Klondike Mountain Formation

Klondike Mountain Formation
Stratigraphic range: Ypresian
50.1–48.9 Ma

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Klondike Mountain Formation; Stratigraphic range: Ypresian; 50.1–48.9 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N ↓
	Klondike Mountain Formation outcrop at site A0307
Type	Geological formation
Unit of	Okanagan Highlands
Sub-units	Tom Thumb Tuff, Lower & Upper Members
Underlies	Glacial deposits
Overlies	Sanpoil Volcanics & others
Thickness	up to 3,200 ft (980 m)
Lithology
Primary	Variable
Other	See text
Location
Coordinates	48.7°N 118.7°W
Approximate paleocoordinates	54.4°N 101.9°W
Region	Okanagan highlands
Country	United States
Extent	Okanagan highlands
Type section
Named for	Klondike Mountain
Named by	Muessig
Year defined	1962
	Klondike Mountain Formation (the United States) Klondike Mountain Formation (Washington (state))

The Klondike Mountain Formation is an Early Eocene (Ypresian) geological formation located in the northeast central area of Washington state. The formation, named for the type location designated in 1962, Klondike Mountain north of Republic, Washington, is composed of volcanic rocks in the upper unit and volcanics plus lacustrine (lakebed) sedimentation in which a lagerstätte with exceptionally well-preserved plant and insect fossils has been found, along with fossil epithermal hot springs.

The formation is the youngest in a group of formations which belong to the Challis Sequence rocks. The formation unconformably overlies rocks of the Eocene Sanpoil Volcanics and much older Triassic and Permian formations. The formation is bounded on its edges by a series of high-angle strike slip faults, which have contained the Klondike Mountain Formation in a series of graben structures, such as the Republic Graben. Public access to a fossilifrous outcrop at the north end of Republic is mediated by the nonprofit Stonerose Interpretive Center.

Extent

The formation is located in northern Ferry County, Washington, with the majority of the sedimentation in the Republic and Curlew Basins on the east and in the Toroda Creek area to the north west. The town of Republic, Washington is situated at the southern end of the formation, with outcrops within the city itself. The formation was named for Klondike Mountain which is just to the northeast of the city, and where the type locality is located.[1] The Curlew basin is situated north of Republic, with the northern edge along the Kettle River and the community of Curlew, Washington near the northeastern edge.[2][3]

The formation is the southernmost of a string of preserved Eocene highland lakebeds in Washington state and British Columbia.[4] The lake system, within the Okanagan highlands, extends from the Klondike Mountain Formation north approximately 1,000 kilometres (1,000,000 m) in to southern central British Columbia.[5]

Age

Early dating of the formation was based primarily on identification and correlation of the fossils found in the Tom Thumb Tuff, with Joseph Umpleby (1910) reporting a putative age of Early Miocene.[6] This date was based in examination of fossils by C. R. Eastman, who thought them to be similar to those found in the Florissant Formation of Colorado, which at the time was also considered Miocene. This age was retained by Edward W. Berry (1929), who included the Klondike Mountain Formation fossil lakebeds as part of the Latah Formation.[7] The age of the Formation has been revised in the following hundred years, with Roland W. Brown (1936) identifying the deposits as being older than the Latah Formation.[8] In a later written communication circa 1958, Brown again revised the age still older, stating the fossils found in the area of Mount Elizabeth indicated an Oligocene age. This age was used by R.L. Parker and J. A. Calkins in their 1964 work on the Curlew Quadrangle of Ferry County.[9] Since then the fossil-bearing strata of the Formation have been radiometrically dated, to give a current estimate of the Ypresian, the mid stage of the early Eocene,49.4 ± .5 million years ago.[5]

Lithology

Parker and Calkins in 1964 noted the association of the Klondike Mountain Formation with the gold and silver deposits of the Republic District and suggested it as a potential host to more ore deposits in the Curlew Quadrangle.[9] The epithermal gold deposits occurring in the Sanpoil volcanics terminate directly below the unconformity where the volcanics contact the base of the Klondike Mountain Formation[10] or sometimes penetrate into the Formation's lowest unit.[11] Hydrothermal sinter deposits are known from the lowest portions of the Formation and are thought to represent hydrothermal eruption areas.[11] In general the lower portions of the Formation have a large amount of hydrothermal alteration, and areas around vents are rich in pyrite and silica. two products of natural hydrothermic sintering. The areas above that show a transition to mudstones, siltstones and sandstones grading from fine-grained material into coarser materials moving up the strata column. The finely-bedded stones show the greatest numbers of fossils and the finest preservation of details.[12]

Paleoenvironment and paleoclimate

The lake bed sediments preserve a diverse array of plants, insects, and fishes, notably the biota called the Republic flora. The Okanagan lake system, which includes the Klondike Mountain Formation, has been classified as one of the great Canadian lagerstätten.[13] The area likely had a mesic upper microthermal to lower mesothermal climate, in which winter temperatures rarely dropped low enough for snow, and which were seasonably equitable.[14]

