Joe Gallo

Joseph Gallo (April 7, 1929 – April 7, 1972), also known as "Crazy Joe", was an Italian-American mobster of the Colombo crime family of New York City.

For other uses, see Joseph Gallo.

Joe Gallo
Gallo's 1961 mugshot
Born
Joseph Gallo

(1929-04-07)April 7, 1929
New York City, U.S.
DiedApril 7, 1972(1972-04-07) (aged 43)
New York City, U.S.
Cause of deathGunshots
Other names"Crazy Joe"
OccupationMobster
Spouse(s)Jeffie Lee Boyd
(m. 196?; div. 196?),
​
​
(m. 1971; div. 1971)​

Sina Essary
​
​
(m. 1972)​
Children1
RelativesAlbert Gallo (brother)
Larry Gallo (brother)
AllegianceColombo crime family
Conviction(s)Extortion (1961)
Criminal penaltySeven to 14 years imprisonment; served 10 years

In his youth, Gallo was diagnosed with schizophrenia after an arrest. He soon became an enforcer in the Profaci crime family, later forming his own crew which included his brothers Larry and Albert. In 1957, Joe Profaci allegedly asked Gallo and his crew to murder Albert Anastasia, the boss of the Gambino crime family; Anastasia was murdered on October 25 at a barber shop in midtown Manhattan. In 1961, the Gallo brothers kidnapped four of Profaci's top men: underboss Joseph Magliocco, Frank Profaci (Joe Profaci's brother), caporegime Salvatore Musacchia and soldier John Scimone, demanding a more favorable financial scheme for the hostages' release. After a few weeks of negotiation, Profaci and his consigliere, Charles "the Sidge" LoCicero, made a deal with the Gallos and secured the peaceful release of the hostages. This incited the First Colombo War.

In 1961, Gallo was convicted of conspiracy and extortion for attempting to extort money from a businessman, and was sentenced to seven-to-fourteen years in prison. While Gallo was imprisoned, Profaci died of cancer in 1962, Magliocco took over, and the Gallo crew attempted to kill Carmine Persico in 1963. Patriarca family boss Raymond L.S. Patriarca negotiated a peace agreement between the two factions, but after Gallo was released from prison on April 11, 1971, he stated that the agreement did not apply to him because he was in prison when it was negotiated. Upon his release, a peace offering of $1,000 was made by boss Joseph Colombo, but Gallo demanded $100,000; Colombo refused. On June 28, 1971, at an Italian-American Civil Rights League rally in Columbus Circle in Manhattan, Colombo was shot three times by an African-American gunman who was immediately killed by Colombo's bodyguards; Colombo survived the shooting but was paralyzed. Although many in the Colombo family blamed Gallo for the shooting, the police eventually concluded that the gunman acted alone after they had questioned Gallo.

The Colombo family leadership was convinced that Gallo ordered the murder after his falling out with the family, inciting the Second Colombo War. On April 7, 1972, around 4:30 a.m., Gallo was shot dead at Umbertos Clam House in Manhattan's Little Italy while celebrating his 43rd birthday; several accounts have been given as to who was the killer.

Early life

Joe Gallo was born in the Red Hook, Brooklyn, area of New York City. His parents were Umberto and Mary Gallo. A bootlegger during Prohibition, Umberto did little to discourage his three sons from participating in local criminal activity.[1] In 1949, after viewing the film Kiss of Death, Joe began mimicking Richard Widmark's gangster character "Tommy Udo" and reciting movie dialogue.[1] In 1950, after an arrest, Gallo was temporarily placed in Kings County Hospital Center in Brooklyn, where he was diagnosed with schizophrenia.[2] Albert Seedman, the head of New York City Police Department's Detective Bureau, called Gallo "that little guy with steel balls".[3] Gallo's brothers, Larry and Albert "Kid Blast" Gallo, were also his criminal associates.[4]

Gallo's first wife – whom he married around 1960, divorced in the mid-1960s, and then remarried in July 1971 – was Las Vegas showgirl Jeffie Lee Boyd. Later in 1971, Jeffie divorced Gallo again. The couple had one daughter, Joie.[5][6] In March 1972, three weeks before his death, Gallo married 29-year-old actress Sina Essary. He became the stepfather of Sina's daughter, Lisa Essary-Gallo.[7]

Early criminal career

Gallo started as an enforcer and hitman for Joe Profaci in the Profaci crime family. He ran floating dice and high-stakes card games, an extortion racket, and a numbers game betting operation. Gallo's headquarters was an apartment on President Street in Brooklyn, dubbed "The Dormitory", where he allegedly kept a pet lion named Cleo in the basement. Within a few years, Gallo secretly owned several Manhattan nightclubs and two sweat shops in the Garment District.

