Kappa (folklore)

Netsuke of a kappa

The name kappa is a portmanteau of the words kawa (river) and wappa, a variant form of 童 warawa (also warabe) "child". Another translation of kappa is "water sprites".[1] The kappa are also known regionally by at least eighty other names such as kawappa, kawako, kawatarō, gawappa, kōgo, mizushi, mizuchi, suitengu.[2]

Its names kawaso meaning "otter", dangame "soft-shelled turtle", and enkō "monkey" suggest its outward resemblance to these animals. The name komahiki or "steed-puller" alludes to its reputed penchant to drag away horses.[2]

The kappa has been known as kawako in Izumo (Shimane Prefecture) where Lafcadio Hearn was based,[3] and gatarō was the familiar name of it to folklorist Kunio Yanagita from Hyogo Prefecture.[4]

Kappa. — From Gazu Hyakki Yagyō ("The Illustrated Night Parade of a Hundred Demons") by Toriyama Sekien

Kappa (かはつは) from Bakemono no e (化物之繪, c. 1700), Harry F. Bruning Collection of Japanese Books and Manuscripts, L. Tom Perry Special Collections, Harold B. Lee Library, Brigham Young University.

The kappa is said to be roughly humanoid in form and about the size of a child, inhabiting the ponds and rivers of Japan.[5] Clumsy on land, they are at home in the water, and thrive during the warm months.[6] It is typically greenish in color[7] (or yellow-blue[8]), and either scaly[9][10] or slimy skinned, with webbed hands and feet, and a turtle-like carapace on its back.[7] Inhuman traits include three anuses that allow them to pass three times as much gas as humans.[6] Kappa are generally the size and shape of a human child, yet despite their small stature they are physically stronger than a grown man.[6]

One peculiar trait is that it has a cavity on its head called a sara ("dish", "bowl", or "plate") that retains water or some sort of liquid, which is regarded as the source of the kappa's power or life force. This cavity must be full whenever a kappa is away from the water; if it ever dries out, or if its water is spilled, kappa loses its power and may even die.[11][12][10] The kappa are sometimes said to smell like fish,[8] and they can swim like them.

According to some accounts, its arms are connected to each other through the torso and can slide from one side to the other.[13] While they are primarily water creatures, they do on occasion venture onto land. When they do, the "dish" on their head can be covered with a metal cap for protection.[14]

A hairy kappa is called a hyōsube.[15]

• 
  A book illustrating twelve kinds of kappa.
• 
  A kappa by Katsushika Hokusai
• 
  A kappa rapes an ama diver underwater in a print from Utamaro's Utamakura
• 
  A paired male and female kappa statues at the Sogenji Buddhist shrine at the Asakusa district in Tokyo.

Capturing a kappa alive. Utagawa Kuniyoshi

Kappa are usually seen as mischievous troublemakers or trickster figures. Their actions range from the comparatively minor, such as looking up women's kimono, to the outright malevolent, such as drowning people and animals, kidnapping children, raping women and at times eating human flesh.[14] Though sometimes menacing, it may also behave amicably towards humans.[9] While younger kappa are frequently found in family groups, adult kappa live solitary lives. However, it is common for kappa to befriend other yōkai and sometimes even people.[16]

As a menace

As water monsters, kappa have been blamed for drownings, and are often said to try to lure people into water and pull them in with their great skill at wrestling.[14] They are sometimes said to take their victims for the purpose of drinking their blood, eating their livers, or gaining power by taking their shirikodama (尻子玉), a mythical ball said to contain the soul, which is located inside the anus.[14][20][21]

Kappa have been used to warn children of the dangers lurking in rivers and lakes, as kappa have been often said to try to lure people to water and pull them in.[22][14] Even today, signs warning about kappa appear by bodies of water in some Japanese towns and villages.

"DANGER!! Do not swim or play around here." A kappa is depicted as a metaphor of drowning on a sign near a pond in Fukuoka

Kappa are also said to victimize animals, especially horses and cows. The motif of the kappa trying to drown a horse is found all over Japan.[23]

Lafcadio Hearn wrote of a story in Kawachimura near Matsue where a horse-stealing kappa was captured and made to write a sworn statement vowing never to harm people again.[3][12]

In many versions the kappa is dragged by the horse to the stable where it is most vulnerable, and it is there it is forced to submit a writ of promise not to misbehave.[24]

Defeating the kappa

Defense against Kappa - repelling with a fart. Yoshitoshi

It was believed that there were a few means of escape if one was confronted with a kappa. Kappa are obsessed with politeness, so if a person makes a deep bow, it will return the gesture. This results in the kappa spilling the water held in the "dish" (sara) on its head, rendering it unable to leave the bowing position until the plate is refilled with water from the river in which it lives. If a person refills it, the kappa will serve that person for all eternity.[14] A similar weakness of the kappa involves its arms, which can easily be pulled from its body. If an arm is detached, the kappa will perform favors or share knowledge in exchange for its return.[25]

Another method of defeat involves shogi or sumo wrestling: a kappa sometimes challenges a human being to wrestle or engage in other tests of skill.[26] This tendency is easily used to encourage the kappa to spill the water from its sara. One notable example of this method is the folktale of a farmer who promises his daughter's hand in marriage to a kappa in return for the creature irrigating his land. The farmer's daughter challenges the kappa to submerge several gourds in water. When the kappa fails in its task, it retreats, saving the farmer's daughter from the marriage.[17] Kappa have also been driven away by their aversion to iron, sesame, or ginger.[27]

