List of World War II aces from Germany
This is a list of fighter aces in World War II from Germany. A flying ace or fighter ace is a military aviator credited with shooting down five or more enemy aircraft during aerial combat.[1] It is relatively certain that 2,500 German fighter pilots attained ace status, having achieved at least 5 aerial victories.[2] This article lists 890 (updated as of October 2017) of these aces.
German day and night fighter pilots claimed roughly 70,000 aerial victories during World War II, over 25,000 British or American and over 45,000 Russian-flown aircraft. 103 German fighter pilots shot down 100 or more enemy aircraft, for a total of approximately 15,400 victories. Approximately 360 German fighter pilots shot down from 40 to 99 enemy aircraft for a total of approximately 21,000 victories. Approximately 500 German fighter pilots shot down from 20 to 39 enemy aircraft for a total of approximately 15,000 victories. These achievements were honored with 453 German day fighter pilots and Zerstörer (destroyer) fighter pilots and 85 German night fighter pilots (including 14 crew members), for a total of 538 German fighter pilots, receiving the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross.[3]
German losses, on the other hand, were very high as well. Roughly 12,000 German day fighter pilots were killed or are still missing in action, with a further 6,000 being wounded. The Zerstörer (destroyer) pilots suffered about 2,800 casualties, either killed or missing in action, plus another 900 wounded in action. German night fighter losses were also high, in the magnitude of 3,800 pilots or crew members killed or missing and 1,400 wounded. Hans-Ulrich Rudel was the most decorated flying ace in the Luftwaffe, primarily as a ground-attack bomber pilot with over 800 vehicles destroyed in addition to his victories over opposing aircraft.[4]
Background
There are a number of reasons why Germany's highest-scoring pilots shot down many more aircraft than the most successful Allied pilots. During the first years of the war, German day fighter pilots tended to enjoy favourable tactical circumstances; for instance, during the Battle of Britain British pilots generally tried to attack the German bombers rather than the fighters protecting them. German combat tactics during this period also tended to be superior to those of the Allies, with formation leaders in particular often having a higher chance of success.[5]
Formal and informal Luftwaffe practices also contributed to the high numbers of victories achieved by some pilots. The normal practice in fighter units was for the highest-scoring pilot to lead formations, regardless of their rank, which placed them in the best position to shoot down Allied aircraft. The German pilots also typically conducted much more combat flying than their Allied equivalents: while the western Allied air forces frequently rested their fighter pilots or rotated them out of combat zones after a certain number of missions or flying hours, German pilots were required to fly until they became casualties.[6]
Accuracy of claims
During the 1990s, the German archives made available to the public, including microfilm rolls of wartime records not seen since January 1945.[7] They show that although the Luftwaffe generally did not accept a "kill" without a witness (in which instance it was considered only a probable and didn't count in the victory scoring process), some pilots habitually submitted unwitnessed claims and these sometimes made it through the verification process, particularly if they were made by pilots with established records.[7] Unlike all of the other air forces that fought during World War II, the Luftwaffe did not accept shared claims, but sometimes it happened. Each claim should have referred to a particular aircraft, but some victories were awarded to other pilots who had claimed the destruction of the same aircraft.[7] From mid-year 1943 through 1944, the OKW communiques often overstated Allied bomber losses by a factor of up to two; these claims existed only in the communiques and weren't used in victory scoring. Defenders of the German fighter pilots maintain that overclaims were eliminated during the confirmation process, but the microfilms show that this wasn't always the case.[7] Stringent reviews and comparisons of Allied archives and German archives show that 90 percent of the claims submitted were confirmed, or found to be "in order" for confirmation, up to the time the system broke down altogether in 1945.[7]
This along with the * (asterisk), indicates that the pilot was either killed in action (KIA), missing in action (MIA), died of wounds (DOW) or killed in a flying accident (KIFA).
This and the / (slash) indicates information discrepancies listed by Caldwell, Obermaier, Sprick, Matthews and Foreman.
A
Name | Rank | Total wartime victories | Unit | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
Franz Achleitner | Leutnant | 5 Kracker | JG 3 | POW 24.August.1940 |
Vilim Acinger | Hauptmann | 16/9/1 Kracker | JG 52 | Killed May.1945 |
Hans Adam* | Leutnant | 11[8] | JG 51 | KIA 12 March 1945 |
Heinz-Günther Hans Adam* | 7/5[8][9] | JG 26 | KIFA 20 December 1942Kracker | |
Helmut Adam* | Unteroffizier | 12[8] | JGr Ost, JG 52 | KIA 1 July 1942 |
Hans Adelhütte* | Oberleutnant | 20/15 Kracker | KG 41, KG 3, NJG 7, NJG 3 | KIA 13 August 1944 |
Horst Ademeit* | Major | 166[10]/160[8] | JG 54 | Knight's Cross with Oak Leaves KIA 7 August 1944 |
Walter Adolph* | Hauptmann | 28/25/24 (+1 in Spain; +4 unconfirmed)[11]/21[8] | J/88, JG 27, JG 26 | Knight's Cross KIA 18 September 1941 |
Ulrich Adrian | Oberleutnant | 5 | JG 2 | KIFA 5 October 1941 (aged 26) |
Gustav Ahlbrand* | Unteroffizier | 14[8] | JG 52 | KIA 22 August 1943 |
Hans-Joachim Ahlert* | Leutnant | 7/5 Kracker | JG 77, JG 27 | KIA 13 August 1944 |
Heinrich-Wilhelm Ahnert* | Oberfeldwebel | 57[11][8] | JG 52 | Knight's Cross KIA 15 August 1942 |
Peter Ahrens | Leutnant | 11[9][8] | JG 26 | KIFA 4.03.1945 |
Elmar Ahrensmeyer | Feldwebel | 16 Kracker | JG 51 | |
Johann Aistleitner* | Hauptmann | 13/11[12]/12[8] | JG 26 | KIA 14 January 1944 |
Egon Albrecht-Lemke* | 25[11]/18+[8] | ZG 76, SKG 210, ZG 1, JG 76 | Knight's Cross KIA 25 August 1944 | |
Heinz Albrecht* | Oberfeldwebel | 6+[8] | JG 11 | KIA 2 May 1945 |
Luis Moreno Abella Alcocer | Oberleutnant | 5 | JG 27 | KIFA 2.10.1941 |
Vicente Aldecoa | Leutnant | 7 | JG 51 | |
Rudolf Alf* | Oberfeldwebel | 12 Kracker | JG 2, JG 7 | KIFA 26 November 1944 |
Günther Allmenröder | Feldwebel | 6 Kracker | JG 51 | POW 22 January 1943 |
Herbert Aloe* | Hauptmann | 35[8] | JG 54 | German Cross KIA 21 June 1944 |
Antonio Alos | 5 | JG 51 | ||
Heinz Hans Altendorf | Oberleutnant | 24[8] | JG 53 | German Cross POW 16 December 1941 |