In 1957, Profaci allegedly asked Gallo and his crew to murder Albert Anastasia, the boss of the Gambino crime family. Anastasia's underboss, Carlo Gambino, wanted to replace him and asked Profaci for assistance. On October 25, Anastasia entered the barber shop at the Park Sheraton Hotel in midtown Manhattan. As Anastasia relaxed in the barber's chair, two men—scarves covering their faces—rushed in, shoved the barber out of the way, and killed Gambino boss in a hail of bullets.[8] Anastasia's killers have never been conclusively identified, but Carmine Persico later claimed that he and Gallo had shot Anastasia, joking that he was part of Gallo's "barbershop quintet".[3]

The following year, Gallo and his brothers were summoned to Washington, D.C., to testify before the McClellan Committee of the United States Senate on organized crime. While visiting Senate Counsel Robert F. Kennedy in his office, Gallo flirted with Kennedy's secretary and told Kennedy his carpet would be excellent for a dice game. On the witness stand, none of the brothers provided any useful information.[9]

First Colombo War

On February 27, 1961, the Gallo brothers kidnapped four of Profaci's top men: underboss Joseph Magliocco, Frank Profaci (Joe Profaci's brother), caporegime Salvatore Musacchia and soldier John Scimone.[10] Profaci himself eluded capture and flew to sanctuary in Florida.[10] While holding the hostages, Larry and Albert sent Joe to California. The Gallos demanded a more favorable financial scheme for the hostages' release. Joe wanted to kill one hostage and demand $100,000 before negotiations, but his brother Larry overruled him. After a few weeks of negotiation, Profaci and his consigliere, Charles "the Sidge" LoCicero, made a deal with the Gallos and secured the peaceful release of the hostages.[11][12]

However, Profaci had no intention of honoring this peace agreement. On August 20, 1961, he ordered the murders of Larry Gallo and Joseph "Joe Jelly" Gioielli, a member of the Gallo crew. Gunmen allegedly murdered Gioielli after inviting him to go fishing.[10] Larry survived a strangulation attempt by Persico and Salvatore "Sally" D'Ambrosio at the Sahara club in East Flatbush after a police officer intervened.[10][13] The Gallo brothers had been previously aligned with Persico against Profaci and his loyalists;[10][13] they then began calling Persico "the Snake" after he had betrayed them.[13] The gang war continued, resulting in nine murders and three disappearances.[13] With the start of the war, the Gallo crew retreated to the Dormitory.[9] Persico was indicted later that year for the attempted murder of Larry Gallo, but the charges were dropped when Larry refused to testify.[14]

In November 1961, Gallo was convicted of conspiracy and extortion for attempting to extort money from a businessman.[9] On December 21 of that year, he was sentenced to seven-to-fourteen years in prison.[15]

Prison

While serving his sentence, Gallo was incarcerated at three New York state prisons: Green Haven Correctional Facility, Attica Correctional Facility, and Auburn Correctional Facility. In 1962, while Gallo was serving time in Attica, his brothers Larry and Albert, along with five other members of the Gallo crew, rushed into a burning Brooklyn tenement near their hangout, the Longshore Rest Room, and rescued six children and their mother from a fire. The crew was briefly celebrated in the press.[16][17]

While at Green Haven, Gallo became friends with African-American drug trafficker Leroy "Nicky" Barnes.[18] Gallo predicted a power shift in the Harlem drug rackets towards black gangs, and coached Barnes on how to upgrade his criminal organization.[19] On August 29, 1964, Gallo sued the Department of Corrections, stating that guards inflicted cruel and unusual punishment on him at Green Haven after he allowed a black barber to cut his hair. The prison commissioner characterized Gallo as a belligerent inmate and an agitator.[20]

At Auburn, Gallo took up watercolor painting and became an avid reader. He worked as an elevator operator in the prison's woodworking shop. During a prison riot at Auburn, he rescued a severely wounded corrections officer from angry inmates. The officer later testified for Gallo at a parole hearing.[1] According to Donald Frankos, a fellow inmate at Auburn, Gallo was "articulate and had excellent verbal skills being able to describe gouging a man's guts out with the same eloquent ease that he used when discussing classical literature."[21]

