List of Chagatai khans
The Chagatai Khans were the heads of the Chagatai Khanate from Chagatai Khan's inheritance of the state in 1227 to their removal from power by the Dzungars and their vassals in 1687. The power of the Chagatai Khans varied; from its beginning, the khanate was one of the weakest of the Mongol states and often its rulers were merely figureheads for ambitious conquerors (see Kaidu and Timur).
Note: The following list is incomplete. It excludes several collateral lines that ruled over minor territories and were relatively unimportant.
Khans of the Chagatai Khanate
| Personal Name | Reign | Religion |
|---|---|---|
| Chagatai Khan چغتائی خان |
1226–1242 CE | Tengrism |
| Qara Hülëgü قارا ہلاکو |
1242–1246 CE 1st Reign | Tengrism |
| Yesü Möngke یہسو مونکو |
1246–1252 CE | Tengrism |
| Qara Hülëgü قارا ہلاکو |
1252 CE 2nd Reign | Tengrism |
| Mubarak Shah مبارک شاہ His mother Orqina Khatun was regent during this time |
1252–1260 CE 1st Reign | Islam |
| Alghu bin Baidar الغو |
1260–1266 CE | Tengrism |
| Mubarak Shah مبارک شاہ |
1266 CE 2nd Reign | Islam |
| Ghiyas-ud-din Baraq غیاث الدین باراق |
1266–1270 CE | Islam |
| Kaidu bin Kashin and his son Chapar bin Kaidu ruled as de facto Khans from 1270 until 1304. The Chagatai Khans during this period were appointed by them but still rebelled when they tried to exert their authority. | ||
| Negübei نہگوبائی Under Kaidu bin Kashin |
1270–1272 CE | Tengrism |
| Buqa Temür بغا تیمور بن قداقچی Under Kaidu bin Kashin |
127?–1282 CE | Tengrism |
| Duwa دووا Under Kaidu bin Kashin & Chapar bin Kaidu |
1282–1306 CE | Tengrism |
| Restoration of Chagatai Khanate independence. | ||
| Duwa دووا |
1306–1307 CE | Tengrism |
| Könchek کونچہک |
1307–1308 CE | Tengrism |
| Taliqu تالقو بن قداقچی |
1308–1309 CE | Islam |
| Kebek قبق بن دووا |
1309–1310 CE 1st Reign | Tengrism |
| Esen Buqa I ایشان بغا |
1310–1318 CE | Tengrism |
| Kebek قبق بن دووا |
1318–1325 CE 2nd Reign | Tengrism |
| Eljigidey ? |
1325–1329 CE | Tengrism |
| Duwa Temür دووا تیمور |
1329–1330 CE | Tengrism |
| Ala-ad-din Tarmashirin علاء الدین تارماشیریں |
1331–1334 CE | Islam |
| Buzan بوزان |
1334–1335 CE | Tengrism |
| Changshi چانگشی |
1335–1338 CE | Tengrism |
| Yesun Temur یسون تیمور |
1338–1342 CE | Tengrism |
| Ali Sultan علی سلطان |
1342 CE | Islam |
| Muhammad I ibn Pulad محمد ابن پلاد |
1342–1343 CE | Islam |
| Qazan Khan ibn Yasaur غازان خان |
1343–1346 CE | Islam |
| Qazan's death signified the end of the effective power of the Chagatai khans within the ulus; subsequent khans were rulers in name only. Qazaghan took the title of Amir and to legitimize himself conferred the title of khan on descendants of Genghis Khan of his own choosing. | ||
| Danishmendji دانشمندجی Under Amir Qazaghan |
1346–1348 CE | Islam |
| During Amir Qazaghan's reign the Chagatai Khanate devolved into a loose confederation of tribes. This resulted in the Division of the Empire in 1347 CE into the Western Chagatai Khanate and Eastern part known as Moghulistan under Tughlugh Timur. | ||
- Blue rows signifies nominal rule.