The Okanagan highlands paleoforest surrounding the lakes have been described as precursors the to modern Temperate broadleaf and mixed forests of Eastern North America and Eastern Asia. Based on the fossil biotas the lakes were higher and cooler then the coeval coastal forests preserved in the Puget Group and Chuckanut Formation of Western Washington, which are described as lowland tropical forest ecosystems. Estimates of the paleoelevation between 0.7–1.2 km (0.43–0.75 mi) higher than the coastal forests. This is consistent with the paleoelevation estimates for the lake systems, which range between 1.1–2.9 km (1,100–2,900 m), which is similar to the modern elevation 0.8 km (0.50 mi), but higher.[14]

Estimates of the mean annual temperature have been derived from Climate leaf analysis multivariate program (CLAMP) and leaf margin analysis (LMA) of the Republic paleoflora. The CLAMP results after multiple linear regressions for Republic gave a mean annual temperature of approximately 8.0 °C (46.4 °F), while the LMA gave 9.2 ± 2.0 °C (48.6 ± 3.6 °F). This is lower then the mean annual temperature estimates given for the coastal Puget Group, which is estimated to have been between 15–18.6 °C (59.0–65.5 °F). The bioclimactic analysis for Republic suggests a mean annual precipitation amount of 115 ± 39 cm (45 ± 15 in).[14]

Pteridophytes

Name	Authority	Year	Family	Notes	Images
Azolla primaeva[15]	Arnold, 1955	1955	Salviniaceae	A mosquito fern	Azolla primaeva

Gingkophytes

Name	Authority	Year	Family	Notes	Images
Ginkgo biloba[16]	Linnaeus	2002	Ginkgoaceae	A ginkgo	Ginkgo biloba
Ginkgo dissecta[16]	Mustoe, 2002	2002	Ginkgoaceae	A ginkgo	Ginkgo dissecta

Pinophytes

Name	Authority	Year	Family	Notes	Images
Abies milleri[17]	Shorn & Wehr, 1986	1986	Pinaceae	Oldest true fir described	Abies milleri
Amentotaxus sp.[18]	Schorn & Wehr	1996	Taxaceae	A yew Not described to species	Amentotaxus sp.
Cephalotaxus sp.[18]	Schorn & Wehr	1996	Taxaceae	A yew Not described to species
Chamaecyparis sp.[18]	Schorn & Wehr	1996	Cupressaceae	A false cypress Not described to species
Cryptomeria sp.[18]	Schorn & Wehr	1996	Cupressaceae	A sugi Not described to species
Glyptostrobus sp.[18]	Schorn & Wehr	1996	Cupressaceae	A Chinese swamp cypress Not described to species
Metasequoia occidentalis[19][20]	(Newberry) Chaney	1987	Cupressaceae	A dawn redwood	Metasequoia occidentalis
Picea sp.[18]	Schorn & Wehr	1996	Pinaceae	A spruce Not described to species
Pinus latahensis[7]	Berry, 1929	1929	Pinaceae	A 5 needle pine	Pinus latahensis
"Pinus macrophylla"[7]	Berry, 1929	1929	Pinaceae	A 3 needle pine, jr homoym to Pinus macrophylla Lindley 1839	"Pinus macrophylla"
Pinus monticolensis[7]	Berry, 1929	1929	Pinaceae	A pine seed morphogenus	Pinus monticolensis
Pinus tetrafolia[7]	Berry, 1929	1929	Pinaceae	A possible 4 needled pine, Noted by Berry as "highly improbable that this should represent a distinct botanic species"
Pseudolarix wehrii[21]	Gooch, 1992	1940	Pinaceae	A golden larch, originally described as Pseudolarix americana.[21]	Pseudolarix wehrii
Sequoia affinis[19]	Lesquereux	1935	Cupressaceae	A coast redwood, Reported as "Sequioa langsdorfii" by Brown, 1935	Sequoia affinis
Taxodium dubium[7][19]	(Sternberg) Heer, 1855	1929	Cupressaceae	A bald cypress
Taxus sp.[18]	Schorn & Wehr	1996	Taxaceae	A yew Not described to species
Thuja sp.[18]	Schorn & Wehr	1996	Cupressaceae	An arborvitae Not described to species
Torreya bonseri[7][22]	(Knowlton) LaMotte, 1926	1929	Taxaceae	A plum-yew relative
Tsuga sp.[18]	Schorn & Wehr	1996	Cupressaceae	A hemlock Not described to species

