leading to the Battle of Prachuab Khirikhan).[15] Thai troops initially opposed the Japanese invasion, but five hours after it received the Japanese ultimatum, the Thai cabinet ordered Thai troops to stop firing.[15]

Phot Phahonyothin (far left) with Hideki Tōjō (center) in Tokyo 1942

A Treaty of alliance was signed between Thailand and Japan on December 21, 1941, and on January 25, 1942 Thailand declared war on the United States and Great Britain[16][17] But Pridi Phanomyong acting as Regent for the absent King Ananda Mahidol refused to sign the declaration and the Thai ambassador to Washington, Seni Pramoj, refused to deliver it. Seni organized the Seri Thai resistance movement, under direction of Pridi in the regency office.

Meanwhile, Japan stationed 150,000 troops on Thai soil. As the war dragged on, the Japanese increasingly dealt with Thailand as a conquered territory rather than as an ally. Though the United States had not officially declared war, on 26 December 1942, US Tenth Air Force bombers based in India launched the first major bombing raid[18] that damaged Bangkok and other targets and caused several thousand casualties. Public opinion and, even more important, the sympathies of the civilian political elite, moved perceptibly against Phibun's alliance with Japan. By March 1944, Phibun was making arrangements with the Chinese Chungking Army in Yunnan to fight against the losing Japanese.[19]

Abhisit Vejjajiva, Prime Minister of Thailand, with Yukio Hatoyama, Prime Minister of Japan, in 2009.

Japan has become again a key trading partner and foreign investor for Thailand.[14] Japan is Thailand's largest supplier, followed by the United States. Since 2005, the rapid ramp-up in export of automobiles of Japanese makes (esp. Toyota, Nissan, Isuzu) has helped to dramatically improve the trade balance, with over 1 million cars produced last year. As such, Thailand has joined the ranks of the world's top ten automobile exporting nations.

In 2007, a Japan-Thailand Economic Partnership Agreement was signed, aiming at free trade between the two countries after a transition period of 10 years.

• 
  Plaque at Suvarnabhumi Airport

• Japanese language education in Thailand
• List of Ambassadors of Japan to Thailand
• Japan–Thailand Economic Partnership Agreement

• Boxer C.R. The Christian Century in Japan. Carcanet Press Limited (1993). ISBN 1-85754-035-2.
• Denoon, Donald et al. (editors). Multicultural Japan (Donald Denoon et al., editors). Cambridge University Press (2001). ISBN 0-521-00362-8.
• Kincaid, Zoe. Kabuki: the Popular Stage of Japan. Benjamin Blom (1965). OCLC number 711523.
• Kratoska, Paul H. Southeast Asian Minorities in the Wartime Japanese Empire. Routledge (2002). ISBN 978-0-7007-1488-9.
• Reid, Anthony (editor). Southeast Asia in the Early Modern Era. Cornell University Press (1993). ISBN 0-8014-8093-0.
• Tarling, Nicholas. The Cambridge History of Southeast Asia: From C. 1500 to C. 1800 Cambridge University Press (1999). ISBN 978-0-521-66370-0.
• Turnbull, Stephen. Fighting ships of the Far East (2): Japan and Korea AD 612-1639. Osprey Publishing (2002). ISBN 978-1-84176-478-8.

• Breazeale, Kennon, ed. (1999). From Japan to Arabia-Ayutthaya's Maritime Relations with Asia (PDF). Bangkok: Foundation for the Promotion of Social Sciences and Humanities Textbooks Project. ISBN 9748718352.
• Ishii, Yoneo; Yoshikawa, Toshiharu (1999). Khwam samphan thai yipun hok roi pi: Tai kōryū roku hyaku-nen-shi ความสัมพันธ์ไทยญี่ปุ่น ๖๐๐ ปี: タイ交流 600年史 [600 Years of Japanese–Thai Relations] (PDF) (in Thai). Phlap-phlueng Khongchana and others, translators. (2nd ed.). Bangkok: Foundation for the Promotion of Social Sciences and Humanities Textbooks Project. ISBN 9748701794.
• Kasetsiri, Charnvit; Hayao, Fukui, eds. (1998). Yipun–thai–usakhane ญี่ปุ่น–ไทย–อุษาคเนย์ [Japan–Thailand–Southeast Asia] (PDF) (in Thai). Bangkok: Foundation for the Promotion of Social Sciences and Humanities Textbooks Project. ISBN 9748960897.
• Tansiangsom, Surangsi (1985). Sam roi paet sip pi samphanthamaitri yipun thai ๓๘๐ ปี สัมพันธไมตรีญี่ปุ่น–ไทย [380 Years of Japanese–Thai Relations] (PDF) (in Thai). Bangkok: Mangkon Publishing and Advertising.
• Tharasak, Sukonrat (1991). Samphanthamaitri rawang thai kap yipun สัมพันธไมตรีระหว่างไทยกับญี่ปุ่น [Thai–Japanese Relations] (PDF) (in Thai). Bangkok: Literature and History Division, Fine Arts Department of Thailand.

• Embassy of Japan in Thailand
• Embassy of Thailand in Japan