Kostroma

Kostroma (Russian: Кострома, IPA: [kəstrɐˈma]) is a historic city and the administrative center of Kostroma Oblast, Russia. A part of the Golden Ring of Russian towns, it is located at the confluence of the rivers Volga and Kostroma. Population: 268,742 (2010 Census);[4] 278,750 (2002 Census);[9] 278,414 (1989 Census).[10]

For other uses, see Kostroma (disambiguation).
Kostroma

Кострома
City[1]
Fire-observation watchtower in Kostroma (1825-1828)
Flag
Coat of arms
Location of Kostroma
Kostroma
Location of Kostroma
Kostroma
Kostroma (Kostroma Oblast)
Coordinates: 57°46′N 40°56′E
CountryRussia
Federal subjectKostroma Oblast[1]
[2]1152
City status since1719
Government
 • HeadYuri Zhurin[3]
Elevation
110 m (360 ft)
Population
 • Total268,742
 • Estimate 
(2018)[5]
277,280 (+3.2%)
 • Rank69th in 2010
 • Subordinated tocity of oblast significance of Kostroma[1]
 • Capital ofKostroma Oblast[1], Kostromskoy District[1]
 • Urban okrugKostroma Urban Okrug[6]
 • Capital ofKostroma Urban Okrug[6], Kostromskoy Municipal District[6]
Time zoneUTC+3 (MSK [7])
Postal code(s)[8]
156XXX
Dialing code(s)+7 4942
OKTMO ID34701000001
Websitewww.gradkostroma.ru

History

Under the Rurikids

The city was first recorded in the chronicles for the year 1213, but some historians believe it could have been founded by Yury Dolgoruky more than half a century earlier, in 1152.[2] Since many scholars believe that early Eastern Slavs tribes arrived in modern-day Belarus, Ukraine and western Russia 400 to 600 AD, Kostroma could be much older than previously thought.[11]

The city shares the same name as the East Slavic goddess Kostroma.

Like other towns of the Eastern Rus, Kostroma was sacked by the Mongols in 1238. It then constituted a small principality, under leadership of Prince Vasily the Drunkard, a younger brother of the famous Alexander Nevsky. Upon inheriting the grand ducal title in 1271, Vasily didn't leave the town for Vladimir, and his descendants ruled Kostroma for another half a century, until the town was bought by Ivan I of Moscow.

Ipatievsky Monastery, 2009

As one of the northernmost towns of the Grand Duchy of Moscow, Kostroma served for grand dukes as a place of retreat when enemies besieged Moscow in 1382, 1408, and 1433. In 1375, the town was looted by Novgorod pirates (ushkuiniks). The spectacular growth of the city in the 16th century may be attributed to the establishment of trade connections with English and Dutch merchants (Muscovy Company) through the northern port of Archangel. Boris Godunov had the Ipatiev[12] and Epiphany monasteries rebuilt in stone. The construction works were finished just in time for the city to witness some of the most dramatic events of the Time of Troubles.

Kostroma was twice ravaged by the Poles; it took a six-month siege to expel them from the Ipatiev monastery. The heroic peasant Ivan Susanin became a symbol of the city's resistance to foreign invaders; several monuments to him may be seen in Kostroma. The future Tsar, Mikhail Romanov, also lived at the monastery. It was here that an embassy from Moscow offered him the Russian crown in 1612.

Under the Romanovs

It is understandable why the Romanov Tsars regarded Kostroma as their special protectorate. The Ipatievsky monastery was visited by many of them, including Nicholas II, the last Russian Tsar. The monastery had been founded in the early 14th century by a Tatar prince, ancestor of the Godunov family. The Romanovs had the Trinity Cathedral rebuilt in 1652; its frescoes and iconostasis are notable. A wooden house of Mikhail Romanov is still preserved in the monastery. There are also several old wooden structures transported to the monastery walls from distant districts of the Kostroma Oblast.

Town status was granted to Kostroma in 1719.

Kostroma River, 2011

In 1773, Kostroma was devastated by a great fire. Afterwards the city was rebuilt with streets radiating from a single focal point near the river. They say that Catherine the Great dropped her fan on the city map, and told the architects to follow her design. One of the best preserved examples of the 18th century town planning, Kostroma retains some elegant structures in a "provincial neoclassical" style. These include a governor's palace, a fire tower, a rotunda on the Volga embankment, and an arcaded central market with a merchant church in the center.

During and after the Russian Revolution

The First Workers' Socialist Club based in Kostroma was one of the best documented workers' clubs run by Proletkult. Organised around the principle of a "public hearth" (obshchestvennyi ochag) this club combined both practical support for workers in need of accommodation, food or furniture, as well as providing a focus for popular education.