Flowering plants

Rhus hybrid leaf with lobed terminal leaflet

Over a dozen different Rosaceae genera, both extant and extinct, have been identified in the formation. These fossils are some of the oldest reliable macrofossils (excluding ancient fossil pollen) for the family.[23] Fossils of Sorbus genus and Rhus genus leaves that show evidence of being interspecies hybrids have been noted from the formation. Flynn, DeVore and Pigg in 2019 described four species of sumac which formed multiple hybrids.[24] Between three and four Trochodendraceae species that have been described from the Klondike Mountain Formation. Broadly circumscribed four species in three genera have been identified at Republic, Paraconcavistylon wehrii, Pentacentron sternhartae, Tetracentron hopkinsii, and Trochodendron nastae. Additionally the species Trochodendron drachukii is known from related Kamloops group shales at the McAbee Fossil Beds near Cache Creek, British Columbia. Manchester et al. 2018 noted that Tr. drachukii is likely the fruits of Tr. nastae, while Pe. sternhartae are likely the fruits of Te. hopkinsii.[25] If fossils of the fruits and foliage in attachment are found, that would bring the species count down to three whole plant taxa.[25] Additionally, the extinct genus Nordenskioldia is also known from the formation. The placement of Nordenskioldia is debated, with some treatments placing it into Trochodendraceae, while a 2020 analysis placed it outside of the crown-group Trochodendaceae.[26] Wesley Wehr in 1994 reported Bignoniaceae seeds along with a single Rubiaceae fruit and an isolated Fabaceae leaf.[27] An update of the floral list by Wehr and Manchester published in 1996 added an additional fifteen taxa identified from reproductive structures such as flowers fruits or seeds.[28] One of the fossils illustrated was tentatively identified as from the banana genus Ensete while another was placed in the extinct myrtle genus Paleomyrtinaea. However further fossil finds resulted in the re-identification of the first as a rhizome section likely from the water-lily Nuphar carlquistii, while the second is a seed mass from the same water-lilly.[29]