Rudolf Altendorf | Hauptmann | 24 Kracker | LG 1, NJG 3, NJG 4, NJG 5 | |
Altmann | 5 | NJG 4 | ||
Richard Herbert Altner | Leutnant | 26/25 | NJG 3, NJG 5, NJG 11 | |
Ernst-Georg Altnorthoff | Oberleutnant | 11[8] | JG 27 | |
Alfred Ambs | Leutnant | 8[8] | JG 7 | |
Friedhelm Amelung | 6/5 | JG 2 | ||
Heinz-Günther Amelung | Major | 5 | StG 77, Staff IV Flieger Corps | |
Hermann Amend | Unteroffizier | 9 | JG 5 | KIA 5 August 1944 |
Kaspar Amhausend | 5 | JG 2 | KIA 15.9.1940 | |
Georg Amon | Oberfeldwebel | 9 | JG 53 |
Kracker POW 2 April 1945 |
Peter "Pit" Andel | Leutnant | 6[12][8] | JG 26 | |
Ernst Andres | Hauptmann | 28 | KG 2, KG 4, NJG 4 | KIA 12.2.1945 |
Werner Andres | Oberstleutnant | 5 | JG 3 | |
Lorenz Andresen | Oberleutnant | 8/5+[8] | JG 5 | KIA 20 July 1944 |
Heinz Angres | Fahnenjunkerfeldwebel | 10 | JG 3 | KIA 16.10.1944 |
Paul Angst | Leutnant | 5 | JG 3 | |
Robert Anlauf | Feldwebel | 10/5 | JG 52 | KIA 28.3.1945 |
Walter Appel | Gefreiter | 5 | JG 27 | KIA 14.6.1944 |
Jose Damaso Arango-Lopez | Oberleutnant | 9 | JG 51 | |
Elmar Arensmeyer | Unteroffizier | 16 | JG 51, JG 101, EJG Ost | |
Heinz Arnold* | Oberfeldwebel | 49/48[8] | JG 5, JG 7 | KIA 17 April 1945 |
Walter Arnold | Leutnant | 8/6[8] | JG 27 | |
Hans Jakob Arnoldy | 9/7 | JG 77, EJG Ost | KIA 15 April 1941 | |
Rudolf Artner | Unteroffizier | 20[8] | JG 5 | |
Heinrich Asche | 8[8] | JG 54 | ||
Roloff von Aspern* | Oberleutnant | 19[8] | JG 21, JG 76, JG 54 | KIA 17 November 1940 |
Hermann Aubrecht | Oberfeldwebel | 31/28[8] | JG 51 | German Cross |
Fritz Auffhammer | Oberstleutnant | 5 | JG 301, KG 3, KG 100 | KIA 15 April 1941 |
Hans-Heinz Augenstein* | Hauptmann | 46[13]/41[8] | NJG 1 | Knight's Cross KIA 7 December 1944 |
Jakob Augustin* | Leutnant | 16[8] | JG 2 | MIA 15 July 1942 |
Hans Autenreith | Hauptmann | 22 | NJG 1, NJG 4 | KIA 6.12.1944 |
Alois Auth | Unteroffizier | 5 | JG 300 | KIA 7.10.1944 |
Zdenko Avdic | Leutnant | 10 | JG 52, JG 104 | |
Luis Azqueta-Brunet | Oberleutnant | 6 | JG 51 |
B
Name | Rank | Total wartime victories | Unit | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
Sophus Baagoe* | Hauptmann | 14[14] | ZG 76 | Knight's Cross KIA 14 May 1941 |
Werner Baake | 41[13]/43[14] | NJG 1 | Knight's Cross † 15 July 1964 (aged 45) | |
Emil Babenz | Oberfeldwebel | 23[14] | JG 26, JG 53 | German Cross |
Herbert Bachnick* | Leutnant | 80[15]/78[14] | JG 52 | Knight's Cross KIA 7 August 1944 |
Erwin Bacsila | Major | 34 | ZG 1, JG 26, JG 52, JG 77, JG 400, JG 3, JG 301 | |
Johann Badum* | Leutnant | 54[16] | JG 77 | Knight's Cross KIA 12 January 1943 |
Jens Bahnsen* | Feldwebel | 18 | JG 27, JG 53 | |
Günther Bahr | Oberfeldwebel | 37[17]/35[14] | NJG 6 | Knight's Cross |
Hans-Joachim Bahr | 7 | JG 5 | ||
Wilhelm Balthasar* | Major | 47(+7 in Spain)[18] | JG 27, JG 3, JG 2, JG 1 | Knight's Cross with Oak Leaves KIA 3 July 1941 |
"Pritzel" Heinrich Bär | Oberst | 220[19]/208[14] | JG 51, JG 77, JG 1, JG 3, EJG 2, JV 44 | Knight's Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords † 28 April 1957 (aged 43) |
Herbert Bareuther* | Leutnant | 55[20] | JG 51, JG 3 | German Cross KIA 30 April 1945 (aged 30) |
"Gerd" Gerhard Barkhorn | Major | 301[19]/300[14] | JG 2, JG 52, JG 6, JV 44 | Knight's Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords † 8 January 1983 (aged 63) |
Gerhard Bärsdorf* | Leutnant | 7 | JG 300 | KIA 28 July 1944 |
Heinrich Bartels* | Oberfeldwebel | 99[21] | JG 5, JG 27 | Knight's Cross KIA 23 December 1944 (aged 26) |
Franz Barten* | Hauptmann | 52[22] | JG 51, JG 53 | Knight's Cross KIA 4 August 1944 |
Erich Bartz | Unteroffizier | 30 | JG 51 | |
"Willi" Wilhelm Batz | Major | 237[19]/233[14] | JG 52 | Knight's Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords † 11 September 1988 (aged 72) |
Helmut Baudach* | Oberfeldwebel | 20 | JG 2 EKdo 262 Kdo Nowotny JG 7 | |
Franz Bauer* | Hauptmann | 9 | JG 53 | KIA 18 June 1944 |
Herbert Bauer | Major | 11 | St.G 2, SG 103 | |
Konrad Bauer | Oberleutnant | 68[23] | JG 51, JG 3, JG 300 | Knight's Cross † 17 June 1990 (aged 71) |
Viktor Bauer | Oberst | 106[24]/104[14] | JG 3 | Knight's Cross with Oak Leaves † 13 December 1969 (aged 54) |
Karl-Heinz Becker | Feldwebel | 7 | NJG 11 | |
Ludwig Becker* | Hauptmann | 46[13] | NJG 11 | Knight's Cross with Oak Leaves KIA 26 February 1943 (aged 31) |
Martin Becker | 58[25] | NJG 4, NJG 6 | Knight's Cross with Oak Leaves † 8 February 2006 (aged 89) | |
Paul Becker | Leutnant | 19[26] | JG 27 | |
Friedrich Beckh* | Oberstleutnant | 48[22] | JG 51, JG 52 | Knight's Cross KIA 21 June 1942 (aged 34) |
Franz-Josef Beerenbrock | Leutnant | 117[27]/111[26] | JG 51 | Knight's Cross with Oak Leaves † 13 December 2004 (aged 84) |
Artur Beese | Oberleutnant | 22[12][26] | JG 26 | German Cross |
Wilhelm Beier | 36[17] | NJG 2, NJG 1 | Knight's Cross | |
Hans Beißwenger* | 152[28]/150[26] | JG 54 | Knight's Cross with Oak Leaves MIA 6 March 1943 (aged 26) | |
Helmut Belser* | Hauptmann | 36[29] | JG 53 | Knight's Cross KIA 19 June 1942 |
Karl-Heinz Bendert | Oberleutnant | 55[29] | JG 27, JG 104 | Knight's Cross† 16 July 1983 (aged 68) |
Helmut Bennemann | 92[30] | JG 52, JG 53 | Knight's Cross† 17 November 2007 (aged 92) | |
Anton Benning | Leutnant | 28[31] | JG 106, JG 301 | Knight's Cross † 29 September 2013 (aged 95) |
Sigfried Benz | 6[32] | JG 26 | ||
Helmut Bergmann | Hauptmann | 36[17] | NJG 4, NJG 1 | Knight's Cross |
Heinz-Edgar Berres* | 52[33] | JG 53 | Knight's Cross MIA 25 July 1943 (aged 23) | |
Hans Berschwinger | Oberfeldwebel | 20 | NJG 1, NJG 2 | |
Günther Bertram | Oberleutnant | 35 | KG 4, NJG 100 | |
Otto Bertram | Major | 22 (incl. 9 in Spain)[33] | J/88, JG 2, JG 101, JG 6 | Knight's Cross |
Arthur Beth | 16 | JG 5 | ||
Siegfried Bethke | Hauptmann | 14 | JG 2 | |
Erich Beulich | 10 | JG 5 | ||
Ernst Beutelspacher* | Oberleutnant | 5[34] | SG 2 | Knight's Cross KIA 22 July 1944 |
Gerhard Beutin* | Oberfeldwebel | 60 | JG 54 | |
Franz Beyer* | Major | 81[15]/84[34] | JG 3 | Knight's Cross KIA 11 February 1944 (aged 25) |
Georg Beyer | Oberleutnant | 7[35][34] | JG 26 | |
Heinz Beyer | Oberfeldwebel | 27[34] | JG 5 | |
Heinz Birk | 14[34] | JG 5 | ||
Hans-Joachim Birkner* | Leutnant | 117[27][34] | JG 52 | Knight's Cross KIFA 14 December 1944 |
Emil Bitsch* | Hauptmann | 108[24]/106[34] | JG 3 | Knight's Cross KIA 15 March 1944 (aged 27) |
Franz Blazytko | Oberfeldwebel | 30 | JG 27 | |
Joachim Blechschmidt* | Oberstleutnant | 17[36] | ZG 1 | Knight's Cross MIA 13 July 1943 |
Günther Bleckmann* | Major | 33[34] | SG 1, SG 2 | Knight's Cross KIA 1 June 1944 |
Paul Bley* | Oberleutnant | 9 | ZG 26 | KIFA 28 October 1944 |
Günther Blömertz | Leutnant | 10 | JG 26 | |
Walter Blume | Major | 14 | JG 26, JG 27 | |
