Kyushu J7W Shinden

The Kyūshū J7W Shinden (震電, "Magnificent Lightning") was a World War II Japanese propeller-driven prototype fighter with wings at the rear of the fuselage, a nose-mounted canard, and pusher engine.

J7W Shinden
Prototype of the completed J7W1 in 1945.
Role Interceptor
Manufacturer Kyūshū Hikōki K.K.
Designer IJNAS Capt. Masaoki Tsuruno
First flight 3 August 1945[1]
Status Abandoned as prototype
Primary user Imperial Japanese Navy
Number built 2

Developed by the Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN) as a short-range, land-based interceptor, the J7W was a response to Boeing B-29 Superfortress raids on the Japanese home islands. For interception missions, the J7W was to be armed with four forward-firing 30 mm cannons in the nose.

The Shinden was expected to be a highly maneuverable interceptor, but only two prototypes were finished before the end of war. A jet engine–powered version was considered, but never even reached the drawing board.

Design and development

In the IJN designation system, "J" referred to land-based fighters and "W" to Watanabe Tekkōjo, the company that oversaw the initial design.[2][3]

The idea of a canard-based design originated with Lieutenant Commander Masayoshi Tsuruno, of the technical staff of the IJN in early 1943. Tsuruno believed the design could easily be retrofitted with a turbojet, when suitable engines became available.[4][5] His ideas were worked out by the First Naval Air Technical Arsenal (Dai-Ichi Kaigun Koku Gijitsusho), which designed three gliders designated Yokosuka MXY6, featuring canards.[4][6] These were built by Chigasaki Seizo K. K. and one was later fitted with a 22 hp Semi 11 (Ha-90) 4-cylinder air-cooled engine.[7]

The feasibility of the canard design was proven by both the powered and unpowered versions of the MXY6 by the end of 1943,[7] and the Navy were so impressed by the flight testing, they instructed the Kyushu Aircraft Company to design a canard interceptor around Tsuruno's concept. Kyushu was chosen because both its design team and production facilities were relatively unburdened,[7] and Tsuruno was chosen to lead a team from Dai-Ichi Kaigun Koku Gijitsusho to aid Kyushu's design works.[4]

The construction of the first two prototypes started in earnest by June 1944, stress calculations were finished by January 1945,[8] and the first prototype was completed in April 1945. The 2,130 hp Mitsubishi MK9D (Ha-43) radial engine and its supercharger were installed behind the cockpit and drove a six-bladed propeller via an extension shaft. Engine cooling was to be provided by long, narrow, obliquely mounted intakes on the side of the fuselage.[9] It was this configuration that caused cooling problems while running the engine while it was still on the ground. This, together with the unavailability of some equipment parts postponed the first flight of the Shinden.

Even before the first prototype took to the air, the Navy ordered the J7W1 into production,[9] with a quota of 30 Shinden a month given to Kyushu's Zasshonokuma factory and 120 from Nakajima's Handa plant.[9] It was estimated some 1,086 Shinden could be produced between April 1946 and March 1947.[8]

On 3 August 1945, the prototype first flew, with Tsuruno at the controls, from Itazuke Air Base.[4][10] Two more short flights were made, a total of 45 minutes airborne, one each on the same days as the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki occurred, before the war's end. Flights were successful, but showed a marked torque pull to starboard (due to the powerful engine), some flutter of the propeller blades, and vibration in the extended drive shaft.[10]

Surviving aircraft
Kyushu J7W1 Shinden fuselage at the National Air and Space Museum Washington, DC

The two prototypes were the only examples of the Shinden ever completed. After the end of the war, one was scrapped; the other was claimed by a U.S. Navy Technical Air Intelligence Unit in late 1945, dismantled, and shipped to the United States.[11] (Some sources claim that the USN took the first built while others state that it was the second.)

The sole surviving J7W1 was reassembled, but has never been flown in the United States; the USN transferred it to the Smithsonian Institution in 1960.[12] Its forward fuselage is currently on display at the Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center annex (at Dulles Airport) of the National Air and Space Museum in Washington DC.[4][10] According to the NASM, 'miscellaneous parts' are stored at Building 7C at the older storage/annex facility, the Garber Facility in Suitland, Maryland.[13]

Specifications (J7W1)
Computer graphic images of J7W1 as viewed from several angles
Photo of scale model J7W

Data from Japanese Aircraft of the Pacific War[10]

General characteristics

  • Crew: 1
  • Length: 9.66 m (31 ft 8 in)
  • Wingspan: 11.114 m (36 ft 6 in)
  • Height: 3.92 m (12 ft 10 in)
  • Wing area: 20.5 m2 (221 sq ft)
  • Empty weight: 3,645 kg (8,036 lb)
  • Gross weight: 4,928 kg (10,864 lb)
  • Max takeoff weight: 5,228 kg (11,526 lb)
  • Powerplant: 1 × Mitsubishi Ha-43 Model 12 (unified) (MK9D - IJNAS) 18-cylinder air-cooled radial piston engine, 1,590 kW (2,130 hp) for take-off[14]
1,730 hp (1,290 kW) at 0 m (0 ft)
1,850 hp (1,380 kW) at 2,000 m (6,600 ft)
1,660 hp (1,240 kW) at 8,400 m (27,600 ft)
  • Propellers: 6-bladed metal constant-speed pusher propeller

Performance

  • Maximum speed: 750 km/h (470 mph, 400 kn) at 8,700 m (28,500 ft)
  • Cruise speed: 422 km/h (262 mph, 228 kn) at 4,000 m (13,000 ft)
  • Range: 852 km (529 mi, 460 nmi)
  • Service ceiling: 12,000 m (39,000 ft)
  • Time to altitude: 8,000 m (26,000 ft) in 10 minutes 40 seconds
  • Wing loading: 240.4 kg/m2 (49.2 lb/sq ft)
  • Power/mass: 3.1 kg/kW (5.1 lb/hp)

Armament

  • Guns: 4× 30 mm (1.181 in) Type 5 cannon with 60 rpg
  • Bombs: 4× 30 kg (66 lb) or 4× 60 kg (130 lb) bombs

See also

Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era

Related lists

References

Notes
  1. "J7W1". wp.scn.ru/en/ww2. Retrieved 19 August 2010.
  2. "Imperial Navy fighters names." historyofwar.org. Retrieved: 19 August 2010.
  3. Francillon 1979, pp. 50–55 and 549–557.
  4. Shinden tanks45.tripod.com. Retrieved: 19 August 2010.
  5. Francillon 1979, p. 335.
  6. Francillon 1979, pp. 335–336.
  7. Francillon 1979, p. 336.
  8. Green 1973, p. 39.
  9. Francillon 1979, p. 337.
  10. Francillon 1979, p. 338.
  11. Smithsonian Institution, 1999, "Kyushu J7W1 Shinden (Magnificent Lightning)" (March 24, 2012).
  12. Smithsonian Institution, 1999
  13. "Kyushu J7W1 Shinden (Magnificent Lightning)". National Air and Space Museum. Retrieved 15 May 2015.
  14. "Mitsubishi Ha 43 Model 11 (Ha 211 Ru), Radial 18 Engine". National Air and Space Museum. 20 March 2016. Retrieved 6 April 2019.

Bibliography
  • Green, William (1961). War Planes of the Second World War. v. 3 (seventh impression 1973 ed.). London: Macdonald & Co. ISBN 0-356-01447-9.
  • Francillon, Rene (1979). Japanese Aircraft of the Pacific War. London: Putnam & Company Limited. ISBN 0-370-30251-6.
  • Bunrindo Famous Airplanes of the World No.102 J7W1 Shinden.
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