Leptoquark

Leptoquarks (LQs) are hypothetical particles that would interact with quarks and leptons. Leptoquarks are color-triplet bosons that carry both lepton and baryon numbers. Their other quantum numbers, like spin, (fractional) electric charge and weak isospin vary among theories. Leptoquarks are encountered in various extensions of the Standard Model, such as technicolor theories, theories of quark-lepton unification (e.g., Pati–Salam model), or GUTs based on SU(5), SO(10), E6, etc. Leptoquarks are currently searched for in experiments ATLAS and CMS at the Large Hadron Collider in CERN.

Overview

Leptoquarks (LQs), if they exist, must be heavier than all the currently known elementary particles - otherwise they would have already been discovered. Current experimental lower limits on LQ mass (depending on their type) are around 1 TeV/c2 (i.e., about 1000 times more than the proton mass). By definition, leptoquarks directly decay into a quark and a lepton or an antilepton. Therefore, like most of other elementary particles, they only live very shortly and are not present in ordinary matter. However, they might be produced in high energy particle collisions such as on particle colliders or in cosmic rays arriving to the Earth's atmosphere.

Like quarks, leptoquarks must carry color and therefore interact with gluons. This strong interaction of theirs is important for their production on hadron colliders (such as Tevatron or LHC).

Simplified typology (according to electric charge)

Several kinds of leptoquarks, depending on their electric charge, can be considered:

  • Q=5/3: Such a LQ decays into up-type quarks (u2/3, c2/3, t2/3) and charged leptons (e-, μ-, τ-).
  • Q=2/3: LQ decays into up-type quarks and neutrinos (or antineutrinos), and/or to down-type quarks (d-1/3, s-1/3, b-1/3) and charged leptons.
  • Q=-1/3: LQ decays into down-type quarks and (anti)neutrinos, and/or to up-type quark and a charged antilepton.
  • Q=-4/3: LQ decays into down-type quarks and charged antileptons.

If a LQ with a given charge exists, also its antiparticle with an opposite charge must exist, which would decay into conjugated states to those listed above.

A leptoquark with given electric charge may, in general, interact with any combination of a lepton and quark with given electric charges (this yields up to 3x3=9 distinct interactions of a single type of a LQ). However, experimental searches usually assume that only one of those "channels" is possible. Especially, a 2/3-charged leptoquark decaying into an electron and a d quark is called a "first generation LQ", a leptoquark decaying into s quark and muon is a "second-generation LQ" etc. Nevertheless, most theories do not bring much of a theoretical motivation to believe that LQs have only a single interaction and that the generation of the quark and lepton involved is the same.[1]

Leptoquarks and proton decay

Existence of pure leptoquarks would not spoil the baryon number conservation. However, some theories allow for (or demand that) the leptoquark to also have a diquark interaction vertex. For example, a Q=2/3 charged leptoquark might also decay into two d-type antiquarks. Existence of such a leptoquark-diquark would cause protons to decay. The current limits on proton lifetime are strong probes of existence of these leptoquark-diquarks. These fields emerge in Grand unification theories; for example, in the Georgi–Glashow SU(5) model, they are called X and Y bosons.

Experimental searches

In 1997, an excess of events at the HERA accelerator created a stir in the particle physics community, because one possible explanation of the excess was the involvement of leptoquarks.[2] However, later studies performed both at HERA and at the Tevatron with larger samples of data ruled out this possibility for masses of the leptoquark up to around 275–325 GeV.[3] Second generation leptoquarks were also looked for and not found.[4]

Current best limits on leptoquarks are set by LHC, which has been searching for the first, second, and third generation of leptoquarks and some mixed-generation leptoquarks[5] and have raised the lower mass limit to about 1 TeV.[6] For leptoquarks coupling to a neutrino and a quark to be proven to exist, the missing energy in particle collisions attributed to neutrinos would have to be excessively energetic. It is likely that the creation of leptoquarks would mimic the creation of massive quarks.[7]

For leptoquarks coupling to electrons and up or down quarks, experiments of atomic parity violation and parity-violating electron scattering set the best limits.

The LHeC project to add an electron ring to collide bunches with the existing LHC proton ring is proposed as a project to look for higher-generation leptoquarks.[8]


See also


References
  1. Diaz, B.; Schmaltz, M.; Zhong, Y.-M. (2017). "The leptoquark hunter's guide: pair production". Journal of High Energy Physics. 97 (10): 97. arXiv:1706.05033. Bibcode:2017JHEP...10..097D. doi:10.1007/JHEP10(2017)097. S2CID 118894139.
  2. Horgan, John (24 March 1997). "Leaping leptoquarks! Hints of "new physics" emerge from German accelerators". Scientific American.
  3. Andreev, V.; Anthonis, T.; Aplin, S.; Asmone, A.; Astvatsatourov, A.; Babaev, A.; et al. (H1 Collaboration) (2005). "Search for leptoquark bosons in e p collisions at HERA". Physics Letters B. 629 (1): 9–19. arXiv:hep-ex/0506044. Bibcode:2005PhLB..629....9H. doi:10.1016/j.physletb.2005.09.048. S2CID 119363170.
  4. "The search for leptoquarks". Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (Fermilab).
  5. "Leptoquark quantum numbers" (PDF). The Review of Particle Physics. 2018.
  6. "Leptoquarks review" (PDF). Berkeley, California: Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. 2016.
  7. Hedin, David, Prof. "Search for third generation leptoquarks". DeKalb, IL: Northern Illinois University. Retrieved 5 March 2020.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  8. "Birmingham LHeC project page".
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