Name	Authors	Year	Family	Notes	Images
Acer arcticum[30]	Heer, 1876	1987	Sapindaceae	A maple
Acer hillsi[30]	Wolfe & Tanai, 1987	1987	Sapindaceae	A maple
Acer republicense[30]	Wolfe & Tanai, 1987	1987	Sapindaceae	A maple
Acer spitzi[30]	Wolfe & Tanai, 1987	1987	Sapindaceae	A maple
Acer stonebergae[30]	Wolfe & Tanai, 1987	1987	Sapindaceae	A maple
Acer toradense[30]	Wolfe & Tanai, 1987	1987	Sapindaceae	A maple
Acer washingtonense[30]	Wolfe & Tanai, 1987	1987	Sapindaceae	A maple
Acer wehri[30]	Wolfe & Tanai, 1987	1987	Sapindaceae	A maple
Alnus parvifolia[20]	(Berry) Wolfe & Wehr, 1929	1929	Betulaceae	An Alder	Alnus parvifolia
Barghoornia oblongifolia[20]	Wolfe & Wehr, 1987	1987	Burseraceae	An extinct Bursera relative	Barghoornia oblongifolia
Betula leopoldae[20]	Wolfe & Wehr, 1987	1987	Betulaceae	A birch	Betula leopoldae
Bohlenia americana[20]	(Brown) Wolf & Wehr, 1935	1935	Sapindaceae	An extinct sapindale	Bohlenia americana
Calycites ardtunensis[27]	Crane, 1988	1995	incertae sedis	A winged fruit of unidentified affinities
Calycocarpum sp.[28]	(Nuttall) Spach, 1839	1996	Menispermaceae	A moonseed Not described
Carpinus perryae[31]	Pigg, Manchester, & Wehr, 2003	2003	Betulaceae	A hornbeam
Cedrelospermum sp.[28]	Saporta, 1889	1996	Ulmaceae	An elm relative Not described
Cercidiphyllum obtritum[20]	(Dawson) Wolfe & Wehr, 1890	1935	Cercidiphyllaceae	A katsura	Cercidiphyllum obtritum
Comptonia columbiana[20]	Dawson, 1890	1890	Myricaceae	A Comptonia	Comptonia columbiana
Corylopsis reedae[32]	Radtke, Pigg, & Wehr, 2001	2001	Hamamelidaceae	A winter-hazel
Corylus johnsonii[31]	Pigg, Manchester, & Wehr, 2003	2003	Betulaceae	A hazel nut	Corylus johnsonii
Craigia sp.[27]	Wehr, 1995	1995	Tiliaceae	A Cragia species Not described
Cruciptera simsonii[33]	(Brown) Manchester	1991	Juglandaceae	A walnut family relative.
Deviacer sp.[27]	Wehr, 1995	Polygalaceae	A milkwort relative Not described
Dillhoffia cachensis[34]	Manchester & Pigg, 2008	2008	incertae sedis	A flower of unknown relationships	Dillhoffia cachensis
Dipteronia brownii[35]	McClain & Machester, 2001	2001	Sapindaceae	A Dipteronia	Dipteronia brownii
Eucommia montana[36]	Brown, 1940	1997	Eucommiaceae	A "hard rubber tree"	Eucommia montana
Fagopsis undulata[20]	(Knowlton) Hollick, 1899	1987	Fagaceae	A beech	Fagopsis undulata
Fagus langevinii[37]	Manchester & Dillhoff, 2004	2004	Fagaceae	A beech
Florissantia quilchenensis	(Mathewes & Brooke) Manchester		Malvaceae	A chocolate relative	Florissantia quilchenensis
Fothergilla malloryi[32]	Radtke, Pigg, & Wehr, 2005	2005	Hamamelidaceae	A witch alder	Fothergilla malloryi
Koelreuteria dilcheri[38]	Wang et al., 2012	2012	Sapindaceae	A Koelreuteria species	Koelreuteria dilcheri
Langeria magnifica[20]	Wolfe & Wehr, 1987	1987	Hamamelidaceae	A witch hazel relative	Langeria magnifica
Macginicarpa sp.[27]	Manchester, 1986	1995	Platanaceae	A plane tree Not described
Macginitiea gracilis[20]	(Lesquereux) Wolfe & Wehr	1929	Platanaceae	A plane tree	Macginitiea gracilis
Meliosma sp.[28]	Colebrook, 1819	1996	Sabiaceae	A Meliosma species Not described
Nordenskioldia sp.[27]	Wehr, 1995	1995	Trochodendraceae?[26]	A trochodendroid of uncertain placement. Not described.
Nuphar carlquistii[29]	DeVore, Taylor, & Pigg, 2015	2015	Nymphaeaceae	A waterlily, Rhizome sections were first identified as Ensete.	Nuphar carlquistii seeds
Oemleria janhartfordae[23]	Benedict, DeVore, & Pigg, 2011	2011	Rosaceae	An Osoberry
Orontium wolfei[39]	Bogner, Johnson, Kvaček & Upchurch, 2007	2007	Araceae	A golden club	Orontium wolfei
Palaeocarpinus barksdaleae[31]	Pigg, Manchester, & Wehr, 2003	2003	Betulaceae	A birch relative	Palaeocarpinus barksdaleae
Paleoallium billgenseli[40]	Pigg, Bryan, & DeVore, 2018	2018	Amaryllidaceae	An onion relative	Paleoallium billgenseli
Palaeophytocrene sp.[27]	Wehr, 1995	1995	Icacinaceae	A Phytocrene relative Not described
Paraconcavistylon wehrii[25][26]	(Manchester et al., 2018)	2018	Trochodendraceae	A Trochodendrale first described as "Concavistylon" wehrii moved to a new genus in 2020.
Pentacentron sternhartae[25]	Manchester et al., 2018	2018	Trochodendraceae	A Trochodendrale	Pentacentron sternhartae
Photinia pageae[20]	Wolfe & Wehr, 1987	1987	Rosacaea	A Christmas-berry relative	Photinia pagae
Plafkeria sp.[27]	Wehr, 1995	1995	Tiliaceae	A linden relative Not described
Platananthus[41]	Pigg & Wehr, 2002	2002	Platanaceae	A sycamore stamen head Not described
Populus lindgreni[7]	Knowlton, 1898	1929	Salicaceae	A cottonwood
Prunus cathybrownae[23]	Benedict, DeVore, & Pigg, 2011	2011	Rosaceae	A cherry relative	Prunus cathybrownae
Pterocarya sp.[27]	Wehr, 1995	1995	Juglandaceae	A wing nut Not described
Pteroceltis[41]	Pigg & Wehr, 2002	2002	Celtidaceae	A cannabaceous fruit Not described
Pteronepelys wehrii[42]	Manchester	1994	incertae sedis	A samara of uncertain affinities.	Pteronepelys wehrii
Quercus sp.[27]	Wehr, 1995	1995	Fagaceae	An oak Not described
Republica hickeyi[20]	Wolfe & Wehr, 1987	1987	incertae seids	An incertae sedis angiosperm possibly of Hamamelididae affiliations	Republica hickeyi
Rhus boothillensis[24]	Flynn, DeVore, & Pigg, 2019	2019	Anacardiaceae	A sumac, formed hybrids with the other Rhus species in the Klondike Mountain Formation	Rhus boothillensis
Rhus garwellii[24]	Flynn, DeVore, & Pigg, 2019	2019	Anacardiaceae	A sumac, formed hybrids with the other Rhus species in the Klondike Mountain Formation	Rhus garwellii
Rhus malloryi[20][24]	(Wolfe and Wehr) Flynn, DeVore and Pigg	1987	Anacardiaceae	A sumac, formed hybrids with the other Rhus species in the Klondike Mountain Formation	Rhus malloryi
Rhus republicensis[24]	Flynn, DeVore, & Pigg, 2019	2019	Anacardiaceae	A sumac, formed hybrids with the other Rhus species in the Klondike Mountain Formation
Sabia sp.[28]	Colebrook, 1819	1996	Sabiaceae	A Sabia species Not described
Sassafras hesperia[20]	Berry, 1929	1929	Lauraceae	A sassafras	Sassafras hesperia
Schoepfia republicensis[20]	(LaMotte) Wolfe & Wehr, 1944	1929	Schoepfiaceae	A Schoepfia relative	Schoepfia republicensis
Sloanea[41]	Pigg & Wehr, 2002	2002	Elaeocarpaceae	An elaeocarpaceous fruit Not described
Tetracentron hopkinsii[25]	Pigg et al., 2007	2018	Trochodendraceae	A Trochodendrale, possibly the leaves of Pentacentron sternhartae	Tetracentron hopkinsii
Tilia johnsoni[20]	Wolfe & Wehr, 1987	1987	Malvaceae	A Linden	Tilia johnsoni
Trochodendron nastae[43]	Pigg, Wehr, & Ickert-Bond, 2001	2001	Trochodendraceae	A Trochodendron	Trochodendron nastae
Tsukada davidiifolia[20]	Wolfe & Wehr, 1987	1987	Nyssaceae	A dove-tree relative	Tsukada davidiifolia
Ulmus chuchuanus[44]	(Berry) LaMotte, 1926	2005	Ulmaceae	An elm species
Ulmus okanaganensis	Denk & Dillhoff, 2005	2005	Ulmaceae	An elm species	Ulmus okanaganensis
Vitis sp.[27]	Wehr, 1995	1995	Vitaceae	A grape Not described