Hans-Ekkehard Bob | 60[36] | JG 54, JG 3, JG 51, EJG 2, JV 44 | Knight's Cross † 12 August 2013 (aged 96) | |
Eberhard Bock* | Hauptmann | 28 | JG 3, JG 1, JG 104, JG 27 | KIA 28 May 1944 |
Paul Bohm | 6 | NJG 2 | ||
Karl Böhm-Tettelbach | Oberstleutnant | 10 | ZG 26 | |
Kurt Bohn | Feldwebel | 5[35] | JG 26 | |
Otto Böhner | Oberleutnant | 5 | JG 53 | |
Helmut-Felix Bolz | Major | 20 (+3 in Spain) | JG 2 | |
Eckart-Wilhelm von Bonin | 39[17] | NJG 1 | Knight's Cross | |
Hubertus von Bonin* | Oberstleutnant | 77 (incl. 4 in Spain)[15] | JG 26, JG 52, JG 54 | Knight's Cross KIA 15 December 1943 |
Adolf Borchers | Major | 132[37][38] | JG 51, JG 52 | Knight's Cross † 9 February 1996 (aged 82) |
Walter Borchers* | Oberstleutnant | 59[39] | ZG 76, NJG 3, NJG 5 | Knight's Cross KIA 6 March 1945 (aged 29) |
Eberhard von Boremski | Hauptmann | 90[40]/88+[38] | JG 3, EJG 1 | Knight's Cross |
Ernst Börngen | 41[36] | JG 27 | Knight's Cross † 30 June 1989 (aged 73) | |
Hans-Joachim Borreck | Unteroffizier | 5[41] | JG 26 | |
Karl Borris | Major | 43[42] | JG 26 | Knight's Cross |
Oscar Bösch | 18 | JG 3 | ||
Wolfgang Böwing-Treuding* | Oberleutnant | 46[43] | JG 51 | Knight's Cross KIA 11 February 1943 |
Franz Bozicek | 5 | JG 5 | ||
Felix-Maria Brandis* | Oberleutnant | 18 | JG 5 | |
Kurt Brändle* | Major | 180[10]/170[38] | JG 53, JG 3 | Knight's Cross with Oak Leaves KIA 3 November 1943 (aged 31) |
Paul Brandt | Leutnant | 30[44] | JG 54 | Knight's Cross KIA 24 December 1944 |
Walter Brandt | Oberleutnant | 42[44] | LG 2, JG 77, JG 3 | Knight's Cross † 18 January 1977 (aged 59) |
Peter Bremer | Oberfeldwebel | 40 | JG 54 | |
Joachim Brendel | Hauptmann | 189[10][45] | JG 51 | Knight's Cross with Oak Leaves † 7 July 1974 (aged 53) |
Heinz Bretnütz* | Hauptmann | 37[46] | JG 53 | Knight's Cross DOW 27 June 1941 |
Klaus Bretschneider* | Oberleutnant | 34[46] | JG 300 | Knight's Cross KIA 24 December 1944 |
Wendelin Breukel | Leutnant | 14 | NJG 2, NJG 4 | |
Adolf Breves | Hauptmann | 17[45] | NJG 1 | |
Hugo Broch | Leutnant | 81[15] | JG 54 | Knight's Cross |
Friedrich Brock | Hauptmann | 8 | JG 54, JG 26 | |
Horst Brock* | Leutnant | 17 | JG 3 | KIA 3 November 1943 |
Jürgen Brocke* | Leutnant | 42[47] | JG 77 | Knight's Cross KIA 15 September 1942 |
Herbert Broennle* | Leutnant | 58[47] | JG 54 | Knight's Cross KIA 4 July 1943 |
Albert Brunner* | Oberfeldwebel | 53[47] | JG 5 | Knight's Cross KIA 7 May 1943 (aged 24) |
Erich Brunotte | Feldwebel | 33 | JG 1, JG 51 | |
Hermann Buchner | Leutnant | 58[48] | SG 2, JG 7 | Knight's Cross † 1 December 2005 (aged 86) |
Max Bucholz | Major | 28[48] | JG 3, JG 5, JG 101 | Knight's Cross † 19 July 1996 (aged 83) |
Alfred Budde* | Leutnant | 21 | JG 54 | KIA 27 December 1944 |
Adolf Buhl* | Oberleutnant | 7 | LG 2 | KIA 27 September 1940 |
"Bu-Mann" Kurt Bühligen | Oberstleutnant | 112[24]/99+[49] | JG 2 | Knight's Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords † 11 August 1985 (aged 67) |
Harry von Bülow-Bothkamp | Oberst | 18 (+6 in World War I) | JG 77, JG 2, NJG 101, NJG 105 | Knight's Cross † 27 February 1976 (aged 78) |
Johannes Bunzek* | Leutnant | 75[50] | JG 52 | Knight's Cross 11 December 1943 |
Eberhard Burath | Oberleutnant | 7 | JG 1, JG 51 | |
Lutz-Wilhelm Burckhardt | Hauptmann | 58[51] | JG 77, JG 1 | Knight's Cross |
Alfred Burk | Oberleutnant | 28 | JG 52, JG 27 | |
Josef Bürschgens | Hauptmann | 10[42] | JG 26 | |
Erwin Busch | Oberleutnant | 8[52] | JG 26 | |
Rudolf Busch | 40 | JG 51 | ||
Heinz Busse | Oberleutnant | 22 | JG 51 | |
Erich Büttner* | Oberfeldwebel | 8 | EKdo 262, Kdo Nowotny, JG 7 | KIA 20 March 1945 |
Johannes Büttner | 16 | JG 51 | ||
Bruno Buzzi | 9 | JG 5 |
C
Name | Rank | Total wartime victories | Unit | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
Horst Carganico* | Major | 60[53] | JG 5 | Knight's Cross KIA 27 May 1944 |
Georg Christl | 7[54] | ZG 26, JG 10 | Knight's Cross | |
Ernst Christof | Feldwebel | 9[55][49] | JG 26 | |
Emil Clade | Hauptmann | 26[49] | JG 27 | |
Erwin Clausen* | Major | 132[37]/100[49] | JG 77, JG 11 | Knight's Cross with Oak Leaves KIA 4 October 1943 |
Max Clerico | Hauptmann | 7[49] | JG 54 | |
Helmut Conter | Leutnant | 15 | NJG 100 | |
Karlheinz Cordes | 43+[49] | JG 54 | ||
Wilhelm Crinius | 114[27][49] | JG 53 | Knight's Cross with Oak Leaves | |
Peter Crump | Oberleutnant | 24[49] | JG 26 | |
Franz Czech | Feldwebel | 33[49] | JG 3 |
D
E
F
Name | Rank | Total wartime victories | Unit | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
Wolfgang Falck | Oberst | 7[74] | ZG 1, NJG 1 | Knight's Cross |
Horst-Günther von Fassong* | Hauptmann | 136[37]/63[74] | JG 51, JG 11 | Knight's Cross KIA 1 January 1945 |
Hans-Joachim Fast | Unteroffizier | 5[75] | JG 26 | |
Leopold Fellerer | Hauptmann | 41[13] | NJG 1, NJG 5, NJG 6 | Knight's Cross |
Georg Fengler | Oberleutnant | 16 | NJG 4 | |
Herbert Findeisen | Hauptmann | 67[61] | JG 54 | Knight's Cross |
Günter Fink* | 46[76] | JG 54 | Knight's Cross KIA 15 May 1943 | |
August Fischer | 10 | NJG 100 | ||
Erwin Fleig | Leutnant | 66[61] | JG 51 | Knight's Cross |
Otto Fönnekold* | Oberleutnant | 136[37]/134[77] | JG 52 | Knight's Cross KIA 31 August 1944 |
Hermann Förster* | Oberfeldwebel | 13 | JG 27 | |
Josef Fözö | Major | 27 (3 incl. Spain)[78] | JG 51, JG 108 | Knight's Cross |
Gustav Francsi | Oberleutnant | 56[25] | NJG 100 | Knight's Cross |
Hans-Dieter Frank* | Major | 55[25] | NJG 1 | Knight's Cross with Oak Leaves KIFA 27/28 September 1943 |
Rudolf Frank* | Leutnant | 45[13] | NJG 3 | Knight's Cross with Oak Leaves KIA 26/27 April 1945 |
Alfred Franke* | 59[79] | JG 53 | Knight's Cross KIA 9 September 1942 | |
Richard Franz | Oberleutnant | 18 | JG 27, JG 77, JG 3, JG 11 | |
Ludwig Franzisket | Major | 43[80] | JG 27 | Knight's Cross |
Max Franzisket* | Hauptmann | 6+[77] | ZG 76, JG 77, JG 5, ZG 1 | MIA 19 July 1943 |
Hans Frese | Leutnant | 44 | JG 3 | |
Wilhelm Freuwörth | Oberfeldwebel | 58[75] | JG 52, JG 26 | Knight's Cross |
Hugo Frey* | Hauptmann | 32[81] | JG 11, JG 1 | Knight's Cross KIA 6 March 1944 |
Siegfried Freytag | Major | 102[21]/89[77] | JG 77 | Knight's Cross |
Herbert Friebel | Leutnant | 58[82] | JG 51 | Knight's Cross |
Gerhard Friedrich* | Major | 30[82] | NJG 1, NJG 4, NJG 6 | Knight's Cross KIA 16 March 1945 |
Gustav Frielinghaus | Hauptmann | 74[50] | JG 3 | Knight's Cross |
Heinz de Fries | Oberfeldwebel | 10 | NJG 100 | |
Hans-Jürgen Frölich | Feldwebel | 5[75] | JG 26 | |
Karl Fuchs | Oberfeldwebel | 67 | JG 54 | |
Robert Fuchs | 23 | JG 54 | ||
Erich Führmann | 5 | JG 11 | ||
Heinrich Füllgrabe* | Oberleutnant | 65[53] | JG 52 | Knight's Cross KIA 30 January 1945 |
Ralph Furch | Leutnant | 32 | JG 51 | |
Hans Fuß* | 71[23] | JG 3 | Knight's Cross KIFA 10 November 1942 |