Khans of the Western Chagatai Khanate and the Eastern Chagatai Khanate (Moghulistan)
| Western Chagatai Khanate | Moghulistan | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bayan Qulï بیان قلی Under Amir Qazaghan & Abdullah bin Qazaghan 1348–1358 CE |
Tughlugh Timur تغلق تیمور 1347–1360 CE | |||
| Shah Temur شاہ تیمور Under Abdullah bin Qazaghan 1358 CE |
||||
| Tughlugh Timur تغلق تیمور (Tribes of Chagatai Khanate rebelled against Abdullah bin Qazaghan who was of the Qara'unas forcing him to retreat but the coalition of Suldus under Buyan Suldus and Barlas under Hajji Beg collapsed; anarchy reigned in Chagatai Khanate. This power vacuum allowed Tughlugh Timur to move in without much resistance only Hajji Beg who was defiant had to make his escape. Tughlugh Timur then appointed Timur Gurkani as Chief of Barlas tribe and returned to his capital. However he was back in the region next year with the view of removing most Amirs and to consolidate his grip on his new conquered territory. He executed several amirs, including Amir Bayazid and Buyan Suldus. The son of Abdullah bin Qazaghan named Amir Husayn was the new Chief of the Qara'unas and resisted the powerful King of Moghulistan but was also defeated, however he would return after the king's death.Tughlugh Timur before leaving for his capital left his son Ilyas Khoja as viceroy of Chagatai Khanate region. The ruthlessness with which the Moghuls ruled the region caused many to oppose them, including Amir Husayn of the Qara'unas and Timur of the Barlas. Together they faced an army of Moghuls and local tribes loyal to Ilyas Khoja, and defeated them. Shortly afterwards, Tughlugh Timur died and Ilyas Khoja left for Moghulistan to take power. The tribes nominated and placed Adil-Sultan as nominal Khan of Chagatai Khanate. 1360–1363 CE | ||||
| Adil-Sultan عادل سلطان Under Tribal Confederation of Amir Husayn and Amir Timur 1363 CE |
Ilyas Khoja الیاس خوجہ 1363–1368 CE | |||
| Khabul Shah خابول شاہ Under Amir Husayn 1364–1370 CE |
Qamar-ud-din Khan Dughlat قمر الدین خان دغلت Usurper 1368–1392 CE | |||
| Soyurghatmïsh Khan Under Amir Timur 1370–1384 CE |
||||
| Sultan Mahmud Khan سلطان محمود خان Under Amir Timur. Sultan Mahmud's death in 1402 marked the effective end of the line of Chagatai Khans in Transoxiana, who had long been mere figureheads and the rise of Timurid dynasty. 1384–1402 CE |
Khizr Khoja خضر خوجہ 1389–1399 | |||
- Transoxiana remained in the hands of Timur and his successors. For a continued list of tulers of Moghulistan see below.
Khans of Moghulistan
| Titular Name(s) | Personal Name | Reign | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Khan خان |
Tughlugh Timur تغلق تیمور |
1348–1363 CE | |
| Khan خان |
Ilyas Khoja الیاس خوجہ |
1363–1368 CE | |
| Khan خان |
Qamar-ud-din Khan Dughlat قمر الدین خان دغلت |
1368–1392 CE | |
| Khan خان |
Khizr Khoja خضر خوجہ |
1389–1399 CE | |
| Khan خان |
Shams-i-Jahan شمس جہان |
1399–1408 CE | |
| Khan خان |
Muhammad Khan (Khan of Moghulistan) محمد خان |
1408–1415 CE | |
| Khan خان |
Naqsh-i-Jahan نقش جہان |
1415–1418 CE | |
| Khan خان |
Awais Khan اویس خان |
1418–1421 CE 1st reign | |
| Khan خان |
Sher Muhammad شیر محمد |
1421–1425 CE | |
| Khan خان |
Awais Khan اویس خان |
1425–1429 CE 2nd reign | |
| Khan خان |
Satuq Khan ستوق خان |
1429–1434 CE | |
| Khan خان |
Esen Buqa II ایشان بغا ثانی |
1429–1462 CE | |
| Division of Moghulistan into Western Moghulistan and Eastern Moghulistan | |||
- Green shaded row signifies rule of usurper.