Arthropods

The insect fauna of the Klondike Mountain Formation includes representatives from over 13 orders, based on a 1992 estimate, including immature though adult specimens and both terrestrial and aquatic taxa.[45] The most prevalent orders are Diptera and Hemiptera, each making up approximately 30% of the fossil insects known in 1992. A solitary lepidopteran fossil has been recovered, but no full descriptive work has been made on the specimen, aside from a single PhD dissertation. Early examination placed the moth in the family Geometridae, but later work has identified it as the oldest member of the tiger moth subfamily Arctiinae.[46]

The neuropteran insects (lacewings and their allies) identified as of 2014 include species from the families Berothidae, Chrysopidae, Hemerobiidae, Ithonidae (including Polystoechotidae), Nymphidae, Osmylidae, and Psychopsidae.[5] A number of mecopteran species belonging to the families Cimbrophlebiidae, Dinopanorpidae, Eorpidae, and Panorpidae are also known.[47] Fossil wings first described in 2015 were identified as being from Susumanioidea stick-insects, a group that had been known from the Jurassic to the Paleocene only.[48] The order Dermaptera was first reported in 1992[45] and is known from a series of isolated partial specimens, mostly abdominal sections with the distinct anal forceps attached. Based on the forceps structuring the specimens were tentatively assigned to the modern family Forficulidae, as the oldest North American representatives of the family known at that time.[49] A list of Coleopteran families identified by 1992 included Carabidae, Cerambycidae, Chrysomelidae, Curculionidae, Dytiscidae, Elateridae and Lucanidae,[45] but the beetle fauna has not been described in depth yet, with only two weevil species having been fully described.[50][51] A review of the Okanagan highlands hymenoptera published in 2018 identified four "Symphyta" families in the formation Cimbicidae, Pamphiliidae, Siricidae, and Tenthredinidae. Of the "Apocrita" families thirteen are represented, the "Parasitica" families are Braconidae, Diapriidae Ichneumonidae, Proctotrupidae, and Roproniidae while the Vespodea families are Formicidae, Pompilidae, Scoliidae and Vespidae. Within Apoidea the "Spheciformes" families include Angarosphecidae and Sphecidae while Halictidae is the sole "Apiformes" family known from body fossils. Prunus and Ulmus leaves have been found having damage that is consistent with the damage pattern left by Megachilidae species bees when they remove sections of tissue for nest lining. There are several additional Apoidea fossils that were left as incertae sedis in the group based on the similarity between them and Paleorhopalosoma menatensis, a Paleocene species described from the Menat Formation Auvergne, France. The placement of P. menatensis is uncertain, having been initially described as a member of Rhopalosomatidae, but is possibly an Angarosphecidae or closely related taxon,based on the wing and body morphology.[52]