G
H
Name | Rank | Total wartime victories | Unit | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
Friedrich Haas | Leutnant | 74[50][97] | JG 52 | Knight's Cross |
Horst Haase* | Major | 54[97] | JG 51, JG 3 | Knight's Cross KIA 26 November 1944 |
Wilhelm Hachfeld* | Hauptmann | 11[98] | LG 2, JG 51, ZG 2 | Knight's Cross KIFA 2 December 1942 |
August Hachtel | Oberleutnant | 5 | JG 400 | Knight's Cross |
Joachim Hacker | Leutnant | 32 | JG 51 | |
Anton Hackl | Major | 192[10]/180+[97] | JG 77, JG 11, JG 26, JG 300 | Knight's Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords |
Heinrich "Heinz" Hackler* | Leutnant | 56[99] | JG 77 | Knight's Cross KIA 1 January 1945 |
Heinz-Martin Hadeball | Hauptmann | 33[17] | NJG 1, NJG 4, NJG 6, NJGr 10 | Knight's Cross |
Anton "Toni" Hafner* | Oberleutnant | 204[10]/203[97] | JG 51 | Knight's Cross with Oak Leaves KIA 17 October 1944 |
Ludwig Häfner* | Leutnant | 52[99] | JG 3 | Knight's Cross KIA 10 November 1942 |
Walter Hagenah | 17 | JG 3, JG 7 | ||
Johannes Hager | Hauptmann | 48[100] | NJG 1 | Knight's Cross |
Franz Hahn* | 17 | JG 77, JG 51, JG 4 | KIA 22 January 1944 | |
Hans "Assi" Hahn | Major | 108[24]/105[101] | JG 2, JG 54 | Knight's Cross with Oak Leaves |
Hans von Hahn | 31[101] | JG 53, JG 1, JG 103 | Knight's Cross | |
Hans Hahn* | Leutnant | 11[101] | NJG 2 | Knight's Cross KIA 11/12 October 1941 |
Josef Haiböck | Hauptmann | 73[101] | JG 26, JG 52, JG 3 | Knight's Cross |
Heinz Halstrick | Feldwebel | 11[101] | JG 5 | |
Joachim Hamer | Leutnant | 35 | JG 51 | |
Alfred Hammer | 26 | JG 53 | ||
Karl Hammerl* | Leutnant | 63[53] | JG 52 | Knight's Cross MIA 2 March 1943 |
Gotthard Handrick | Oberst | 10 (+5 in Spain) | JG 26, JG 77 | Gold medal at the 1936 Summer Olympics |
Heinz Hanke | 9 | JG 1 | ||
Günther Hannak | Hauptmann | 47[102] | LG 2, JG 77, JG 27 | Knight's Cross |
Horst Hannig* | Oberleutnant | 98[21] | JG 54, JG 2 | Knight's Cross with Oak Leaves KIA 15 May 1943 |
Harro Harder | Hauptmann | 22 (+11 in Spain) | JG 53 | |
Jürgen Harder* | Major | 64[53] | JG 53, JG 11 | Knight's Cross with Oak Leaves KIFA 17 February 1945 |
Hans Hartigs | Oberleutnant | 6[96] | JG 26 | |
Andreas Hartl | Feldwebel | 11 | JG 302 | |
"Bubi" Erich Hartmann | Major | 352[19][101] | JG 52, JG 53 | Knight's Cross with Oak Leaves, Swords and Diamonds |
Ludwig Hartmann | 10 | JG 2 | ||
Hans-Dieter Hartwein | 16 | JG 5 | ||
Horst Hasse | 82 | JG 51, JG 3 | ||
Helmut Haugk | Hauptmann | 18[102] | ZG 76, ZG 26 | Knight's Cross |
Werner Haugk* | Leutnant | 9[103] | StG 77, ZG 76 | Knight's Cross KIA 18 October 1944 |
Wilhelm Hauswirth | Feldwebel | 50[101] | JG 52 | |
Alfred Heckmann | Oberleutnant | 71[104]/69[101] | JG 3, JG 26, JV 44 | Knight's Cross |
Günther Heckmann | Leutnant | 16[105] | JG 51, JG 1, JG 7 | |
Hubert Heckmann | 5[105] | JG 1, JG 7 | ||
Guenther Otto Heeger | Hauptmann | 90 | ||
Ernst Heesen* | Leutnant | 32[106]/28[105] | JG 2, NJG 1, JG 3, JG 1 | KIA 3 May 1943 |
Alfred Heidel | Oberfeldwebel | 8[105] | JG 27 | |
Joseph Heim* | Gefreiter | 5[105] | JG 7 | KIA 10 April 1945 |
Friedrich Heimann | Oberfeldwebel | 41[105] | JG 51 | |
Kurt Hein | Feldwebel | 8[104] | JG 26 | |
Hans-Joachim Heinecke | Hauptmann | 28[105] | JG 27 | |
Engelbert Heiner* | Oberleutnant | 15[107] | NJG 6 | Knight's Cross KIA 18/19 March 1945 |
Richard Heller* | Leutnant | 22[108] | ZG 26, ZG 10 | Knight's Cross KIA 5 April 1945 |
Bodo Helms | 6 | JG 5 | ||
Horst Hennig* | Hauptmann | 7[108] | KG 77, NJG 3 | Knight's Cross KIFA 7/8 October 1944 |
Eberhard Henrici | Oberleutnant | 6[104] | JG 26 | |
Helmut Henz* | Hauptmann | 6 | JG 77 | KIA 25 May 1941 |
Wilhelm Herget | Major | 72[109] | ZG 76, NJG 3, NJG 1, NJG 4, JV 44 | Knight's Cross with Oak Leaves |
Kurt Hermann | 9 | NJG 2 | ||
Rolf Hermichen | Major | 64[53] | JG 26, JG 11, JG 104 | Knight's Cross with Oak Leaves |
Hajo Herrmann | Oberst | 9[110] | KG 4, KG 30, JG 300 | Knight's Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords |
Heinrich Heuser | Feldwebel | 5[111] | JG 26 | |
Hans-Joachim Heyer* | Leutnant | 53[108] | JG 54 | Knight's Cross KIA 9 November 1942 |
Otto-Heinrich Hilleke | 6[111] | JG 26 | ||
Ernst-Erich Hirschfeld* | Oberleutnant | 24[112] | JG 300, JG 54 | Knight's Cross KIA 28 July 1944 |
Heinz-Horst Hißbach* | Hauptmann | 34[112] | NJG 2 | Knight's Cross KIA 15 April 1945 |
Walter Höckner* | Major | 68[23] | JG 77, JG 26, JG 1, JG 4 | Knight's Cross KIFA 25 August 1944 |
Heinrich Höfemeier* | Oberleutnant | 96[30] | JG 51 | Knight's Cross KIA 7 August 1943 |
Friedrich Hoffmann* | Leutnant | 11 | JG 27 | |
Gerhard Hoffmann* | 125[27]/130[113] | JG 52 | Knight's Cross KIFA 17 April 1945 | |
Heinrich Hoffmann* | Oberfeldwebel | 63[53] | JG 51 | Knight's Cross with Oak Leaves |
Hermann Hoffmann | 7[111] | JG 26 | ||
Karl Hoffmann | 70 | JG 52 | ||
Reinhold Hoffmann* | Leutnant | 66[61] | JG 54 | Knight's Cross KIA 24 May 1944 |
Werner Hoffmann | Major | 52[25] | ZG 2, NJG 3, NJG 5 | Knight's Cross |
Karl-Wilhelm Hofmann* | Oberleutnant | 44[114] | JG 26 | Knight's Cross KIA 26 March 1945 |
Erich Hohagen | Major | 56[115] | JG 51, JG 2, JG 27, JG 7, JV 44 | Knight's Cross |
Werner Hohenberg | Oberfeldwebel | 33 | JG 52, JG 2 | |
Georg Höhn | 6 | JG 5 | ||
Walter Holl | Feldwebel | 7[116] | JG 26 | |
Kurt Holler | Major | 11+[116] | NJG 2, NJG 3, NJG 4 | |
Helmuth Holtz | Feldwebel | 56[116] | JG 51 | |
Gerhard Homuth* | Major | 63[53] | JG 27, JG 54 | Knight's Cross MIA 2 August 1943 |
Helmuth Hoppe | Hauptmann | 22[116] | JG 26 | German Cross |
Jürgen Hörschelmann | Oberleutnant | 44 | JG 3 | |
Walter Horten | 5[116] | JG 26 | ||
Anton Hörwick* | Oberfeldwebel | 27 | NJG 2, NJG 7 | Knight's Cross KIA 19 February 1945 |
Dietrich Hrabak | Oberst | 125[27][116] | JG 76, JG 54, JG 52 | Knight's Cross with Oak Leaves |
Franz Hrdlicka* | Hauptmann | 60[117] | JG 77, JG 2 | Knight's Cross KIA 25 March 1945 |
Rudolf Hübl | 20 | JG 1 | ||
Eckhard Hübner* | Leutnant | 47[117] | JG 3 | Knight's Cross KIA 28 March 1942 |
Werner Hübner | 7 | JG 51 | ||
Wilhelm Hübner* | Leutnant | 62[53] | JG 51 | Knight's Cross KIA 7 April 1945 |
Karl Hülshoff | 11 | NJG 2 | ||
Herbert Huppertz* | Major | 68[23] | JG 51, JG 5, JG 2 | Knight's Cross with Oak Leaves KIA 8 June 1944 |
Werner Husemann | 34[118] | NJG 1, NJG 3 | Knight's Cross | |
Wolf-Dietrich Huy | Hauptmann | 40[119] | JG 77 | Knight's Cross with Oak Leaves |
I
Name | Rank | Total wartime victories | Unit | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
Hans Iffland | 18 | JG 3 | ||
Herbert Ihlefeld | Oberst | 130 (+7 in Spain)[37] | I(J)/LG 2, JG 77, JG 52, JGr.25, JG 11, JG 1 | Knight's Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords |
Iro Ilk* | Major | 9[120] | LG 1, JG 300 | Knight's Cross KIA 25 September 1944 |
Eduard Isken | Oberfeldwebel | 56[120] | JG 77, JGr 200, I(F)/123, JG 53 | Knight's Cross |
J
Name | Rank | Total wartime victories | Unit | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
Hans-Joachim Jabs | Oberstleutnant | 50[13] | ZG 76, NJG 1 | Knight's Cross with Oak Leaves |
Ernst Jäckel | Feldwebel | 8[121] | JG 26 | |
Alfred Jakobi | 10 | JG 5 | ||
Erich Jauer | Feldwebel | 12[121] | JG 26 | |
Kurt Jenisch* | Leutnant | 9 | JG 27 | |
Peter Jenne* | Hauptmann | 17[122] | JG 300 | Knight's Cross KIA 2 March 1945 |
Josef Jennewein* | Leutnant | 86[40] | JG 26, JG 51 | Knight's Cross MIA 27 July 1943 |
Heinrich Jessen | Oberleutnant | 6[121] | JG 26 | |
Hans Johannsen | Leutnant | 8[121] | JG 26 | |
Wilhelm Johnen | Hauptmann | 34[17] | NJG 1, NJG 5, NJG 6 | Knight's Cross |
Hermann-Friedrich Joppien* | 70[23] | JG 51 | Knight's Cross with Oak Leaves KIA 28 August 1941 | |
Günther Josten | Oberleutnant | 178[10][123] | JG 51 | Knight's Cross with Oak Leaves |
Harald Jung | Hauptmann | 20 | JG 51 | |
Heinrich Jung* | 68[23] | JG 54 | Knight's Cross KIA 30 July 1943 |
K
Name | Rank | Total wartime victories | Unit | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
Erbo Graf von Kageneck* | Hauptmann | 67[18] | JG 27 | Knight's Cross with Oak Leaves DOW 12 January 1942 |
Emil Kaiser | 8 | JG 1 | ||
Herbert Kaiser | Leutnant | 68[61] | JG 77, JG 1, JV 44 | Knight's Cross |
Peter Kalden | Oberleutnant | 84[40] | JG 51 | Knight's Cross |
Rolf Kaldrack* | Hauptmann | 21 (+3 in Spain)[124] | ZG 76 | Knight's Cross with Oak Leaves KIA 3 February 1942 |
Adolf Kalkum | Feldwebel | 57 | JG 53 | |
Herbert Kaminski | Major | 7[125] | ZG 76, JG 53 | Knight's Cross |
Fritz Karch | Hauptmann | 47[126] | JG 2 | Knight's Cross |
Eberhard Kaross | Leutnant | 10 | NJG 100 | |
August Kayser | 25 | |||
Dietrich Kehl | Oberleutnant | 6 | JG 26 | |
Georg Keil | Leutnant | 36 | JG 2 | |
Josef Keil | Oberfeldwebel | 16 | JG 3, JG 301 | |
Günther Kelch | Hauptmann | 13 | JG 26 | |
Hannes Keller | Unteroffizier | 24 | JG 51 | |
Lothar Keller | Hauptmann | 23 (incl. 3 in Spain)[126] | JG 3 | Knight's Cross |
Kurt Kelter | 60 | JG 54 | ||
Heinz Kemethmüller | Leutnant | 89[40][127] | JG 3, JG 26 | Knight's Cross |
Karl-Heinz Kempf* | 65[53] | JG 54, JG 26 | Knight's Cross KIA 3 September 1944 | |
Karl Kennel | Major | 34[128] | ZG 26, ZG 2, SG 1, SG 2 | Knight's Cross with Oak Leaves |
Gerhard Keppler | 12 | JG 27 | ||
Georg Kiefner | Leutnant | 12[127] | JG 26, JV 44 | |
Johannes Kiel* | Hauptmann der Reserve | 25[129] | ZG 26, ZG 76 | Knight's Cross KIA 29 January 1944 |
Willy Kientsch* | Oberleutnant | 53[130] | JG 27 | Knight's Cross with Oak Leaves KIA 29 January 1944 |
Rüdiger von Kirchmayr | 29 | JG 1, JG 11, JV 44 | ||
Joachim Kirschner* | Hauptmann | 188[10]/181[131] | JG 3, JG 27 | Knight's Cross with Oak Leaves 17 December 1943 |
Otto Kittel* | Oberleutnant | 267[19]/265+[131] | JG 54 | Knight's Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords 16 February 1945 |
Ernst Klager | 22 | JG 53 | ||
Alfons Klein | Oberleutnant | 39[132] | JG 52, JG 11 | Knight's Cross |
Erich Klein | 5 | JG 5 | ||
Hans Klein | 10 | JG 52 | ||
Rudolf Klemm | Major | 42[132] | JG 54, JG 26 | Knight's Cross |
Heinrich Klöpper* | Oberleutnant | 94[30] | JG 51, JG 1 | Knight's Cross KIA 29 November 1943 |
Reinhold Knacke* | Hauptmann | 44[80] | ZG 1, NJG 1 | Knight's Cross with Oak Leaves KIA 3/4 February 1943 |
Kurt Knappe* | Oberfeldwebel | 56[133] | JG 51, JG 2 | Knight's Cross KIA 3 September 1943 |
Hans Knauth | 26 | JG 51 | ||
Emil Knittel | 50 | JG 54 | ||
Heinz Knoke | Hauptmann | 33[134] | JG 1 & JG 11 | Knight's Cross 1/2 victory {Not awarded}+12 unconfirmed |
Gerhard Koall | 38[135] | JG 3, JG 54 | Knight's Cross | |
Hans-Günther Koch | 15 | JG 51 | ||
Harry Koch | 30 | JG 26, JG 2 | ||
Josef Kociok* | Oberfeldwebel | 33[17] | ZG 76, SKG 210, 10(NJ)/ZG 1 | Knight's Cross |
Hans-Heinrich Koenig | 28 | ZG 76, NJG 3, JG 11 | Knight's Cross | |
Armin Köhler | Major | 69[23] | JG 27, JG 77 | Knight's Cross |
Walter Köhne | Leutnant | 30 | JG 52, JG 1, JG 11, EJG 2 | |
Hans Kolbow | Oberleutnant | 27 | JG 20, JG 51 | Knight's Cross |
Reinhard Kollak | Stabsfeldwebel | 49[13] | NJG 1, NJG 4 | Knight's Cross |
Gerhard Köppen | Leutnant | 85[40] | JG 52 | Knight's Cross with Oak Leaves |
Hans-Günter von Kornatzki* | Oberstleutnant | 6 | JG 132, JG 52, JG 4 | KIA 12 September 1944 |
Friedrich Körner | Oberleutnant | 36 | JG 27 | Knight's Cross |
Berthold Korts* | Leutnant | 113[24]/108[136] | JG 52 | Knight's Cross KIA 29 August 1943 |
Eduard Koslowski | Oberfeldwebel | 12[137] | JG 53, JG 26 | |
Wolfgang Kosse | 46 | JG 26, JG 5, JG 1, JG 3 | ||
Alfons Köster | Hauptmann | 25[31] | NJG 1, NJG 2, NJG 3 | Knight's Cross KIA 6 January 1945 |
Franz Köster | Unteroffizier | 7 | ||
Willi Kothmann | 13 | JG 27 | ||
Herbert Kowalski | 5 | JG 27 | ||
Heinrich Krafft* | Hauptmann | 78[15] | JG 51, JG 3 | Knight's Cross KIA 14 December 1942 |
Josef Kraft | 56[25] | NJG 1, NJG 6 | Knight's Cross with Oak Leaves | |
Karl-Heinz Krahl | 24 | JG 2, JG 3 | Knight's Cross | |
Erich Krainik | 13 | JG 27 | ||
Herbert Krenz | 12 | JG 27 | ||
Hans-Joachim Kroschinski | Leutnant | 76[15] | JG 54 | Knight's Cross |
Heinz Krug | 9[137] | JG 26 | ||
"the Count" Walter Krupinski | Hauptmann | 197[10][138] | JG 52, JG 11, JG 26, JV 44 | Knight's Cross with Oak Leaves |
Elias Kühlein | Leutnant | 36 | JG 51 | |
Wilhelm Küken | Oberfeldwebel | 45 | JG 51, JGr Ost | |
Franz Kunz | Oberleutnant | 12[137] | JG 53, JG 26 | |
Josef Kunz | 16 | JG 5 | ||
Herbert Kutscha | Hauptmann | 47 | JG 3, JG 27, JG 11 | Knight's Cross |
L
Name | Rank | Total wartime victories | Unit | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
August Lambert* | Oberleutnant | 116[27]/103[138] | SG 2, SG 77 | Knight's Cross KIA 17 April 1945 |
Günther Landt | 23 | JG 53 | ||
Emil Lang* | Hauptmann | 173[10][139]/103[138] | JG 54, JG 26 | Knight's Cross with Oak Leaves 18 in one day |
Friedrich Lange | Leutnant | 8 | JG 26 | |
Gerhard Lange | Hauptmann | 5 | JG 6 | |
Heinz Lange | Major | 70[23]/73[140] | JG 21, JG 54, JG 51 | Knight's Cross |
Hans-Joachim Langer | 10 | JG 51, JG 7 | ||
Karl-Heinz Langer | Major | 30 | JG 3 | Knight's Cross |
Erwin Laskowski | Oberfeldwebel | 46 | JG 51, JG 11 | Knight's Cross |
Kurt Lasse* | Oberleutnant | 39 | JG 77 | Knight's Cross KIA 8 October 1941 |
Karl Laub | Oberfeldwebel | 7[139] | JG 26 | |
Bernhard Lausch | 39 | JG 51 | ||
Heinz Leber | Leutnant | 54 | JG 51 | |
Alois Lechner* | Major | 45[76] | NJG 100, NJG 2 | Knight's Cross KIA 23 February 1944 |
Karl-Heinz Leesmann* | 37 | JG 52, JG 1 | Knight's Cross KIA 25 July 1943 | |
Erwin Leibold | Oberfeldwebel | 11[139] | JG 26 | |