Khans of Western Moghulistan and Khans of Eastern Moghulistan (Uyghurstan)
| Western Moghulistan | Eastern Moghulistan (Uyghurstan) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yunus Khan یونس خان 1462–1469 CE |
Dost Muhammad Khan دوست محمد خان 1462–1468 CE | |||
| Kebek Sultan Oghlan قبق سلطان 1469 CE | ||||
| Yunus Khan یونس خان 1469–1487 CE | ||||
| Mahmud Khan محمود خان 1487–1508 CE |
Ahmad Alaq احمد الاچ 1487–1503 CE | |||
| Mansur Khan منصور خان 1503–1508 CE | ||||
| Mansur Khan منصور خان 1508–1514 CE | ||||
| Sultan Sa'id Khan سلطان سعید خان 1514–1533 CE |
Mansur Khan منصور خان 1514–1548 CE | |||
| Abdur-Rashid Khan عبد الرشید خان 1533–1560 CE |
Shah Khan شاہ خان 1543–1560 CE | |||
| Abdul Karim Khan (Yarkand) عبد الکریم خان 1560–1591 CE |
Muhammad Khan ibn Mansur Khan محمد خان ابن منصور خان 1570 CE | |||
| Sultan Sa'id Khan after defeating Mirza Abu Bakr Dughlat established the Altishaher or union of 6 cities, a much reduced western half of Moghulistan. By this time the western half was referred to as Kashgaria and eastern half was referred to as Uyghurstan. During the reign of Abdur-Rashid Khan a certain Naqshbandi Sufi teacher Ahmad Kasani (1462–1542), known as Makhdum-i-Azam (the Great Master) came to Kashgar from Samarkand. His descendants, known as Makhdum Zadas and bearing title "Khoja", would play an important role in the history of the region from the 16th to 19th centuries. Makhdum's eldest son Muhammad Amin, known also as Khoja Kalon (d.1598) became the founder of Sufi order (tariqa) Ishkiyya of Nakshbandi Khojagan, his son Muhammad Yūsuf (d.1653) settled himself in Kashgar and was granted village of Bashkerim near Kashgar by Abdullah Khan in 1638. His son Khoja Hidayatullah better known as Afaq Khoja and his followers became known as the Aq Taghliks, those of the "White Mountains", because of their close approximation to Tangri Tagh (Tian Shan). Makhdum's second son, Muhammad Ishaq Wali (d.1599 in the age of 94), founder of Ishaqiya Sufi order of Nakshbandi Khojagan, with his followers established themselves in Yarkand and became known as the Qara Taghliks, those of the "Black Mountains", because of their close approximation to the Pamir, Karakoram and Kunlun. The Kashgaria region gradually devolved into small city states with the Khojas as rivals post 1570 CE | ||||
Said Khan successors in Yarkent
Tombs of Moghul Khans of Yarkand Khanate in royal cemetery Altyn in Yarkand
- Abdurashid Khan (in Aksu 1521–1533) 1533–1560, son of Sultan Said Khan
- Abdul Karim Khan (Yarkand) 1560–1591, eldest son of Abdurashid Khan
- Muhammad Khan (in Turfan 1588–1591) 1591–1610, 5th son of Abdurashid Khan, in 1603 was visited in Yarkand by Portuguese Jesuit Bento de Gois, who was searching land ways from India to Ming China, headed trade mission on behalf of Moghul Emperor of India Akbar the Great and had a Letter of Safe Conduct, granted by Akbar and addressed to Muhammad Khan, with him.
- Shudja ad Din Ahmad Khan 1610–1618, son of Muhammad Khan, grandson of Abdurashid Khan, was killed in 1618 during hunting
- Kuraysh Sultan 1618, son of Yunus Sultan, grandson of Abdurashid Khan, ruled only 9 days before he was killed
- Abd al-Latif (Afak) Khan 1618–1630, second son of Shudja ad-Din Ahmad Khan, who was only 13 when was set up on khanship, died in the age of 25
- Sultan Ahmad Khan (Pulat Khan) 1630–1633, first son of Timur Sultan, who was the first son of Shuja ad-Din Ahmad Khan and died in 1615
- Mahmud Sultan (Qilich Khan) 1633–1636, second son of Timur Sultan, died in the age of 22 when was poisoned in 1636 by Khoja Yahiya (died in 1646), son of Khoja Ishak, founder of Ishakiyya branch of Nakshbandi Khojagan Sufi Order, followers of which were known as Kara Taghliks.