In May 1968, while Gallo was still in prison, his brother Larry died of cancer.[22]

Release from prison and Second Colombo War

While Gallo was serving his sentence, big changes were happening in the Profaci family. On June 7, 1962, after a long illness, Profaci died of cancer.[23] Magliocco took over and continued the battle with Gallo's brothers. On May 19, 1963, a Gallo hit team shot Persico multiple times, but he survived.[24] In 1963, through negotiations with Patriarca family boss Raymond L.S. Patriarca, a peace agreement was reached between the two factions.[10] Gallo later stated that the peace agreement did not apply to him because he was in prison when it was negotiated.[25]

Later in 1963, The Commission forced Magliocco to resign after the body discovered he helped formulate a plot to overthrow them, and installed Joseph Colombo, an ally of Gambino, as the new Profaci family boss; the Profaci family then became the Colombo crime family.[26] However, Colombo soon alienated Gambino with his establishment of the Italian-American Civil Rights League and the media attention that it entailed.

Gallo was released from prison on April 11, 1971.[27] His second wife, Sina, described him shortly after his release, saying he appeared extremely frail and pale.

"He looked like an old man. He was a bag of bones. You could see the remnants of what had been a strikingly handsome man in his youth. He had beautiful features—beautiful nose, beautiful mouth and piercing blue eyes."[7]

Gallo soon became a part of New York high society. His connection started when actor Jerry Orbach played the inept mobster Kid Sally Palumbo in the 1971 film The Gang That Couldn't Shoot Straight, a role based loosely on Gallo.[3]

After his release, Colombo and Joseph Yacovelli invited Gallo to a peace meeting with an offering of $1,000.[28][27] Gallo reportedly told the family representatives that he was not bound by the 1963 peace agreement and demanded $100,000 to settle the dispute, to which Colombo refused.[29][27] On June 28, 1971, at the second League rally in Columbus Circle in Manhattan, Colombo was shot three times, once being in the head, by an African-American gunman named Jerome A. Johnson; Johnson was immediately killed by Colombo's bodyguards.[30] Colombo survived the shooting, but was paralyzed[31] until his death in May 1978.[32] Although many in the Colombo family blamed Gallo for the shooting, the police eventually concluded that Johnson was a lone gunman after they had questioned Gallo.[25] The Colombo leadership was convinced that Gallo ordered the murder after his falling out with the family.[33]

Murder

On April 7, 1972, around 4:30 a.m., Gallo and his family entered Umbertos Clam House in Manhattan's Little Italy to celebrate his 43rd birthday with sister Carmella, wife Sina, her daughter Lisa, his bodyguard Peter "Pete the Greek" Diapoulas, and Diapoulas's companion.[34] Earlier that evening, the Gallo party had visited the Copacabana with Orbach and his wife, Marta, to see a performance by comedian Don Rickles and singer Peter Lemongello.[35] Once at Umbertos, the Gallo party took two tables, with Gallo and Diapoulas facing the wall.[4] Rickles and Lemongello, whom Gallo had invited to join them at Umbertos, managed to find an excuse to get out of the engagement, possibly saving their lives.[36]

Colombo associate Joseph Luparelli claimed he was sitting at the bar, unbeknownst to Gallo. When Luparelli saw Gallo, he claimed he immediately left Umbertos and walked to a Colombo hangout two blocks away. After contacting Yacovelli, Luparelli said he recruited Colombo associates Philip Gambino, Carmine "Sonny Pinto" DiBiase,[27] and two other men – reputedly members of the Patriarca family – to kill Gallo due to their belief the Colombo family had a contract on Gallo's life. On reaching Umbertos, Luparelli said he stayed in the car and the other four men went inside through the back door.[34] Between seafood courses, Luparelli asserted the four gunmen walked into the dining room and opened fire with .32- and .38 caliber revolvers. Gallo swore and attempted to draw his handgun, but twenty shots were fired at him, and he was hit in the back, elbow and buttock.[4] After overturning a butcher block dining table, Gallo staggered to the front door. Witnesses claimed that he was attempting to draw fire away from his family. Diapoulas was shot once in the hip.[4] The mortally wounded Gallo stumbled into the street and collapsed. He was taken in a police car to Beekman-Downtown Hospital where he was pronounced dead shortly after at around 5:30 a.m.[4][34]

