Kyrgyz alphabets

The Kyrgyz alphabets (Kyrgyz: Кыргыз алфавити, Qırğız alfaviti, قىرعىز الفابىتى‎, Uniform Turkic Alphabet: Qьrƣьz alfaviti, Kyrgyz pronunciation: [qɯrˈɢɯz ɑɫɸɑˈviti]) are the alphabets used to write the Kyrgyz language. The Kyrgyz language uses the following alphabets:

The Arabic script was traditionally used to write Kyrgyz before the introduction of the first Latin-based alphabets in 1927. Today an Arabic alphabet is used in China.[1] The Uniform Turkic Alphabet was used in the USSR in the 1930s until its replacement by a Cyrillic script. The Kyrgyz Cyrillic alphabet is the alphabet used in Kyrgyzstan. It contains 36 letters: 33 from the Russian alphabet with 3 additional letters for sounds of the Kyrgyz language: Ң, Ү, Ө.

Although the Latin script is not in official use, some Kyrgyz texts are written in the Turkish variant of the Latin alphabet, and uses Turkish spelling norms e.g. for diphthongization (ey, ay etc). Native Kyrgyz sound values are almost identical to Turkish, the exceptions being the velar nasal /ŋ/ and the voiceless uvular stop /q/ which do not exist in Turkish. In these cases they are written as ŋ and q respectively.

Correspondence chart

Correspondence chart of four Kyrgyz alphabets: the Kyrgyz Cyrillic and Kyrgyz Braille alphabets used in Kyrgyzstan, the Kyrgyz Latin alphabet used 1928–1938 in Kyrgyzstan and the Kyrgyz Arabic alphabet used in Afghanistan, Pakistan and Xinjiang, China.

Cyrillic Name Braille Arabic[2] Transliteration
(BGN/PCGN)		 Transliteration
(Developed by PAU)		 Latin
(1928–⁠1938)		 IPA transcription
А аа (a)⠁اA aA aA a/ɑ/
Б ббе (be)⠃بB bB b W wB ʙ/b/, /w/, /v/
В вве (v)⠺ۋV vV vV v/v/
Г гге (ge)⠛گ
ع*		G gG g, Ğ ğG g, Ƣ ƣ/ɡ/, /ʁ/, /ɢ/
Д дде (de)⠙دD dD dD d/d/
Е еe (e)⠑ەE eE eE e/e/
Ё ёё (ë)⠡ي+و(يو)Yo yoYo yoJo jo/jo/
Ж жже (je)⠚جJ jJ jÇ ç (Ƶ ƶ from 1938) /d͡ʒ/, both /d͡ʒ/ and /ʒ/ since 1938
З ззе (ze)⠵زZ zZ zZ z/z/
И ии (i)⠊ىI iİ iI i/i/
Й йий (iy)⠯يY yY yJ j/j/
К ккa (ka)⠅ك
ق*		K kK k, Q qK k, Q q/k/, /q/, /χ/
Л лэл (él)⠇لL lL lL l/l/, /ɫ/
М мэм (ém)⠍مM mM mM m/m/
Н нэн (én)⠝نN nN nN n/n/
Ң ңың (ıñ)⠽ڭNg ngŊ ŋꞐ ꞑ/ŋ/, /ɴ/
О оо (o)⠕وO oO oO o/o/
Ө өө (ö)⠌ۅÖ öÖ öƟ ɵ/ø/
П ппe (pe)⠏پP pP pP p/p/
Р рэр (ér)⠗رR rR rR r/r/
С сэс (és)⠎سS sS sS s/s/
Т тте (te)⠞تT tT tT t/t/
У уу (u)⠥ۇU uU uU u/u/
Ү үү (ü)⠧ۉÜ üÜ üY y/y/
Ф фэф (éf)⠋فF fF fF f/f/
Х хха (xa)⠓حH hX xH h (X x from 1938)/χ/, /k/
Ц цце (ce)⠉(ت+س (تسC cC cTs ts/t͡s/
Ч чче (çe)⠟چCh chÇ çC c/t͡ʃ/
Ш шша (şa)⠱شSh shŞ şŞ ş/ʃ/
Щ щща (ša)⠭-Shch shchŞç şçŞc şc/ʃt͡ʃ/, /ʃː/
Ъ ъажыратуу белгиси (ajıratuu belgisi)⠷-”--*[3]
Ы ыы (ı)⠮ىY yI ıЬ ь/ɯ/
Ь ьичкертүү белгиси (içkertüü belgisi)⠾-’--*[3]
Э ээ (é)⠪ەE eE eE e/e/
Ю юю (û)⠳ي+ۋ(يۋ)Yu yuYu yuJu ju/ju/, /jy/
Я яя (â)⠫ي+ا(يا)Ya yaYa yaJa ja/ja/, /jɑ/

The letter H is not present in the Kyrgyz alphabet. Instead, it was replaced by a mute sound. (e.g. "Шаар (Şaar)" (city) in Kyrgyz corresponds to Şahar/Şähär/Şəhər in other Turkic languages.)