- Sultan Ahmad Khan (Pulat Khan) 1636–1638, restored on khanship with help of Khoja Yahiya, who was granted village Guma near Khotan by Sultan Ahmad Khan, resigned in 1638 on demands of emirs in favor of Abdullah Khan, died in 1640 in the age of 27
- Abdullah Khan (in Turfan 1634/5–1638/9) 1638–1669, eldest son of Abduraim Khan, grandson of Abdurashid Khan, expelled to India in 1669, where he was received by Moghul Emperor Aurangzeb, who arranged his Hajj to Mecca, died in 1675 in the age of 67, buried in Agra
- Nur ad-Din Sultan ( in Aksu 1649–1667) 1667–1668 in Kashgar and Yengisar, youngest son of Abdullah Khan, died in 1668 in the age of 31, reigned one year with help of the Kara Yanchuks , mercenaries from Dzungars and Kyrgyz tribes, who were first recruited on service in Yarkand Khanate during last years of reigning of Abdullah Khan.
- Ismail Khan (in Chalish 1666–1669, in Aksu 1669–1670) 1669, 5th son of Abduraim Khan, grandson of Abdurashid Khan, disciple of Kara Taghlik leader Khoja Ubaidullah (Khoja Shadi), son of Khoja Yahiya, was declared a Khan in Aksu after Abdullah Khan fled to India.
- YuIbars Khan ( In Kashgar 1638–1667, since age of 8) 1669–1670, eldest son of Abdullah Khan, disciple of Ak Taghlik Khoja Mohammad Yusuf and his son Appak Khoja, during his reign positions of Ak Taghliks in Yarkand Khanate greatly increased, was killed in 1670 by Dzungar supporter Erka Bek in the age of 40
- Abd al Latif Sultan 1670, son of Yulbars Khan, who was set up on khanship by Ak Taghliks, was killed in the same 1670 by Kara Taghliks with all other sons of Yulbars Khan
- Ismail Khan 1670–1678, restored on April 2, 1670 by Kara Taghliks, expelled Appak Khoja and his son Yahia Khoja from the country in 1670, in 1678 captured by Dzungars, who were invited by Ak Taghlik leader Appak Khoja using recommendation letter from 5th Dalai Lama, died in Ili River Valley ( Baghistan) in 1680 in the age of 56.
- Abd ar-Rashid Khan II (in Turfan 1680–1682) 1678–1680, eldest son of Sultan Said Baba Khan, set up on khanship by Dzungar Galdan Boshugtu Khan, who came to Yarkand with Appak Khoja.
- Muhammad Imin Khan (Muhammad Amin Khan) (in Turfan 1682–1690) 1680–1681 in Chalish, second son of Sultan Said Baba Khan
- Appak Khoja 1680–1690, died in 1694, set up himself on khanship after expelling Abd ar-Rashid Khan II from Yarkand with help of Dzungars, expelled Kara Taghlik leader Khoja Daniyal into Kashmir.
- Muhammad Imin Khan (Muhammad Amin Khan) 1690–1692, was recalled from Turpan and elected a Khan on Kurultai of Kashgar and Yarkand Beks, was killed in 1692 after losing a battle with Appak Khoja near Kargalik
- Yahiya Khoja (in Kashgar 1690–1692) 1692–1695, son of Appak Khoja, set up on khanship by Appak Khoja, killed in 1695 by Hanim Pasha
- Hanim Pasha (Hanum Padshah) 1695, sister of Muhammad Imin Khan, widow of Appak Khoja, was killed in 1695
- Akbash Khan 1695–1705, youngest son of Sultan Said Baba Khan, great grandson of Abdurashid Khan, disciple of Kara Taghliks, recalled Kara Taghlik leader Khoja Daniyal (died in 1735) from exile to resist Ak Taghliks and Dzungars, fled to India in 1705
The remnants of the state fell to two different rival branches of Khojas- Ak Taghliks and Kara Taghliks. Aqtaghlyq branch of Khojas, a confederation under the influence of the Dzungars, took power in Kashgar where Ahmad Khoja, son of Yahiya Khoja, was declared a Khan. In Yarkand Kara Taghliks took power with Khoja Daniyal being declared a Khan, that caused civil war between Kashgar and Yarkand.