Name	Authors	Year	Family	Notes	Images
Adamsochrysa wilsoni[53]	Makarkin & Archibald	2013	Chrysopidae	A green lacewing
Ainigmapsychops inexspectatus[5]	Makarkin & Archibald	2014	Psychopsidae?	A possible psychopsid lacewing	Ainigmapsychops inexspectatus
Allorapisma chuorum[54]	Makarkin & Archibald	2009	Ithonidae	A moth lacewing	Allorapisma chuorum
Antiquiala snyderae[55]	Archibald & Cannings	2019	Aeshnidae	A darner dragonfly
Aphrophora sp.[45]	Lewis, 1992	1992	Aphrophoridae	An aphrophorid spittlebug Not described.
Cimbrophlebia brooksi[47]	Archibald	2009	Cimbrophlebiidae	A Cimbrophlebiid scorpionfly	Cimbrophlebia brooksi
Cimbrophlebia westae[47]	Archibald	2009	Cimbrophlebiidae	A Cimbrophlebiid scorpionfly	Cimbrophlebia westae
Dinokanaga andersoni[56]	Archibald	2005	Dinopanorpidae	A scorpion fly species	Dinokanaga andersoni
Dinokanaga dowsonae[56]	Archibald	2005	Dinopanorpidae	A scorpion fly species
Dinokanaga sternbergi[56]	Archibald	2005	Dinopanorpidae	A scorpion fly species
Eoceneithycerus carpenteri[50]	Legalov	2013	Brentidae	An Ithycerinae weevil
Eoprephasma hichensi[48]	Archibald & Bradler	2015	Susumanioidea	A stick insect species
Eorpa elverumi[57]	Archibald, Mathewes, & Greenwood	2013	Eorpidae	A mecopteran scorpionfly	Eorpa elverumi
?Eorpa ypsipeda[57]	Archibald, Mathewes, & Greenwood	2013	Eorpidae	A mecopteran scorpionfly, tentatively identified	Possible E. ypsipeda[57]
Ithyceroides klondikensis[51]	Legalov	2015	Brentidae	An Ithycerinae weevil
Idemlinea versatilis[55]	Archibald & Cannings	2019	Aeshnidae	A darner dragonfly
Klondikia whiteae[58]	Dlussky & Rasnitsyn	2003	Formicidae	An ant
Metanephrocerus belgardeae[59]	Archibald, Kehlmaier, & Mathewes	2014	Pipunculidae	A pipunculid	Metanephrocerus belgardeae
Myrmeciites[60]	Archibald, Cover, & Moreau	2006	Formicidae	A bulldog ant form genus	Myrmeciities sp.
Neoephemera antiqua[61]	Sinitchenkova	1999	Neoephemeridae	A mayfly
Nymphes georgei[62]	Archibald, Makarkin, & Ansorge	2009	Nymphidae	A nymphid lacewing	Nymphes georgei
Oecophylla kraussei[63]	(Dlussky & Rasnitsyn)	1999	Formicidae	An ant, described as Camponotites kraussei, Moved to Oecophylla kraussei in 2017[64]
Palaeopsychops marringerae[65]	Archibald & Makarkin, 2006	2006	Ithonidae[66]	A giant lacewing	Palaeopsychops marringerae
Palaeopsychops timmi[65]	Archibald & Makarkin, 2006	2006	Ithonidae[66]	A giant lacewing	Palaeopsychops timmi
Palecphora sp.[45]	Lewis, 1992	1992	Cercopidae	A cercopid froghopper Not described.
Petrolystra sp.[45]	Lewis, 1992	1992	Aphrophoridae	An aphrophorid spittlebug Not described.
Polystoechotites barksdalae[60]	Archibald & Makarkin, 2006	2006	Ithonidae[66]	A giant lacewing	Polystoechotites barksdalae
Polystoechotites falcatus[60]	Archibald & Makarkin, 2006	2006	Ithonidae[66]	A giant lacewing	Polystoechotites falcatus
Polystoechotites lewisi[60]	Archibald & Makarkin, 2006	2006	Ithonidae[66]	A giant lacewing	Polystoechotites lewisi
Proneuronema wehri[67][68]	Makarkin, Archibald, & Oswald	2003	Hemerobiidae	A hemerobiid lacewing, originally placed in Cretomerobius, moved to Proneuronema in 2016
Propalosoma gutierrezae[63]	Dlussky & Rasnitsyn	1999	Formicidae	An ant, described as a Rhopalosomatidae wasp, moved to myrmeciinae in 2018[69]	Propalosoma gutierrezae
Ulteramus republicensis[70]	Archibald & Rasnitsyn	2015	Pamphiliidae	A parasitic wasp
Ypshna brownleei[55]	Archibald & Cannings	2019	Aeshnidae	A darner dragonfly
"Forficulid species 1"[49]	Lewis, 1994	1994	Forficulidae?	A possible forficulid earwig with long cerci Not described
"Forficulid species 2"[49]	Lewis, 1994	1994	Forficulidae?	A possible forficulid earwig with short cerci Not described