Administrative and municipal status
City Hall, July 2009

Kostroma is the administrative center of the oblast and, within the framework of administrative divisions, it also serves as the administrative center of Kostromskoy District,[1] even though it is not a part of it.[13] As an administrative division, it is incorporated separately as the city of oblast significance of Kostroma—an administrative unit with a status equal to that of the districts.[1] As a municipal division, the city of oblast significance of Kostroma is incorporated as Kostroma Urban Okrug.[6]

Transportation

The city is served by the Kostroma Airport. Since 1887 there has been a railway connection between Kostroma and Moscow.[14]

Sights and landmarks
Ipatiev Monastery gives its name to the Hypatian Codex of the Russian Primary Chronicle. Photo by Sergey Prokudin-Gorsky, 1911
The Resurrection Church (1652) is a superb example of the 17th-century Russian art. Color photograph by Sergey Prokudin-Gorsky in 1910 (Library of Congress)

Built in 1559-1565, the five-domed Epiphany Cathedral was the first stone edifice in the city; its medieval frescoes perished during a fire several years ago. The minster houses the city's most precious relic, a 10th-century Byzantine icon called Our Lady of St. Theodore. It was with this icon that Mikhail Romanov was blessed by his mother when he left for Moscow to claim the Russian throne. They say that just before the Revolution of 1917, the icon blackened so badly that the image was hardly visible; it was interpreted as a bad sign for the Romanov dynasty.

The Ipatyevsky monastery survives mostly intact, with its 16th-century walls, towers, belfry, and the 17th-century cathedral.

Apart from the monasteries, most of the city churches were either rebuilt or demolished during the Soviet years. The only city church that survives from the 17th-century "golden age" is the Resurrection church on the Lowlands (Russian: церковь Воскресения на Дебре). As the story goes, the church was commissioned by one merchant who ordered in England ten barrels of dye but received ten barrels of gold instead. He resolved that the unearned gold was the devil's gift and decided to spend it on building a church. Two other 17th-century temples, of rather conventional architecture, may be seen on the opposite side of the Volga.

Among the vestiges of the Godunov rule, a fine tent-like church in the urban-type settlement of Krasnoye-na-Volge (formerly an estate of Boris Godunov's brother) may be recommended.

Climate

Kostroma has a cool continental climate (Köppen Dfb). Winter is chilly, and summer is somewhat warm.

Climate data for Kostroma 1925-present, extremes 1842-present
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 6.6
(43.9)		 7.2
(45.0)		 17.9
(64.2)		 27.6
(81.7)		 32.5
(90.5)		 32.9
(91.2)		 37.1
(98.8)		 37.3
(99.1)		 30.2
(86.4)		 22.9
(73.2)		 13.8
(56.8)		 9.4
(48.9)		 37.3
(99.1)
Average high °C (°F) −6.2
(20.8)		 −5.5
(22.1)		 .8
(33.4)		 10
(50)		 17.8
(64.0)		 21.6
(70.9)		 24.0
(75.2)		 21.3
(70.3)		 15
(59)		 7.5
(45.5)		 −.7
(30.7)		 −4.7
(23.5)		 8.4
(47.1)
Daily mean °C (°F) −9.3
(15.3)		 −9.0
(15.8)		 −3.0
(26.6)		 4.9
(40.8)		 12.0
(53.6)		 16.2
(61.2)		 18.6
(65.5)		 16.0
(60.8)		 10.4
(50.7)		 4.2
(39.6)		 −3.1
(26.4)		 −7.5
(18.5)		 4.2
(39.6)
Average low °C (°F) −12.5
(9.5)		 −12.2
(10.0)		 −6.4
(20.5)		 .9
(33.6)		 7.0
(44.6)		 11.5
(52.7)		 13.9
(57.0)		 11.8
(53.2)		 6.8
(44.2)		 1.6
(34.9)		 −5.4
(22.3)		 −10.3
(13.5)		 .6
(33.1)
Record low °C (°F) −46.4
(−51.5)		 −39.3
(−38.7)		 −31.1
(−24.0)		 −19.0
(−2.2)		 −5.5
(22.1)		 −2.7
(27.1)		 3.2
(37.8)		 1.3
(34.3)		 −5.8
(21.6)		 −21.1
(−6.0)		 −28.8
(−19.8)		 −44.4
(−47.9)		 −46.4
(−51.5)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 42
(1.7)		 30
(1.2)		 29
(1.1)		 33
(1.3)		 46
(1.8)		 77
(3.0)		 73
(2.9)		 76
(3.0)		 61
(2.4)		 64
(2.5)		 49
(1.9)		 46
(1.8)		 623
(24.5)
Average rainy days 6 5 8 14 16 17 16 17 18 18 11 8 154
Average snowy days 28 24 18 8 1 .1 0 0 1 7 20 27 134
Average relative humidity (%) 87 83 77 68 64 72 74 78 82 86 88 88 79
Source: Climat v Kostromy [15]

Nuclear Power Referendum

The Nuclear Power Referendum was arranged in 1990 in the Kostroma area. 90% of the voting population were against nuclear power in the area.[16]

Notable people

Twin towns – sister cities
See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Russia