  • К (K) – ك changes into ق (Q) if precedes or succeeds by letters а, о, у, ы.
  • Г (G) – گ changes into ع (Ğ) if precedes or succeeds by letters а, о, у, ы.

Text sample

Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights [4]

Kyrgyz in
Cyrillic script		 Kyrgyz in
Arabic script		 Transliteration
(Turkish-based, by PAU)		 Kyrgyz in
Latin script (1928–1938)		 IPA transcription English
Бардык адамдар өз беделинде жана укуктарында эркин жана тең укуктуу болуп жаралат. Алардын аң-сезими менен абийири бар жана бири-бирине бир туугандык мамиле кылууга тийиш.باردىق ادامدار ۅز بەدەلىندە جانا ۇقۇقتارىندا ەركىن جانا تەڭ ۇقۇقتۇۇ بولۇپ جارالات. الاردىن اڭ-سەزىمى مەنەن ابئيىرى بار جانا بئرى-بئرىنە بئر تۇۇعاندىق مامئلە قىلۇۇعا تئيىش.Bardıq adamdar öz bedelinde jana uquqtarında erkin jana teŋ uquqtuu bolup jaralat. Alardın aŋ-sezimi menen abiyiri bar jana biri-birine bir tuuğandıq mamile qıluuğa tiyiş.Bardьq adamdar ɵz ʙedelinde çana uquqtarьnda erkin çana teᶇ uquqtuu ʙolup çaralat. Alardьn aᶇ‑sezimi menen aʙijiri ʙar çana ʙiri‑ʙirine ʙir tuuƣandьq mamile qьluuƣa tijiş.bɑrd̪ɯχ ɑd̪ɑmd̪ɑr øz bed̪elind̪e d͡ʒɑnɑ uquχt̪ɑrɯnd̪ɑ erkin d͡ʒɑnɑ t̪eŋ uχuqt̪uː boɫup d͡ʒɑrɑɫɑt̪. ɑɫɑrd̪ɯn ɑɴ-sezimi menen ɑbijiri bɑr d͡ʒɑnɑ biri-birine bir t̪uːʁɑnd̪ɯχ mɑmilje qɯɫuːʁɑ t̪ijiʃ.All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.

Arabic
Name in Kyrgyz Transliteration IPA Final Medial Initial Isolated
a [ɑ] ﺎ ﺎ ا
b [b] ﺐ ﺒ ﺑ ﺏ
p [p] ﭗ ﭙ ﭙ پ
n [n] ﻦ ﻨ ﻧ ﻥ
t [t] ﺖ ﺘ ﺗ ﺕ
j [dʒ] ﺞ ﺠ ﺟ ﺝ
č / ch [t͡ʃ] ﭻ ﭽ ﭼ ﭺ
ĥ / x [χ~q] ﺢ ﺤ ﺣ ﺡ
f [ɸ] ﻒ ﻔ ﻓ ﻑ
q [q] ﻖ ﻘ ﻗ ﻕ
ġ [ɢ~ʁ] ﻊ ﻌ ﻋ ﻉ
k [k~q] ﮏ ﮑ ﮐ ک
g [ɡ~ɣ] ﮓ ﮕ ﮔ گ
ṅ / ng [ŋ~ɴ] ڭ
l [l~ɫ] ﻞ ﻠ ﻟ ﻝ
m [m] ﻢ ﻤ ﻣ ﻡ
o [o] ﻮ ﻮ و و
ö / oe [ø] ۅ
u [u] ۉ
ü [y] ﯗ
v [v] ﯞ
s [s] ﺲ ﺴ ﺳ ﺱ
š / sh [ʃ] ﺶ ﺸ ﺷ ﺵ
d [d] ﺪ ﺪ ﺩ ﺩ
r [r] ﺮ ﺮ ﺭ ﺭ
z [z] ﺰ ﺰ ﺯ ﺯ
e [je/e] ﻪ ﻬ ﻫ ﻩ
ı(b) - ﻯ
o(f) [y] ﯗﺀ
i(f) ﻰﺋ
y [j] ي ﻴ ﻳ ﻲ
i/ı ﻯ ﻯ
- ء
(la) ([]) () () () (ﻻ)

See also

References
  1. Minglang Zhou (2003). Multilingualism in China: the politics of writing reforms for minority languages, 1949–2002. Volume 89 of Contributions to the sociology of language (illustrated ed.). Walter de Gruyter. p. 149. ISBN 3-11-017896-6. Retrieved 2011-01-01.
  2. Kyrgyz alphabet, language and pronunciation
  3. no phonemic value; only found in borrowings
  4. Kyrgyz edition of Universal Declaration of Human Rights
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