Vertebrates

Five species of fish have been identified from the formation, four of which are known from skeletal elements, while the fifth is only known from isolated scales.[71] Of the five species, two are unique to the formation, Hiodon woodruffi and Libotonius pearsoni were both described by paleoichthyologist Mark V. H. Wilson in 1978 and 1979 respectively. The other three species, "Amia" hesperia, Amyzon aggregatum, and Eosalmo driftwoodensis, were first described from Okanagan Highlands formations in British Columbia and subsequently also identified from Ferry County fossils. The first notation of fish fossils in the Republic area was by Joseph Umpleby in his 1910 visit to the area, who collected fish near the Tom Thumb Mine, and sent them to the National Museum of Natural History. After examining the fossils, Charles R. Eastman listed the specimens as belonging to the extinct species Amyzon brevipinne in his Fossil fishes in the collection of the United States National Museum.[72] Research tapered off until a series of fish were collected in the Toroda Creek Graben northwest of Republic by R. C. Pearson during his compilation of the Geologic map of the Bodie Mountain quadrangle, Ferry and Okanogan Counties, Washington. The fossils were tentatively identified by paleoichthyologist David Dunkle as members of the genera Amyzon, Tricophanes, Erismatopterus and an undefined salmonid.[73] Pearson sent almost all of the specimens collected to the Smithsonian, but the fossils were never accessioned into the collections there and are now considered lost. He did retain one fossil from the initial collection which was later donated to the USGS collections. The largest single work on the fish of the Okanagan Highlands was published by Mark Wilson in 1977 and covered fossils collected from the known British Columbian Okanagan Highlands fossil sites of the time.[74] While not covering the Washington State fossils, Wilson named two of the species that are currently recognized from the Klondike Mountain Formation Amyzon aggregatum and Eosalmo driftwoodensis. Additionally scales attributed to the genus Amia were discussed and the genus Libotonius was named from fossils in the Allenby Formation.[75][76] In the late 1960s a collection of fish from near the Tom Thumb Mine in Republic was compiled by resident R. Woodward. During the summers of 1976 and 1977 the University of Alberta conducted field collecting in both the Republic and Toroda Creek areas, along with the donation of the Woodward collection, yielded a number of fossil catostomids, along with a single percopsid, a salmonid, a hiodontid, and an Amia scale. The hiodontids were subsequently described as the species Eohiodon woodruffi in 1978 based on differences between the Tom thumb Tuff fossils and those found in British Columbian sites.[73] A year later the percopsid fossils were also described as Libotonius pearsoni, extending the range of the genus south from the Allenby Formation.[75]

Bird fossils are limited to mostly isolated feathers that are preserved in the finer grained strata of the lake bed, though one partial bird skeleton has also been recovered.

Name	Authors	Year	Family	Notes	Images
"Amia" hesperia	Wilson	1977	Amiidae	A bowfin
Amyzon aggregatum	Wilson	1977	Catostomidae	A sucker	Amyzon aggregatum
Eosalmo driftwoodensis[77]	Wilson	1977	Salmonidae	A Salmon	Eosalmo driftwoodensis
Hiodon woodruffi[73]	Wilson	1978	Hiodontidae	A mooneye, first described as "Eohiodon" woodruffi.[73]	Hiodon woodruffi
Libotonius pearsoni[75]	Wilson	1979	Libotoniidae	A sand roller relative.
"Unnamed"[78]	Mayr et al.	2019	Aves incertae sedis	indeterminate feathers and a skeleton	Unidentified feather

References

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Gaylord, DR; Suydam, JD; Price, SM; Matthews, JM; Lindsey, KA (1996). "Depositional history of the uppermost Sanpoil Volcanics and Klondike Mountain Formation in the Republic basin". Washington Geology. 24 (2): 15–18.
Cheney, ES; Rasmussen, MG (1996). "Regional geology of the Republic area". Washington Geology. 24 (2): 3–7.
Suydam, J.; Gaylord, D.R. (1997). "Toroda Creek half graben, northeast Washington: Late-stage sedimentary infilling of a synextensional basin". Geological Society of America Bulletin. 109 (10): 1333–1348. Bibcode:1997GSAB..109.1333S. doi:10.1130/0016-7606(1997)109<1333:tchgnw>2.3.co;2.
Makarkin, V.; Archibald, S.B. (2014). "An unusual new fossil genus probably belonging to the Psychopsidae (Neuroptera) from the Eocene Okanagan Highlands, western North America". Zootaxa. 3838 (3): 385–391. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.692.1185. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3838.3.8. PMID 25081783.
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[Muessig1962-1] Muessig, Siegfried (1962). "Tertiary volcanic and related rocks of the Republic area, Ferry County, Washington". Geological Survey Research 1962. 450 D: D56–58.

[Gaylord1996-2] Gaylord, DR; Suydam, JD; Price, SM; Matthews, JM; Lindsey, KA (1996). "Depositional history of the uppermost Sanpoil Volcanics and Klondike Mountain Formation in the Republic basin". Washington Geology. 24 (2): 15–18.