Erich Leie* | Major | 118[27]/121[140] | JG 2, JG 51, JG 77 | Knight's Cross KIA 7 March 1945 |
Hermann Leiste | Leutnant | 29 | JG 54 | |
Siegfried Lemke | Hauptmann | 96[30] | JG 2 | Knight's Cross |
Wilhelm Lemke* | Hauptmann | 131[37][140] | JG 3 | Knight's Cross with Oak Leaves KIA 4 December 1943 |
Helmut Lennartz | Feldwebel | 13 | JG 11, JG 7, EKdo 262, Kdo Nowotny | |
Helmut Lent* | Oberst | 110[109]/112[140] | NJG 1, NJG 2, NJG 3 | Knight's Cross with Oak Leaves, Swords and Diamonds |
Richard Leppla | Major | 68[61] | JG 51, JG 105, JG 6 | Knight's Cross |
Heinrich Lesch | 8 | JG 5 | ||
Heinrich Leschert* | Oberfeldwebel | 23 | JG 53 | KIA 10 August 1942 |
Rudolf Leuschel* | Hauptmann | 9[139] | JG 26 | KIA 25 February 1944 |
Erwin Leykauf | Oberleutnant | 33 | JG 54 | |
Fritz Liebelt | Leutnant | 25 | JG 51 | |
Carl von Lieres | Oberleutnant | 31 | JG 27 | |
Frank Liesendahl* | Hauptmann | 50 | JG 53, JG 2 | Knight's Cross KIA 17 July 1942 |
Arnold Lignitz | Major | 25 | JG 51, JG 54 | Knight's Cross |
Friedrich Lindelaub | Oberfeldwebel | 5[139] | JG 26 | |
Theodor Lindemann | Oberleutnant | 7 | JG 26 | |
Anton Lindner | 73[50] | JG 51 | Knight's Cross | |
Walter Lindner | 64 | JG 52 | ||
Lothar Linke* | Oberleutnant | 28[31] | ZG 76, NJG 1, NJG 2 | Knight's Cross KIA 14 May 1943 |
Rudi Linz* | Leutnant | 70[23] | JG 5 | Knight's Cross KIA 9 February 1945 |
Helmut Lipfert | Hauptmann | 203[10]/200[141] | JG 52, JG 53 | Knight's Cross with Oak Leaves |
Egmont Prinz zur Lippe-Weißenfeld* | Major | 51[25] | NJG 1 | Knight's Cross with Oak Leaves KIFA 12 March 1944 |
Wolfgang Lippert* | Hauptmann | 29 (+4 in Spain) | JG 53, JG 27 | Knight's Cross KIA 3 December 1941 |
Stefan Litjens | Oberfeldwebel | 38 | JG 53 | Knight's Cross |
Gerhard Loos* | Oberleutnant | 92[30] | JG 54 | Knight's Cross KIA 6 March 1944 |
Walter Loos | Oberfeldwebel | 38 | JG 301, JG 3 | Knight's Cross |
Fritz Losigkeit | Major | 68[61] | JG 26, JG 1, JG 51, JG 77 | Knight's Cross |
August Lübking | 38 | JG 5, JG 7 | ||
Werner Lucas* | Hauptmann | 106[24]/105[142] | JG 3 | Knight's Cross KIA 24 October 1943 |
Max-Hermann Lücke* | Oberleutnant | 81[15] | JG 51 | Knight's Cross KIA 8 November 1943 |
Fritz Lüddecke* | Oberfeldwebel | 51 | JG 51 | Knight's Cross KIA 10 August 1944 |
Rudolf Lüder | 6 | JG 5 | ||
Herbert Lütje | Oberstleutnant | 53[25] | NJG 1, NJG 6 | Knight's Cross with Oak Leaves |
Johannes Lutter | Hauptmann | 12 | ZG 1, ZG 76, ZG 2, SKG 210, SKG 10, SG 4 | Knight's Cross |
Richard Lutzka | 5 | JG 5 | ||
Günther Lützow* | Oberst | 108 (incl. 5 in Spain)[24]/105/200[142] | JG 3, JV 44 | Knight's Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords MIA 24 April 1945 |
August Luy | 35 | JG 5 |
M
Name | Rank | Total wartime victories | Unit | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
Ernst Maack | 8 | JG 27, JG 11 | ||
Werner Machold | Hauptmann | 32[143] | JG 2 | Knight's Cross |
Wilhelm Mackenstedt | Oberfeldwebel | 6[144] | JG 26 | |
Anton Mader | Oberstleutnant | 86[40] | JG 2, JG 77, JG 54 | Knight's Cross |
Heinz Mahlkuch | 16 | JG 77 | ||
Lothar Mai | Leutnant | 45 | JG 51 | |
Wilhelm Makrocki | 9 | ZG 76, JG 26 | ||
Günther Freiherr von Maltzahn | Oberst | 68[23] | JG 53 | Knight's Cross with Oak Leaves |
Gerhard Marburg* | Oberfeldwebel | 7 | JG 3, JG 4 | KIFA 3 September 1944 |
Heinz Marquardt | 121[27][145] | JG 51 | Knight's Cross | |
Hans-Joachim Marseille* | Hauptmann | 158[28]/152[145] | JG 52, JG 27 | Knight's Cross with Oak Leaves, Swords and Diamonds KIFA 30 September 1942 |
Karl-Heinrich Matern | 12[146] | ZG 1, ZG 76 | Knight's Cross | |
Walter Matoni | Major | 34[147] | JG 27, JG 26, JG 2, JG 11 | Knight's Cross |
Kurt Matzak | Leutnant | 18 | NJG 1 | |
Willi Maximowitz* | Oberfeldwebel | 27 | JG 1, JG 3 | MIA 20 April 1945 |
Lothar May | 45 | JG 51 | ||
Marian Mazurek* | Feldwebel | 35 | JG 53 | KIA 9 June 1943 |
Egon Mayer* | Oberstleutnant | 102[21][145] | JG 2 | Knight's Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords KIA 2 March 1944 |
Hans-Karl Mayer | Hauptmann | 39 (incl. 8 in Spain)[147] | JG 53, JG 26 | Knight's Cross KIA 17 October 1940 |
Otto Mayer | 22 | JG 27 | ||
Wilhelm Mayer | Leutnant | 27[147] | JG 26 | Knight's Cross |
Maximilian Mayerl | Hauptmann | 76[15] | JG 51, EJG 1 | Knight's Cross |
Erhardt Mecke | 12 | JG 5 | ||
Helmut Meckel | Oberleutnant | 25[148] | JG 3 | Knight's Cross KIFA 8 May 1943 |
Johann-Hermann Meier* | Leutnant | 77[15] | JG 26, JG 52 | Knight's Cross KIA 15 March 1944 |
Julius Meimberg | Major | 53[149] | JG 2, JG 53 | Knight's Cross |
Dieter Meister* | Oberleutnant | 8 | KG 40, ZG 1, JG 2 | KIA 21 November 1944 |
Ludwig Meister | Hauptmann | 41[17] | NJG 1, NJG 4 | Knight's Cross |
Karl-Heinz Meltzer | Leutnant | 74 | JG 52 | |
Arthur Mendl | 9 | JG 5 | ||
Robert Menge | 20 (4 in Spain) | JG 26 | ||
Karl Mentnich | 7 | JG 27 | ||
Hans-Jörg Merkel | 30 | JG 52 | ||
Helmut Mertens | Hauptmann | 97[30] | JG 3 | Knight's Cross |
Werner Methfessel | 8 | LG 1 | ||
Rudolf Metz* | Leutnant | 10 | JG 5, JG 3, JG 4 | KIA 6 October 1944 |
Manfred Meurer* | Hauptmann | 65[109] | NJG 1, NJG 5 | Knight's Cross with Oak Leaves KIA 21/22 January 1944 |
Conny Meyer | 16 | JG 26 | ||
Eduard Meyer* | Leutnant | 22[150] | ZG 26 | Knight's Cross KIA 31 March 1942 |
Walter Meyer | 18 | JG 54, JG 26 | ||
Gerhard Michalski | Oberstleutnant | 73[50] | JG 53, JG 4 | Knight's Cross with Oak Leaves |
Rudolf Miethig* | Hauptmann | 101[21]/100[151] | JG 52 | Knight's Cross KIA 10 June 1943 |
Klaus Mietusch* | Major | 72[50] | JG 26 | Knight's Cross with Oak Leaves KIA 17 September 1944 |
Wilhelm Mink* | Oberfeldwebel | 72[50] | JG 51, EJG 1 | Knight's Cross KIA 12 March 1945 |
Bruno Mischkot | 7 | JG 26, JG 3, JG 2, EJG 2 | ||
Helmut Missner* | Oberfeldwebel | 82[40] | JG 54 | Knight's Cross KIA 12 September 1944 |
Erich Mix | 13 (+3 in World War I) | JG 1, JG 2, JG 53 | ||
Ernst-Wilhelm Modrow | Major | 33[17] | NJG 1 | Knight's Cross |
"Vati" Werner Mölders* | Oberst | 115 (incl. 14 in Spain)[27]/108[152] | JG 51 | Knight's Cross with Oak Leaves, Swords and Diamonds KIFA 22 November 1941 |
Wilhelm Moritz | Major | 44[153] | JG 51, JG 3 | Knight's Cross |
August Mors* | Leutnant | 60[53] | JG 5 | Knight's Cross KIA 8 August 1944 |
Friedrich-Karl "Nasen" Müller | Major | 30[31] | NJG 11, JG 300 | Knight's Cross |
Friedrich-Karl "Tutti" Müller* | Oberstleutnant | 140[28]/139[152] | JG 53, JG 3 | Knight's Cross with Oak Leaves KIA 29 May 1944 |
Fritz Müller | Leutnant | 22 | JG 7 | |
Kurt Müller | Oberleutnant | 5 | JG 26 | |
Rudolf Müller* | Oberfeldwebel | 94[30] | JG 5 | Knight's Cross Died in POW camp 21 June 1943 |
Siegfried Müller | Leutnant | 17 | JG 51, JG 3, JG 7 | |
Wilhelm Müller | Oberfeldwebel | 10 | JG 26 | |