Luparelli's account earned wide publicity, but was met with skepticism by police. NYPD homicide detective Joe Coffey, who inherited the Gallo case from original investigators, reported that based on eyewitness testimony and crime scene reconstruction police always believed the Gallo shooter was a lone man.[37] Coffey also asserted that police circulated a false story about three shooters to help screen information from supposed witnesses or informers: anyone who reported three gunmen rather than one was immediately deemed unreliable.[37] Author Charles Brandt notes that "[Luparelli's] statement was never corroborated in a single detail" and resulted in no arrests.[37] Brandt further speculates that Luparalli's confession was most likely disinformation ordered by his Colombo family superiors intended to defuse tensions after the Gallo shooting. Umbertos was owned by associates of the Genovese crime family, which would normally imply the Genovese family had given their blessing to a killing on their territory. But Luparelli's account, that the shooting was a spontaneous unplanned act without approval from high-ranking mafiosi, took pressure off the feuding Colombo and Genovese families.[37]

A differing but equally disputed[38] account of the murder was offered by Frank Sheeran, a hitman and labor union boss. Shortly before his death in 2003, Sheeran claimed that he was the lone triggerman in the Gallo hit acting on orders from mobster Russell Bufalino, who felt that Gallo was drawing undue attention with his flashy lifestyle and Italian-American Civil Rights League.[37][39] Coffey and several other New York police officers accept that Sheeran killed Gallo.[37] Furthermore, an eyewitness at Umbertos on the night of the incident, later a New York Times editor who spoke on condition of anonymity, also identified Sheeran as the man she observed shooting Gallo.[37] Jerry Capeci, a journalist and Mafia expert who was at Umbertos shortly after the shooting as a young reporter for the New York Post, later wrote if he were "forced to make a choice" about who shot Gallo, Sheeran was the most likely culprit.[40] Bill Tonelli disputes the truthfulness of Sheeran's claim in his Slate article "The Lies of the Irishman", as does Harvard Law School professor Jack Goldsmith in "Jimmy Hoffa and 'The Irishman': A True Crime Story?" which appeared in The New York Review of Books.[41][42] Gallo's widow had later stated she remembered the attack involving multiple men, all of which were short and appeared to be Italian. Sheeran, on the other hand, was of mixed Irish-Swedish descent and 6'4".[38]

Aftermath

Gallo's funeral was held under police surveillance; his sister Carmella declared over his open coffin that "the streets are going to run red with blood, Joey!"[43] Looking for revenge, Albert Gallo sent a gunman from Las Vegas to the Neapolitan Noodle restaurant in Manhattan, where Yacovelli, Alphonse Persico, and Gennaro Langella were dining. However, the gunman did not recognize the mobsters and shot four innocent diners instead, killing two of them.[44] After this assassination attempt, Yacovelli fled New York, leaving Persico as the new boss.[45] The Colombo family, led by the imprisoned Persico, was plunged into a second internecine war which lasted for several years, until a 1974 agreement allowed Albert and his remaining crew to join the Genovese family.

An increasingly paranoid Luparelli fled to California, then contacted the Federal Bureau of Investigation and reached a deal to become a government witness. He then implicated the four gunmen in the Gallo murder. However, the police could not bring charges against them; there was no corroborating evidence and Luparelli was deemed an unreliable witness. No one was ever charged in Gallo's murder.[3]

Gallo Crew
  • Albert "Kid Blast" Gallo – transferred to Genovese crime family in 1975
  • Larry Gallo – died of cancer in 1968
  • Frank "Punchy" Illiano – transferred to Genovese crime family in 1975, died in January 2014
  • Bobby Boriello – transferred to Gambino crime family in 1972, murdered in 1991 on orders of Anthony Casso
  • Nicholas Bianco – transferred to Patriarca crime family in 1963, died of natural causes in 1994
  • Vic Amuso – transferred to Lucchese crime family, serving life in prison
  • Joseph "Joe Pesh" Luparelli – entered witness protection program in 1972, current location unknown
  • Joe Gioelli – murdered in 1961 by Profaci gunmen
  • Carmine "the Snake" Persico – Colombo family boss, died in 2019 while serving 139-year sentence in prison[46]
  • Michael Rizzitello – transferred to Los Angeles crime family, died while incarcerated due to complications of cancer in 2005
  • Peter Diapoulas
  • John Cutrone – led breakaway faction from Gallo crew, murdered in 1976 by unknown gunmen
  • Gerry Basciano – seceded from Gallo crew, murdered in 1976 by unknown gunmen
  • Steve Cirrilo – murdered in 1974 by Cutrone gunmen
  • Joseph Cardiello – defected to Profaci, murdered by Gallo gunmen on December 10, 1963
  • Louis Mariani – murdered by Profaci gunmen on December 10, 1963
  • Leonard "Big Lenny" Dello – died in 2009
  • John Commarato
  • Alfonso Serantonio
  • Joseph Yancone
  • Eugene LaGana
  • Frank Balzano
  • Sergio "SergForce" Gallo
  • Dan 'Big Fish' Cantelliani
  • Hugh "Apples" McIntosh – died in 1997