[Cheney1996-3] Cheney, ES; Rasmussen, MG (1996). "Regional geology of the Republic area". Washington Geology. 24 (2): 3–7.

[Suydam1997-4] Suydam, J.; Gaylord, D.R. (1997). "Toroda Creek half graben, northeast Washington: Late-stage sedimentary infilling of a synextensional basin". Geological Society of America Bulletin. 109 (10): 1333–1348. Bibcode:1997GSAB..109.1333S. doi:10.1130/0016-7606(1997)109<1333:tchgnw>2.3.co;2.

[Makarkin2014-5] Makarkin, V.; Archibald, S.B. (2014). "An unusual new fossil genus probably belonging to the Psychopsidae (Neuroptera) from the Eocene Okanagan Highlands, western North America". Zootaxa. 3838 (3): 385–391. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.692.1185. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3838.3.8. PMID 25081783.

[Umpleby1910-6] Umpleby, J. B. (1910). "Geology and ore deposits of Republic mining district". Washington Geological Survey. 1.

[Berry1929-7] Berry, E.W. (1929). "H - A revision of the flora of the Latah Formation". USGS Professional Paper Series (PDF). PP 154-H. pp. 225–265. doi:10.3133/pp154H https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0154h/report.pdf. Missing or empty |title= (help)

[Brown1936-8] Brown, R. W. (1937). "J - Additions to some fossil floras of the Western United States". Shorter contributions to general geology (PDF). 186. United States Geological Survey. pp. 163–206. doi:10.3133/pp186J.

[Parker1964-9] Parker, RL; Calkins, JA (1964). "Geology of the Curlew Quadrangle, Ferry County, Washington". Geological Survey Bulletin. 1169.

[Boleneus2001-10] Boleneus, DE; Raines, GL; Causey, JD; Bookstrom, AA; Frost, TP; Hyndman, PC (2001). "Assessment method for epithermal gold deposits in northeast Washington State using weights-of-evidence GIS modeling" (PDF). USGA Open File Report. 01–501: 1–52.

[Lasmanis1996-11] Lasmanis, R (1996). "A historical perspective on ore formation concepts, Republic Mining District, Ferry County, Washington". Washington Geology. 24 (2): 8–11.

[Gaylord2001-12] Gaylord, DR; Price, SM; Suydam, JD (2001). Volcanic and hydrothermal influences on middle Eocene lacustrine sedimentary deposits. Republic Basin, northern Washington, USA. International Association of Sedimentologists Special Publication. pp. 199–222. ISBN 9781444304268.

[GCL2011-13] Archibald, S.; Greenwood, D.; Smith, R.; Mathewes, R.; Basinger, J. (2011). "Great Canadian Lagerstätten 1. Early Eocene Lagerstätten of the Okanagan Highlands (British Columbia and Washington State)". Geoscience Canada. 38 (4): 155–164.

[Greenwood2005-14] Greenwood, D.R.; Archibald, S.B.; Mathewes, R.W; Moss, P.T. (2005). "Fossil biotas from the Okanagan Highlands, southern British Columbia and northeastern Washington State: climates and ecosystems across an Eocene landscape". Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences. 42 (2): 167–185. Bibcode:2005CaJES..42..167G. doi:10.1139/e04-100.

[Arnold1955-15] Arnold, C. A. (1955). "A Tertiary Azolla from British Columbia" (PDF). Contributions from the Museum of Paleontology, University of Michigan. 12 (4): 37–45.

[Mustoe2002-16] Mustoe, G.E. (2002). "Eocene Ginkgo leaf fossils from the Pacific Northwest". Canadian Journal of Botany. 80 (10): 1078–1087. doi:10.1139/b02-097.

[Shorn1986-17] Schorn, Howard; Wehr, Wesley (1986). "Abies milleri, sp. nov., from the Middle Eocene Klondike Mountain Formation, Republic, Ferry County, Washington". Burke Museum Contributions in Anthropology and Natural History (1): 1–7.

[Schornwehr1996-18] Schorn, H. E.; Wehr, W. C. (1996). "The conifer flora from the Eocene uplands at Republic, Washington". Washington Geology. 24 (2): 22–24.

[Chaney1951-19] Chaney, R.W. (1951). "A revision of fossil Sequoia and Taxodium in western North America based on the recent discovery of Metasequoia". Transactions of the American Philosophical Society. 40 (3): 231.

[WandW87-20] Wolfe, J.A.; Wehr, W.C. (1987). "Middle Eocene dicotyledonous plants from Republic, northeastern Washington". United States Geological Survey Bulletin. 1597: 1–25.

[Gooch1992-21] Gooch, N. L. (1992). "Two new species of Pseudolarix Gordon (Pinaceae) from the middle Eocene of the Pacific Northwest". PaleoBios. 14: 13–19.

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