Gerhard Müller-Dühne | Leutnant | 5 | JG 26 | |
Joachim Müncheberg* | Major | 135[37][154] | JG 26, JG 51, JG 77 | Knight's Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords KIA 23 March 1943 |
Georg Munderloh | Oberfeldwebel | 20 | JG 54 | |
Leopold Münster* | Leutnant | 95[30] | JG 3 | Knight's Cross with Oak Leaves KIA 8 May 1944 |
Karl Munz | Leutnant | 60[155] | JG 52, JG 7 | |
Hubert Mütherich | Oberleutnant | 43 | JG 51, JG 54 |
N
Name | Rank | Total wartime victories | Unit | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
Heinz Nacke | Major | 12[156] | ZG 76, NJG 3 | Knight's Cross |
Johannes Naumann | 34[156] | JG 26, JG 6, JG 7 | Knight's Cross | |
Kurt Necesany* | Oberleutnant | 6 | KG 40, ZG 1 | MIA 14 February 1944 |
Willi Nemitz* | Leutnant | 81[15]/82[154] | JG 52 | Knight's Cross KIA 11 April 1943 |
Wolfgang Neu | Hauptmann | 12 | JG 26 | |
Hermann Neuhoff | Leutnant | 40[157] | JG 53 | Knight's Cross |
Eduard Neumann | Oberstleutnant | 11 (+2 in Spain) | JG 26, JG 27 | |
Helmut Neumann | Leutnant | 62[53] | JG 5 | Knight's Cross |
Klaus Neumann | 37[158] | JG 51, JG 3, JG 7, JV 44 | Knight's Cross | |
Siegfried Ney | Oberfeldwebel | 11[154] | NJG 1 | |
Karl-Gottfried Nordmann | Oberst | 78[15]/75[159] | JG 51 | Knight's Cross with Oak Leaves |
Jakob Norz* | Leutnant | 117[27]/104[159] | JG 5 | Knight's Cross KIA 16 September 1944 |
"Nowi" Walter Nowotny* | Major | 258[19]/256[159] | JG 54, Kdo Nowotny, JG 101 | Knight's Cross with Oak Leaves, Swords and Diamonds KIA 8 November 1944 |
O
Name | Rank | Total wartime victories | Unit | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
Friedrich Obleser | Oberleutnant | 120[27]/112+[159] | JG 52 | Knight's Cross |
Walter Oesau* | Oberst | 125 (incl. 8 in Spain)[27]/127[159] | JG 1, JG 2, JG 51, J/88 | Knight's Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords KIA 11 May 1944 |
Walter Ohlrogge | Leutnant | 77[160] | JG 3, JG 7 | Knight's Cross |
Robert Olejnik | Major | 42[160] | JG 2, JG 3, JG 1, JG 400 | Knight's Cross |
Emil Omert* | Hauptmann | 70[23]/55[159] | JG 3, JG 2, JG 77 | Knight's Cross KIA 24 April 1944 |
Theo Osterkamp | Generalleutnant | 38 (incl. 32 in World War I)[161] | JG 51 | Knight's Cross |
Max-Hellmuth Ostermann* | Oberleutnant | 102[21][159] | ZG 1, JG 54 | Knight's Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords KIA 9 August 1942 |
P
Name | Rank | Total wartime victories | Unit | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
Horst Patuschka* | Hauptmann | 23[161] | NJG 2 | Knight's Cross KIA 6 March 1943 |
Georg Pavenzinger | Feldwebel | 5 | JG 51 | |
Hans Peterburs | Oberfeldwebel | 18[161] | ZG 76, ZG 1 | Knight's Cross |
Viktor Petermann | Oberleutnant | 64[53] | JG 52, JG 7 | Knight's Cross |
Erhard Peters | Leutnant | 64 | JG 52, JG 7 | |
Horst Petzschler | Oberfeldwebel | 26 | JG 3, JG 51 | Ehrenpokal der Luftwaffe |
Karl Pfeiffer | 10 | NJG 1 | ||
Rudolf Pflanz* | Hauptmann | 52[162] | JG 2 | Knight's Cross KIA 31 July 1942 |
Helmut Pfüller | Oberfeldwebel | 28 | JG 51 | |
Hans Philipp* | Major | 206[10]/195[163] | JG 54, JG 1 | Knight's Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords KIA 8 October 1943 |
Wilhelm Philipp | Oberfeldwebel | 79+[163] | JG 54 | Knight's Cross |
Johann Pichler | Leutnant | 75[50] | JG 77 | Knight's Cross |
Anton-Rudolf Piffer* | 26[164] | JG 1 | Knight's Cross KIA 17 June 1944 | |
Rolf Pingel | Major | 28 (incl. 6 in Spain)[165] | JG 26, JG 53 | Knight's Cross |
Karl-Heinz Plücker | Oberleutnant | 34 | JG 1, JG 52 | |
Josef Pöhs* | Oberleutnant | 43[165] | JG 54 | Knight's Cross KIA 30 December 1943 |
Hans Prager | Leutnant | 23 | JG 26 | |
Alexander Preinfalk* | Oberfeldwebel | 80[163] | JG 77, JG 51, JG 53 | Knight's Cross KIA 12 December 1944 |
Bela Preisler | Unteroffizier | 6 | JG 5 | |
Rolf Prigge | Oberfänrich | 5 | JG 27, JG 7 | |
Josef "Pips" Priller | Oberst | 101[21] | JG 51, JG 26 | Knight's Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords |
Herbert Puschmann | Hauptmann | 54[166] | JG 51 | Knight's Cross |
Q
Name | Rank | Total wartime victories | Unit | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
Klaus Quaet-Faslem* | Major | 49[167] | JG 53, JG 3 | Knight's Cross KIFA 30 January 1944 |
Richard Quante* | Feldwebel | 49 | JG 51 | KIA 14 August 1942 |
Werner Quast | Fahnenjunker-Oberfeldwebel | 84[40] | JG 52 | Knight's Cross |
R
S
T
U
Name | Rank | Total wartime victories | Unit | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
Kurt "Kuddel" Ubben* | Major | 110[24]/93[221] | JG 77, JG 2 | Knight's Cross with Oak Leaves KIA 27 April 1944 |
Martin Ulbrich | Oberfeldwebel | 32+[221] | JG 51 | |
Horst Ulenberg | Leutnant | 16[223][221] | JG 26 | |
Willy Unger | 21[221] | JG 3, JG 7 | Knight's Cross | |
Robert Unzeitig | 10[223]/9[221] | JG 26 |
V
Name | Rank | Total wartime victories | Unit | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
Heinrich Vandeweerd | Oberfähnrich | 6[223][221] | JG 26 | |
Bernhard Vechtel | Oberleutnant | 108[24][221] | JG 51 | Knight's Cross |
Heinz Venth* | 14[221] | JG 51 | MIA 16 July 1944 | |
Helmut Viedebantt* | Major | 23[214] | ZG 1, SG 10 | Knight's Cross KIA 1 May 1945 |
Heinz Vinke* | Oberleutnant | 54[25] | NJG 1 | Knight's Cross with Oak Leaves KIA 26 February 1944 |
Otto Vinzent | 45[221] | JG 54 | ||
Gerhard Vivroux* | Feldwebel | 10[224] | JG 3 | WIA 25 October 1944 |
Ferdinand Vögl | Hauptmann | 29[224] | JG 27 | |
Heinz-Gerhard Vogt* | Oberleutnant | 48[225] | JG 26 | Knight's Cross KIA 14 January 1945 |
Maximilian Volke* | Oberfeldwebel | 36[224] | JG 77 | Remains of plane and pilot found in 2007 near Modena, Italy. |
W
Z
Name | Rank | Total wartime victories | Unit | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
Joachim Zeller | Fahnenjunker-Feldwebel | 6[236] | JG 26 | |
Walter Zellot* | Leutnant | 85[40]/84[236] | JG 53 | Knight's Cross KIA 10 September 1942 |
Oskar Zimmermann | Leutnant | 28+[236] | JG 51, JG 3 | Knight's Cross |
Füllbert Zink | Hauptmann | 36[237][236] | JG 26 | German Cross |
Josef Zirngibl | Oberfeldwebel | 9[237][236] | JG 26 | |
Paul Zorner | Major | 59[25]/58[236] | NJG 2, NJG 3, NJG 100, NJG 5 | Knight's Cross with Oak Leaves |
Franz-Josef Zoufahl | Oberfeldwebel | 26[236] | JG 51 | German Cross |
Eugen-Ludwig Zweigart* | Oberleutnant | 69[23]/66[236] | JG 54 | Knight's Cross KIA 12 January 1943 |
Josef Zwernemann* | Hauptmann | 126[27]/123[236] | JG 52, JG 11 | Knight's Cross with Oak Leaves KIA 8 April 1944 |
Rudi Zwesken | Oberfeldwebel | 23+[236] | JG 52, JG 300 | Knight's Cross |
Pilots with more than 100 aerial victory claims
This along with the ! (exclamation mark), indicates the first pilot to reach the 100th, 150th, 200th, 250th, or 300th victory claim.