Author Jimmy Breslin's 1969 book The Gang That Couldn't Shoot Straight was a fictionalized and satirical depiction of Gallo's war with the Profaci family. It was made into a 1971 feature film with Jerry Orbach playing Kid Sally Palumbo, a surrogate for Gallo.

After his murder, producer Dino De Laurentiis produced a more serious but still fictionalized drama about Gallo titled Crazy Joe, released in 1974. Based on newspaper articles by reporter Nicholas Gage, the movie was directed by Carlo Lizzani and starred Peter Boyle as the title character.

Gallo is the main character in Bob Dylan's biographical, 12-verse ballad "Joey".[47] The song appears in Dylan's 1976 album Desire. Dylan was criticized for overly romanticizing Gallo's life in the song.

Gallo is portrayed by Sebastian Maniscalco in the 2019 Martin Scorsese film The Irishman.

See also

References
  1. Tom Folsom (2010). Mad Ones: Crazy Joe Gallo and the Revolution at the Edge of the Underworld. New York: Weinstein Books. ISBN 1-60286-124-2. Joe Gallo.
  2. Maeder, Jay (April 11, 1999). "Crazy Joey Gallo Dead Man Walking". New York Daily News. Retrieved November 5, 2011.
  3. Raab, Selwyn (2006). Five families: the rise, decline, and resurgence of America's most powerful Mafia empires (1st St. Martin's Griffin ed.). New York: Thomas Dunne Books. ISBN 0-312-36181-5.
  4. Pace, Eric (April 8, 1972). "Joe Gallo is Shot to Death in a Little Italy Restaurant". The New York Times. Retrieved June 13, 2018.
  5. Hutchinson, Bill (August 9, 1975). "Crazy Joe: What Would You be Saying to Him if You Married Him Twice?". The Evening Independent. Retrieved November 6, 2011.
  6. Goddard, Donald (March 18, 1974). "An Incredible Evening with Joey Gallo". New York. Retrieved November 6, 2011.
  7. Christeson, Wayne (May 3, 2007). "Married to the Mob". Nashville Scene. Retrieved November 6, 2011.
  8. "Anastasia Slain in a Hotel Here. Led Murder, Inc". The New York Times. October 26, 1957.
  9. Cook, Fred J. (October 23, 1966). "Robin Hoods or Real Tough Boys:Larry Gallo, Crazy Joe, and Kid Blast" (PDF). The New York Times. Retrieved November 17, 2011.
  10. Cage, Nicholas (July 17, 1972) "Part II The Mafia at War" New York pp.27-36
  11. Sifakis, Carl (2005). The Mafia encyclopedia (3. ed.). New York: Facts on File. ISBN 0-8160-5694-3.
  12. Capeci (2001), p.303
  13. Raab (2006), pp.321-324
  14. "2 More are Sought in Mafia Crackdown" (PDF). The New York Times. August 21, 1965. Retrieved November 25, 2011.
  15. Roth, Jack (December 22, 1961). "Gallo Sentenced to 7 to 14 Years" (PDF). The New York Times. Retrieved November 3, 2011.
  16. Bonfante, Jordan (February 9, 1962). "Alright Already, the Mob Is Heroes". Life. Retrieved July 29, 2015.
  17. "'Tough' Reputation Violated ... Underworld Gang Saves Six Children from Fire". Rome News-Tribune. February 1, 1962. Retrieved July 29, 2015.
  18. "DEA History 1975–1980". 2007. Archived from the original on September 30, 2007.
  19. "Crazy Joe and Mr. Untouchable – the Unlikely Gangster Alliance". The New Criminologist. Retrieved November 6, 2011.
  20. "Suit by Gallo Charges "Unusual Punishment"" (PDF). The New York Times. August 29, 1964. Retrieved November 6, 2011.
  21. Hoffman, as told to William; Headley, Lake (1992). Contract killer : the explosive story of the Mafia's most notorious hitman, Donald "Tony the Greek" Frankos (1st ed.). New York: Thunder's Mouth Press. ISBN 1-56025-045-3.
  22. "Larry Gallo Dies in Sleep at 41" (PDF). The New York Times. May 19, 1968. Retrieved November 3, 2011.