In 1713 remnant of Yarkant Khanate - Altishar ( union of 6 cities)-became dependency of Dzungar Khanate under Tsewang Rabtan, paying annual tribute from all 6 cities in amount of one silver tanga from soul, for Yarkand it was established in amount of 100,000 silver tangas, for Kashgar-67,000 silver tangas, this time Kara Taghliks were established by Dzungars to be responsible for collecting tribute. In 1752 Altishar restored its independence after revolt against Dzungar Khanate under leadership of Kara Taghlik leader Khoja Yusup, son of Khoja Daniyal. In 1755 sons of Ahmad Khoja and great grandsons of Appak Khoja, Ak Taghliks Burhan ad-Din Khoja and Jahan Khoja were rescued by Qings troops in Ili River Valley from Dzungar's captivity and sent to Altishar to claim mandate of Qing China for the country. In ensuing bloody war with Kara Taghliks brothers emerged victorious and established total control of Altishar in 1756 but refused to submit to Qings after that. In 1759 Altishar was conquered by Qing China, that created province Nanlu (Southern Road) on its territory in 1760, while province Beilu (Northern Road) was created on the territory of former Dzungar Khanate, that was exterminated by Qing China in 1756.
Mansur Khan successors in Uyghurstan
The following successors to Mansur Khan possessed the titles of Little Khans sitting in Turpan, contrary to the Great Khans sitting in Yarkand.
- Shah Khan 1543–1570, eldest son of Mansur Khan
- Muhammad Khan ibn Mansur Khan, 1570
- Koraish Sultan (Khotan 1533–1588; Chalish 1570–88) 1570–1588, son of Abdurashid Khan, expelled to India in 1588 by Abdul Karim Khan, where he was received by Moghul Emperor Akbar the Great, who gave him one of regions of India in suyurgal.
- Muhammad Khan (in Kashgaria 1591–1610), 1588–1591, son of Abdurashid Khan
- Abduraim Khan 1591–1636, youngest son of Abdurashid Khan
- Muhammad Khashim Sultan (in Chalish) 1608–1610, son of Khudabende Sultan, who was son of Koraish Sultan
- Abdullah Khan (in Chalish, in Kashgaria 1638–1669) 1636–1638, eldest son of Abduraim Khan
- Abu'l Muhammad Khan 1636–1653, son of Abduraim Khan
- Sultan Said Baba Khan ( in Kumul 1636–1653) 1653, died in 1680 in the age of 53, 4th son of Abduraim Khan
- Ibrahim Sultan ( in Khotan 1638–1653) 1653–1655, son of Abduraim Khan, was killed in 1655
- Sultan Said Baba Khan (restored) 1655–1680
- Abd ar-Rashid Khan II (in Chalish 1678–1680) 1680–1682, eldest son of Sultan Said Baba Khan, died in 1694
- Muhammad Imin Khan (Muhammad Amin Khan) 1682–1690, second son of Sultan Said Baba Khan, great grandson of Abdurashid Khan
Annexed by the Dzungars. After exterminating of Dzungar Khanate by Qing China in 1756, remnants of Dynasty survived in semi-autonomous Kumul Khanate till the 20th century, last ruler of which Maqsud Shah died in 1930.
Notes
References
- Godrich, L. Carrington; Fang, Chaoying, eds. (1976), "Ḥājjī `Ali", Dictionary of Ming Biography, 1368–1644. Volume I (A-L), Columbia University Press, pp. 479–480, ISBN 0-231-03801-1
- Kutlukov M About foundation of Yarkent Khanate (1465–1759), "Pan" publishing house. Almata, 1990.
- Shah Mahmud Churas Chronicles (written in 1670 in Yarkand in 118 chapters) Translation and research by Akimushkin O.F. Publishing house of eastern literature "Nauka". Moscow, 1976.
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