Along with the oni and the tengu, the kappa is among the best-known yōkai in Japan.[30][31]

The kappa is known by various names of the creature vary by region and local folklore.[2] In Shintō, they are often considered to be an avatar (keshin) of the Water Deity or suijin.[32]

Shrines are dedicated to the worship of kappa as water deity in such places as Aomori Prefecture[9] or Miyagi Prefecture.[33] There were also festivals meant to placate the kappa in order to obtain a good harvest, some of which still take place today. These festivals generally took place during the two equinoxes of the year, when the kappa are said to travel from the rivers to the mountains and vice versa.[34]

The best known place where it has been claimed Kappa reside is in the Kappabuchi waters of Tōno in the Iwate Prefecture. The nearby Jōkenji In Tōno, there is a Buddhist temple that has komainu dog statues with depressions on their heads reminiscent of the water-retaining dish on the kappa's heads, said to be dedicated to the kappa which according to legend helped extinguish a fire at the temple.[35] The Kappa is also venerated at the Sogenji Buddhist temple in the Asakusa district of Tokyo where according to tradition, a mummified arm of a Kappa is enshrined within the chapel hall since 1818.

In his Tōno Monogatari, Kunio Yanagita records a number of beliefs from the Tōno area about women being accosted and even impregnated by kappa.[36] Their offspring were said to be repulsive to behold, and were generally buried.[36]

Similar folklore can be found in Asia and Europe. The Japanese folklore creature Kappa is known in Chinese folklore as 水鬼 "Shui Gui", Water Ghost, or water monkey and may also be related to the Kelpie of Scotland and the Neck of Scandinavia. Like the Japanese description of the beast, in Chinese and in Scandinavian lore this beast is infamous for kidnapping and drowning people as well as horses. The Siyokoy of the Philippine islands is also known for kidnapping children by the water's edge. A frog-face vodyanoy is known in Russian mythology. A green human-like being named a vodnik is widely known in western Slavic folklore and tales, especially in the Czech Republic or Slovakia.

Kappas, and creatures based on them, are recurring characters in Japanese tokusatsu films and television shows. Examples include the kappas in the Daiei/Kadokawa series Yokai Monsters, Nikkatsu's Death Kappa, and King Kappa, a kaiju from the 1972 Tsuburaya Productions series Ultraman Ace.[37]

In Japan, the character Sagojō (Sha Wujing) is conventionally depicted as a kappa: he being a comrade of the magic monkey Sun Wukong in the Chinese story Journey to the West.[22]

The kappa is probably the best known creature of the Japanese folk imagination; its manifestations cut across genre lines, appearing in folk religion, beliefs, legends, folktales and folk metaphors.[2]

These yokai also represent Japan as a nation, featuring in advertisements for a range of products from a major brand of sake to Tokyo-Mitsubishi Bank’s DC Card (a credit card). In their explicitly commercial conceptions, yokai are no longer frightening or mysterious—the DC Card Kappa, for example, is not a slimy water creature threatening to kill unsuspecting children but a cute and (almost) cuddly cartoon character.[38]

Summer Days with Coo is a 2007 Japanese animated film about a kappa and its impact on an ordinary family, written for the screen and directed by Keiichi Hara based on two novels by Masao Kogure.[39]

Kappas are a recurring image in David Peace's novel Patient X,[40] about the life and work of Ryūnosuke Akutagawa.

It is said that the company president of Calbee liked Kappa, so he wanted the name "Kappa" to be included in one of his products. That brought about Kappa Ebisen, a popular shrimp flavored snack in Japan.[41]

In the live-action Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles III movie, the turtles were viewed as "Kappa" when they traveled back in time to Feudal Japan.

Jeremy Wade of River Monsters in the episode "Cold-Blooded Horror" investigates two river creatures that inspire some of the myths in Japanese folklore, among those is the Kappa. Through his discovery the inspiration leads to the Japanese Giant Salamander is what inspired the Kappa legend.

In the video game SMITE, Kuzenbo, supposed King of the Kappas is a playable God.

In the anime series Sarazanmai, the main characters are turned into Kappas by the Prince of the Kappas and collect shirikodama.

The Kappa is also found as a yokai in Yokai Watch.

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kappa.

• Kappabashi-dori, a Tokyo street named after the kappa
• Kijimuna, a spirit creature from Okinawa
• Kappa, a novel by Ryūnosuke Akutagawa
• Mintuci, a water spirit from Ainu mythology
• Neck, a shapeshifting water spirit in Germanic mythology and folklore

Bibliography

• Mark Schumacher (2004). Kappa – River Imp or Sprite. Retrieved March 23, 2006.
• Garth Haslam (2000). Kappa Quest 2000. Retrieved December 14, 2006.
• Kirainet (2007). For a look at Kappa in popular culture Kirainet. Retrieved May 6, 2007.
• Hyakumonogatari.com Translated kappa stories from Hyakumonogatari.com
• Kappa Unknown Explorers
• Underwater Love (2011)
• The Great Yokai War (2005)
• Summer Days with Coo (2009) Animation film featuring a Kappa as main character.