Kostroma is twinned with:[17]

References

Notes
  1. Law #112-4-ZKO
  2. Official website of Kostroma. Kostroma Today
  3. Official website of Kostroma. Viktor Valentinovich Yemets, Head of the Kostroma City Administration
  4. Russian Federal State Statistics Service (2011). "Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. Том 1" [2010 All-Russian Population Census, vol. 1]. Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года [2010 All-Russia Population Census] (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service.
  5. "26. Численность постоянного населения Российской Федерации по муниципальным образованиям на 1 января 2018 года". Federal State Statistics Service. Retrieved January 23, 2019.
  6. Law #237-ZKO
  7. "Об исчислении времени". Официальный интернет-портал правовой информации (in Russian). June 3, 2011. Retrieved January 19, 2019.
  8. Почта России. Информационно-вычислительный центр ОАСУ РПО. (Russian Post). Поиск объектов почтовой связи (Postal Objects Search) (in Russian)
  9. Russian Federal State Statistics Service (May 21, 2004). "Численность населения России, субъектов Российской Федерации в составе федеральных округов, районов, городских поселений, сельских населённых пунктов – районных центров и сельских населённых пунктов с населением 3 тысячи и более человек" [Population of Russia, Its Federal Districts, Federal Subjects, Districts, Urban Localities, Rural Localities—Administrative Centers, and Rural Localities with Population of Over 3,000] (XLS). Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года [All-Russia Population Census of 2002] (in Russian).
  10. "Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 г. Численность наличного населения союзных и автономных республик, автономных областей и округов, краёв, областей, районов, городских поселений и сёл-райцентров" [All Union Population Census of 1989: Present Population of Union and Autonomous Republics, Autonomous Oblasts and Okrugs, Krais, Oblasts, Districts, Urban Settlements, and Villages Serving as District Administrative Centers]. Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 года [All-Union Population Census of 1989] (in Russian). Институт демографии Национального исследовательского университета: Высшая школа экономики [Institute of Demography at the National Research University: Higher School of Economics]. 1989 – via Demoscope Weekly.
  11. "Early East Slavic Tribes in Russia | Study.com". Study.com. Retrieved September 13, 2018.
  12. Local History website. K. Torop. Kostroma
  13. Resolution #133-a
  14. "Train Station in Kostroma {{in lang|ru}}". Archived from the original on March 23, 2012. Retrieved December 2, 2012.
  15. http://www.pogodaiklimat.ru/climate/27333.htm
  16. Teoksessa Venäjän ihmisoikeusliike Gaudeamus Helsinki 2007
  17. "Международное и межмуниципальное сотрудничество". duma-kostroma.ru (in Russian). Duma Kostroma. Retrieved February 1, 2020.

Sources
  • Костромская областная Дума. Закон №112-4-ЗКО от 9 февраля 2007 г. «Об административно-территориальном устройстве Костромской области», в ред. Закона №567-5-ЗКО от 24 сентября 2014 г. «О внесении изменений в Закон Костромской области "Об административно-территориальном устройстве Костромской области"». Вступил в силу со дня официального опубликования. Опубликован: "СП — нормативные документы", №10(70), 28 февраля 2007 г. (Kostroma Oblast Duma. Law #112-4-ZKO of February 9, 2007 On the Administrative-Territorial Structure of Kostroma Oblast, as amended by the Law #567-5-ZKO of September 24, 2014 On Amending the Law of Kostroma Oblast "On the Administrative-Territorial Structure of Kostroma Oblast". Effective as of the official publication date.).
  • Администрация Костромской области. Постановление №133-а от 8 апреля 2014 г. «Об утверждении реестра населённых пунктов Костромской области». Вступил в силу 11 апреля 2014 г. Опубликован: "СП — нормативные документы", №15, 11 апреля 2014 г. (Administration of Kostroma Oblast. Resolution #133-a of April 8, 2014 On the Adoption of the Registry of the Inhabited Localities of Kostroma Oblast. Effective as of April 11, 2014.).
  • Костромская областная Дума. Закон №237-ЗКО от 30 декабря 2004 г. «Об установлении границ муниципальных образований в Костромской области и наделении их статусом», в ред. Закона №496-5-ЗКО от 28 февраля 2014 г. «О внесении изменений в Закон Костромской области "Об установлении границ муниципальных образований в Костромской области и наделении их статусом"». Вступил в силу по истечении 10 дней со дня официального опубликования. Опубликован: "Северная Правда" ("Документы: СпецВыпуск"), №8, 26 января 2005 г. (Kostroma Oblast Duma. Law #237-ZKO of December 30, 2004 On the Establishment of the Borders of the Municipal Formations and on Granting Them Statuses, as amended by the Law #496-5-ZKO of February 28, 2014 On Amending the Law of Kostroma Oblast "On the Establishment of the Borders of the Municipal Formations and on Granting Them Statuses". Effective as of after 10 days following the official publication date.).

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