  23. "Profaci Dies of Cancer; Led Feuding Brooklyn Mob" (PDF). The New York Times. June 8, 1962. Retrieved November 3, 2011.
  24. Capeci (2001) p.305
  25. Gage, Nicholas (April 8, 1972). "Grudges with Gallo Date to War with Profaci" (PDF). The New York Times. Retrieved November 25, 2011.
  26. Bruno, Anthony. "The Colombo Family: Trouble and More Trouble". TruTV Crime Library. Retrieved November 4, 2011.
  27. Gage, Nicholas (July 7, 1975). "Key Mafia Figure Tells of 'Wars' And Gallo‐Colornbo Peace Talks" – via NYTimes.com.
  28. Fosburgh, Lacy (June 12, 1973). "Mafia Informer Says Aloi Ordered Gallo Killing" (PDF). The New York Times. Retrieved November 3, 2011.
  29. Gage, Nicholas (July 5, 1971). "Colombo's Refusal to Buy Off Gallo for $100,000 Cited" (PDF). The New York Times. Retrieved November 3, 2011.
  30. "Joseph A. Colombo, Sr,. Paralyzed in Shooting at 1971 Rally, Dies". New York Times. May 24, 1978.
  31. Farrell, William E. (June 29, 1971). "Colombo Shot, Gunman Slain, at Columbus Circle Rally Site" (PDF). The New York Times. Retrieved November 3, 2011.
  32. "Joseph A. Colombo Sr., 54, Paralyzed in Shooting at 1971 Rally, Dies; Some Progress in Condition A Departure From the Usual A Series of Arrests 'What's the Mafia?'". The New York Times. May 24, 1978. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 15, 2020.
  33. Abadinsky, Howard (2010). Organized crime (9th ed.). Belmont, Calif.: Wadsworth/Cengage Learning. p. 103. ISBN 0-495-59966-2. Joseph Colombo.
  34. Gage, Nicholas (May 3, 1972). "Story of Joe Gallo's Murder: 5 in Colombo Gang Implicated". The New York Times. Retrieved November 3, 2011.
  35. Hamil, Pete (January 2, 2005). "Bright Lives, Big City". The New York Times. Retrieved November 3, 2011.
  36. Paul, Don (June 28, 2017). "From Thugs to Thunderstorms: the Don Paul story". The Buffalo News. Retrieved June 28, 2017.
  37. Brandt, Charles (2004). "I Heard You Paint Houses": Frank "The Irishman" Sheeran and the Inside Story of the Mafia, the Teamsters, and the Last Ride of Jimmy Hoffa. Hanover, New Hampshire: Steerforth Press. ISBN 978-1-58642-077-2. OCLC 54897800.
  38. The Irishman's Joe Gallo Was One of New York's Most Famous Reputed Mobsters, Esquire
  39. "Interview: Charles Brandt, author 'I Heard You Paint Houses'". amp-clickondetroit-com.cdn.ampproject.org.
  40. Jerry Capeci (2005) The Complete Idiot's Guide to the Mafia, 2nd Edition: A Fascinating Exploration of the Real People Who Inspired The Sopranos. Alpha/Penguin, ISBN 1592573053
  41. Goldsmith, Jack (September 26, 2019). "Jimmy Hoffa and The Irishman: A True Crime Story?". New York Review of Books. Retrieved September 26, 2019.
  42. Tonelli, Bill (August 7, 2019). "The Lies of "The Irishman"". Slate. Retrieved August 7, 2019.
  43. "Blood in the Streets: Subculture of Violence". Time. February 28, 2002. Retrieved November 4, 2011.
  44. "Tozzi Knew All Three of the Gallo Brothers". LocalNewsOnly.com. Archived from the original on March 21, 2012. Retrieved October 22, 2011.
  45. Capeci (2001), p.306
  46. Raab, Selwyn (March 8, 2019). "Carmine Persico, Colombo Crime Family Boss, Is Dead at 85". The New York Times. Retrieved March 9, 2019.
  47. Mike Mayo (February 1, 2008). American Murder: Criminals, Crimes, and the Media. Visible Ink Press. pp. 123–. ISBN 978-1-57859-256-2.

Further reading
  • Albanese, S. Jay, Contemporary Issues in Organized Crime, Criminal Justice Press 1995 ISBN 1-881798-04-6
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