Name | 100th Claim | 150th Claim | 200th Claim | 250th Claim | 300th Claim |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Werner Mölders | 15 July 1941![238] | ||||
Günther Lützow | 24 October 1941[239] | ||||
Walter Oesau | 26 October 1941[240] | ||||
Hans Philipp | 31 March 1942[241] | 14 January 1943[242] | 17 March 1943[243] | ||
Herbert Ihlefeld | 22 April 1942[244] | ||||
Max-Hellmuth Ostermann | 12 May 1942[245] | ||||
Hermann Graf | 14 May 1942[246] | 4 September 1942[247] | 26 September 1942![248] | ||
Adolf Dickfeld | 18 May 1942[249] | ||||
Heinrich Bär | 19 May 1942[250] | 27 January 1943[251] | 22 April 1944[252] | ||
Gordon Gollob | 20 May 1942[253] | 29 August 1942![254] | |||
Hans-Joachim Marseille | 17 June 1942[255] | 15 September 1942[256] | |||
Erwin Clausen | 22 July 1942[257] | ||||
Heinrich Setz | 24 July 1942[258] | ||||
Viktor Bauer | 25 July 1942[259] | ||||
Franz-Josef Beerenbrock | 1 August 1942[260] | ||||
Anton Hackl | 5 August 1942[261] | 9 July 1944 | |||
Kurt Brändle | 22 August 1942[262] | 5 July 1943[263] | |||
Johannes Steinhoff | 31 August 1942[264] | 2 February 1943[265] | |||
Joachim Müncheberg | 5 September 1942[266] | ||||
Wolf-Dietrich Wilcke | 6 September 1942[267] | 17 December 1942[268] | |||
Heinz Schmidt | 15 September 1942[264] | 12 August 1943[269] | |||
Friedrich-Karl "Tutti" Müller | 19 September 1942[270] | ||||
Wilhelm Crinius | 22 September 1942[271] | ||||
Wolfgang Tonne | 22 September 1942[271] | ||||
Hans Beißwenger | 30 September 1942[272] | 5 March 1943[273] | |||
Ernst-Wilhelm Reinert | 3 October 1942[274] | 25 April 1943[275] | |||
Günther Rall | 22 October 1942[276] | 7 August 1943[277] | 29 August 1943[278] | 28 November 1943[279] | |
Josef Zwernemann | 25 October 1942[276] | ||||
Max Stotz | 29 October 1942[280] | 26 January 1943[281] | |||
Friedrich Geißhardt | 10 November 1942[282] | ||||
Gerhard Barkhorn | 19 December 1942[283] | 8 August 1943[269] | 30 November 1943[284] | 12 February 1944[285] | 5 January 1945[286] |
Hartmann Grasser | 2 January 1943[287] | ||||
Kurt Ubben | 14 January 1943[288] | ||||
Hans "Assi" Hahn | 26 January 1943[281] | ||||
Wilhelm Lemke | 16 March 1943[289] | ||||
Alfred Grislawski | 27 April 1943[290] | ||||
Joachim Kirschner | 27 April 1943[291] | 5 July 1943[263] | |||
Hans Dammers | 5 May 1943[292] | ||||
Wolf-Udo Ettel | 6 May 1943[291] | ||||
Heinrich Ehrler | 8 June 1943[293] | 25 May 1944[294] | 20 November 1944[295] | ||
Rudolf Miethig | 8 June 1943[296] | ||||
Walter Nowotny | 15 June 1943[297] | 18 August 1943[298] | 8 September 1943[299] | 14 October 1943![300] | |
Theodor Weissenberger | 4 July 1943[301] | 25 March 1944[302] | 25 July 1944[303] | ||
Reinhard Seiler | 6 July 1943[304] | ||||
Johannes Wiese | 17 July 1943[305] | ||||
Emil Bitsch | 21 July 1943[306] | ||||
Werner Lucas | 21 July 1943[307] | ||||
Dietrich Hrabak | 2 August 1943[308] | ||||
Karl-Heinz Weber | 12 August 1943[309] | ||||
Berthold Korts | 17 August 1943[310] | ||||
Walter Krupinski | 18 August 1943[310] | 12 October 1943[311] | |||
Günther Schack | 3 September 1943[312] | 13 August 1944[313] | |||
Otto Kittel | 14 September 1943[314] | 4 April 1944[315] | 26 August 1944[316] | 27 October 1944[317] | |
Erich Hartmann | 20 September 1943[318] | 13 December 1943[279] | 26 March 1944[319] | 4 June 1944[320] | 24 August 1944![321] |
Erich Rudorffer | 11 October 1943[322] | 26 July 1944[323] | 28 October 1944[324] | ||
Anton Hafner | 15 October 1943[325] | 16 July 1944[326] | 16 October 1944[327] | ||
Albin Wolf | 25 October 1943[328] | ||||
Emil Lang | 2 November 1943[329] | 14 June 1944[330] | |||
Erich Leie | 6 November 1943[331] | ||||
Joachim Brendel | 22 November 1943[331] | 22 October 1944[332] | |||
Otto Fönnekold | 12 January 1944[333] | ||||
Horst Ademeit | 15 January 1944[210] | 28 May 1944 | |||
Egon Mayer | 5 February 1944[334] | ||||
Wilhelm Batz | 22 March 1944[335] | 31 May 1944[336] | 17 August 1944[337] | ||
Heinrich Sturm | 23 March 1944[215] | December 1944 | |||
Heinrich Sterr | 29 March 1944[212] | ||||
Helmut Lipfert | 11 April 1944[338] | 24 October 1944[338] | 8 April 1945[338] | ||
Hans Waldmann | 11 April 1944[226] | ||||
Gerhard Hoffmann | 22 April 1944[339] | ||||
Fritz Tegtmeier | 3 May 1944[217] | ||||
Karl Gratz | 6 May 1944[340] | ||||
Robert Weiß | 19 May 1944[341] | ||||
Werner Schröer | 24 May 1944[342] | ||||
Walter Wolfrum | 1 June 1944[343] | ||||
Kurt Bühligen | 7 June 1944[344] | ||||
Heinz Sachsenberg | 8 June 1944[345] | ||||
Josef Wurmheller | 8 June 1944[346] | ||||
Josef Priller | 15 June 1944[347] | ||||
Walter Schuck | 15 June 1944[348] | 23 August 1944[349] | 24 March 1945[350] | ||
Helmut Lent | 16 June 1944[351] | ||||
Kurt Tanzer | June 1944 | ||||
Rudolf Trenkel | 14 July 1944[352] | ||||
Franz Woidich | July 1944 | ||||
Günther Josten | 20 July 1944[353] | 17 February 1945[354] | |||
Friedrich Obleser | 21 July 1944[355] | ||||
Adolf Borchers | 24 July 1944[39] | ||||
Franz Dörr | 23 August 1944[356] | ||||
Jakob Norz | 23 August 1944[356] | ||||
Franz Schall | 31 August 1944[357] | ||||
Franz Eisenach | 14 September 1944[358] | ||||
Heinz Wernicke | 14 September 1944[359] | ||||
Peter Düttmann | 24 September 1944[360] | 15 April 1945[361] | |||
Gerhard Thyben | 30 September 1944[362] | 23 February 1945[363] | |||
Heinz-Wolfgang Schnaufer | 9 October 1944 | ||||
Hans-Joachim Birkner | 16 October 1944[364] | ||||
Siegfried Freytag | December 1944 | ||||
Eberhard von Boremski | January 1945 | ||||
Walther Dahl | 28 February 1945 | ||||
Bernhard Vechtel | 25 March 1945[365] | ||||
Ulrich Wernitz | 26 March 1945[366] | ||||
August Lambert | April 1945 | ||||
Heinz Marquardt | 14 April 1945[367] | ||||
Adolf Galland | 21 April 1945 |
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- Prien et al. 2012a, p. 427.
- Matthews & Foreman 2015a, p. 459.
- Matthews & Foreman 2015a, p. 460.
- Prien et al. 2012c, p. 280.
- Prien et al. 2012c, p. 281.
- Obermaier 1989, p. 64.
- Prien et al. 2012a, p. 501.
- Matthews & Foreman 2014, p. 150.
- Matthews & Foreman 2014, p. 321.
- Matthews & Foreman 2015b, p. 823.
- Matthews & Foreman 2014, p. 54.
- Matthews & Foreman 2014, p. 55.
- Matthews & Foreman 2014, p. 56.
- Obermaier 1989, p. 76.
- Matthews & Foreman 2015a, p. 534.
- Matthews & Foreman 2015a, p. 420.
- Matthews & Foreman 2015c, p. 1392.
- Obermaier 1989, p. 40.
- Obermaier 1989, p. 227.
- Obermaier 1989, p. 38.
- Matthews & Foreman 2015c, p. 1085.
- Matthews & Foreman 2015c, p. 1456.
- Caldwell 1998, p. 280.
- Mombeek 2011, p. 285.
- Mombeek 2011, p. 290.
- Boehme 1992, pp. 130–131.
- Matthews & Foreman 2015a, p. 744.
- Obermaier 1989, p. 217.
- Matthews & Foreman 2015a, p. 591.
- Matthews & Foreman 2015a, p. 592.
- Matthews & Foreman 2015b, p. 931.
- Mombeek 2011, p. 291.
- Matthews & Foreman 2015c, p. 1104.
- Matthews & Foreman 2014, p. 278.
- Matthews & Foreman 2015c, p. 1403.
- Barbas 2005, p. 368.
- Barbas 2005, p. 372.
- Matthews & Foreman 2015c, p. 1323.
- Matthews & Foreman 2015c, p. 1324.
- Matthews & Foreman 2014, p. 106.
- Matthews & Foreman 2015c, p. 1350.
- Matthews & Foreman 2015c, p. 1405.
- Matthews & Foreman 2015b, p. 809.
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